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Cui FB, Lv X, Yan CL, Eng WS, Yu SY, Zheng QH. Development and application of a fully automatic multi-function cassette module Mortenon M1 for radiopharmaceutical synthesis. Ann Nucl Med 2024; 38:247-263. [PMID: 38145430 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-023-01893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Functions of existing automatic module systems for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals mainly focus on the radiolabeling of small molecules. There are few modules which have achieved full-automatic radiolabeling of non-metallic and metallic nuclides on small molecules, peptides, and antibody drugs. This study aimed to develop and test a full-automatic multifunctional module system for the safe, stable, and efficient production of radiopharmaceuticals. METHODS According to characteristics of labeling process of radioactive drugs, using UG and Solidworks softwares, full-automatic cassette-based synthesis module system Mortenon M1 for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals with various radionuclides, was designed and tested. Mortenon M1 has at least three significant highlights: the cassettes are disposable, and there is no need of manual cleaning; the synthesis method program is flexible and can be edited freely by users according to special needs; this module system is suitable for radiolabeling of both small-molecule and macromolecular drugs, with potentially various radionuclides including 18F, 64Cu, 68Ga, 89Zr, 177Lu, etc. By program control methods for certain drugs, Mortenon M1 was used for radiolabeling of both small-molecule drugs such as [68Ga]-FAPI-46 and macromolecular drugs such as [89Zr]-TROP2 antibody. Quality control assays for product purity were performed with radio-iTLC and radio-HPLC, and the radiotracers were confirmed for application in microPET imaging in xenograft tumor-bearing mouse models. RESULTS Functional tests for Mortenon M1 module system were conducted, with [68Ga]-FAPI-46 and [89Zr]-TROP2 antibody as goal synthetic products, and it displayed that with the cassette modules, the preset goals could be achieved successfully. The radiolabeling synthesis yield was good ([68Ga]-FAPI-46, 70.63% ± 2.85%, n = 10; [89Zr]-TROP2, 82.31% ± 3.92%, n = 10), and the radiochemical purity via radio-iTLC assay of the radiolabeled products was above 99% after purification. MicroPET imaging results showed that the radiolabeled tracers had reasonable radioactive distribution in MDA-MB-231 and SNU-620 xenograft tumor-bearing mice, and the tumor targeted radiouptake was satisfactory for diagnosis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the full-automatic module system Mortenon M1 is efficient for radiolabeling synthesis of both small-molecule and macromolecular substrates. It may be helpful to reduce radiation exposure for safety, provide qualified radiolabeled products and reliable PET diagnosis, and ensure stable production and supply of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Bo Cui
- Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Ma Anshan, Ma Anshan, 243000, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Lv
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Long Yan
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wai-Si Eng
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-You Yu
- Norroy Bioscience Co., Ltd, Building 2, Lihu Business Park, Zhongbang MOHO, Huize Road, Binhu District, Wuxi, 214000, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi-Huang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West 16th Street, Room 112, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Mallapura H, Tanguy L, Mahfuz S, Bylund L, Långström B, Halldin C, Nag S. Advancements in Microfluidic Cassette-Based iMiDEV™ Technology for Production of L-[ 11C]Methionine and [ 11C]Choline. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:250. [PMID: 38399466 PMCID: PMC10891588 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic technology is a highly efficient technique used in positron emission tomography (PET) radiochemical synthesis. This approach enables the precise control of reactant flows and reaction conditions, leading to improved yields and reduced synthesis time. The synthesis of two radiotracers, L-[11C]methionine and [11C]choline, was performed, using a microfluidic cassette and an iMiDEVTM module by employing a dose-on-demand approach for the synthesis process. We focused on optimizing the precursor amounts and radiosynthesis on the microfluidic cassette. L-[11C]methionine and [11C]choline were synthesized using a microreactor filled with a suitable resin for the radiochemical reaction. Trapping of the [11C]methyl iodide, its reaction, and solid-phase extraction purification were performed on a microreactor, achieving radiochemical yields of >80% for L-[11C]methionine and >60% for [11C]choline (n = 3). The total synthesis time for both the radiotracers was approximately 20 min. All quality control tests complied with the European Pharmacopeia standards. The dose-on-demand model allows for real-time adaptation to patient schedules, making it suitable for preclinical and clinical settings. Precursor optimization enhanced the cost efficiency without compromising the yield. The importance of dose-on-demand synthesis and optimized precursor utilization to produce L-[11C]methionine and [11C]choline was emphasized in this study. The results demonstrated the feasibility of dose-on-demand adaptations for clinical applications with reduced precursor quantities and high radiochemical yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemantha Mallapura
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.M.); (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Laurent Tanguy
- Business Unit Nuclear Medicine, PMB-Alcen, Route des Michels CD56, F-13790 Peynier, France;
| | - Samin Mahfuz
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.M.); (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Lovisa Bylund
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Bengt Långström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.M.); (S.M.); (C.H.)
| | - Sangram Nag
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden; (H.M.); (S.M.); (C.H.)
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Nair M, Cheung YY, Liu F, Koran ME, Rosenberg AJ. Fully automated dual-run manufacturing of [ 11C]PIB on FASTlab. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 128-129:108873. [PMID: 38154168 PMCID: PMC10922476 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
This report describes an updated, fully automated method for the production of [11C]PIB on a cassette-based automated synthesis module. The method allows for two separate productions of [11C]PIB, both of which meet all specification for use in clinical studies. The GE FASTlab developer system was used to create the cassette design as well as the controlling tracer package. The method takes 16 min from the delivery of [11C]MeOTf to the FASTlab, or 35 min from the End of Bombardment; and reliably produces 3547 ± 586 MBq of [11C]PIB in high radiochemical purity (> 98 %). This methodology increases the production capacity of radiopharmaceutical facilities for [11C]PIB, and can easily produce 4 batches in a single day with limited infrastructure footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiu-Yin Cheung
- Vanderbilt University Institute for Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fei Liu
- Vanderbilt University Institute for Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Koran
- Vanderbilt University Institute for Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Memory and Alzheimer's Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Adam J Rosenberg
- Vanderbilt University Institute for Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Molecular Probes, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Bohnen NI, Barr J, Vangel R, Roytman S, Paalanen R, Frey KA, Scott PJH, Kanel P. GABA A Receptor Benzodiazepine Binding Sites and Motor Impairments in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1711. [PMID: 38137159 PMCID: PMC10741877 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flumazenil is an allosteric modulator of the γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptor (GABAAR) benzodiazepine binding site that could normalize neuronal signaling and improve motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD). Little is known about how regional GABAAR availability affects motor symptoms. We investigated the relationship between regional availability of GABAAR benzodiazepine binding sites and motor impairments in PD. Methods: A total of 11 Patients with PD (males; mean age 69.0 ± 4.6 years; Hoehn and Yahr stages 2-3) underwent [11C]flumazenil GABAAR benzodiazepine binding site and [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine vesicular monoamine transporter type-2 (VMAT2) PET imaging and clinical assessment. Stepwise regression analysis was used to predict regional cerebral correlates of the four cardinal UPDRS motor scores using cortical, striatal, thalamic, and cerebellar flumazenil binding estimates. Thalamic GABAAR availability was selectively associated with axial motor scores (R2 = 0.55, F = 11.0, β = -6.4, p = 0.0009). Multi-ligand analysis demonstrated significant axial motor predictor effects by both thalamic GABAAR availability (R2 = 0.47, β = -5.2, F = 7.2, p = 0.028) and striatal VMAT2 binding (R2 = 0.30, β = -3.9, F = 9.1, p = 0.019; total model: R2 = 0.77, F = 11.9, p = 0.0056). Post hoc analysis demonstrated that thalamic [11C]methyl-4-piperidinyl propionate cholinesterase PET and K1 flow delivery findings were not significant confounders. Findings suggest that reduced thalamic GABAAR availability correlates with worsened axial motor impairments in PD, independent of nigrostriatal degeneration. These findings may augur novel non-dopaminergic approaches to treating axial motor impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I. Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jaimie Barr
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Robert Vangel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Stiven Roytman
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Rebecca Paalanen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kirk A. Frey
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (J.B.); (R.V.); (S.R.); (K.A.F.); (P.J.H.S.); (P.K.)
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Myburgh PJ, Moore MD, Pathirannahel BL, Grace LR, Solingapuram Sai KK. Fully automated production of [ 11C]PiB for clinical use on Trasis-AllinOne synthesizer module. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 202:111040. [PMID: 37788544 PMCID: PMC10727203 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PiB) was the first broadly applied radiotracer with specificity for amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregates in the brain and has since been established as the gold standard for positron emission tomography (PET) employed for clinical in vivo imaging of Aβ plaques, used for imaging applications of Alzheimer's disease (AD), related dementia, and other tauopathies. The use of [11C]PiB for routine PET studies is dependent on the production capabilities of each radiochemistry laboratory, subsequently a continuous effort is made to develop suitable and sustainable methods on a variety of auto synthesis platforms. Here we report a fully automated, multi-step radio synthesis, purification, and reformulation of [11C]PiB for PET imaging using the Trasis AllinOne synthesis unit, a commonly used commercial radiochemistry module. We performed three validation runs to evaluate the reproducibility and to verify that the acceptable criteria were met for the release of clinical-grade [11C]PiB using a Trasis AllinOne auto radiosynthesis unit. Solid phase supported radiolabeling was performed through the capture of precursor (6-OH-BTA-0) on a C18 solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and subsequent flushing of gaseous [11C]Methyl triflate(MeOTf) through the Sep-Pak for carbon-11 (11C) N-methylation. Starting with 92.5 GBq [11C]CO2, [11C]PiB synthesis was completed in approximately 25 min after cyclotron end of bombardment with an injectable dose >7.0 GBq at end of the synthesis. The radiopharmaceutical product met all quality control criteria and specifications for use in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Josef Myburgh
- Translational Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Michael David Moore
- Translational Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | | | - Laura Rose Grace
- Translational Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kiran Kumar Solingapuram Sai
- Translational Imaging Program, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA; Department of Radiology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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Production of [ 11C]Carbon Labelled Flumazenil and L-Deprenyl Using the iMiDEV™ Automated Microfluidic Radiosynthesizer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248843. [PMID: 36557975 PMCID: PMC9788284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, microfluidic techniques have been explored in radiochemistry, and some of them have been implemented in preclinical production. However, these are not suitable and reliable for preparing different types of radiotracers or dose-on-demand production. A fully automated iMiDEV™ microfluidic radiosynthesizer has been introduced and this study is aimed at using of the iMiDEV™ radiosynthesizer with a microfluidic cassette to produce [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl. These two are known PET radioligands for benzodiazepine receptors and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), respectively. Methods were successfully developed to produce [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl using [11C]methyl iodide and [11C]methyl triflate, respectively. The final products 1644 ± 504 MBq (n = 7) and 533 ± 20 MBq (n = 3) of [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl were produced with radiochemical purities were over 98% and the molar activity for [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl was 1912 ± 552 GBq/µmol, and 1463 ± 439 GBq/µmol, respectively, at the end of synthesis. All the QC tests complied with the European Pharmacopeia. Different parameters, such as solvents, bases, methylating agents, precursor concentration, and different batches of cassettes, were explored to increase the radiochemical yield. Synthesis methods were developed using 3-5 times less precursor than conventional methods. The fully automated iMiDEV™ microfluidic radiosynthesizer was successfully applied to prepare [11C]flumazenil and [11C]L-deprenyl.
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van der Zee S, Kanel P, Müller MLTM, van Laar T, Bohnen NI. Identification of cholinergic centro-cingulate topography as main contributor to cognitive functioning in Parkinson’s disease: Results from a data-driven approach. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1006567. [PMID: 36337707 PMCID: PMC9631831 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1006567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDegeneration of the cholinergic system plays an important role in cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging using the presynaptic vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) tracer [18F]Fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([18F]FEOBV) allows for regional assessment of cholinergic innervation. The purpose of this study was to perform a data-driven analysis to identify co-varying cholinergic regions and to evaluate the relationship of these with cognitive functioning in PD.Materials and methodsA total of 87 non-demented PD patients (77% male, mean age 67.9 ± 7.6 years, disease duration 5.8 ± 4.6 years) and 27 healthy control (HC) subjects underwent [18F]FEOBV brain PET imaging and neuropsychological assessment. A volume-of-interest based factor analysis was performed for both groups to identify cholinergic principal components (PCs).ResultsSeven main PCs were identified for the PD group: (1) bilateral posterior cortex, (2) bilateral subcortical, (3) bilateral centro-cingulate, (4) bilateral frontal, (5) right-sided fronto-temporal, (6) cerebellum, and (7) predominantly left sided temporal regions. A complementary principal component analysis (PCA) analysis in the control group showed substantially different cholinergic covarying patterns. A multivariate linear regression analyses demonstrated PC3, PC5, and PC7, together with motor impairment score, as significant predictors for cognitive functioning in PD. PC3 showed most robust correlations with cognitive functioning (p < 0.001).ConclusionA data-driven approach identified covarying regions in the bilateral peri-central and cingulum cortex as a key determinant of cognitive impairment in PD. Cholinergic vulnerability of the centro-cingulate network appears to be disease-specific for PD rather than being age-related. The cholinergic system may be an important contributor to regional and large scale neural networks involved in cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sygrid van der Zee
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Martijn L. T. M. Müller
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Teus van Laar
- Department of Neurology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas I. Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Neurology Service and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- University of Michigan Parkinson’s Foundation Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicolaas I. Bohnen,
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A robust [11C]acetate synthesis on a TRACERLab FX C pro module. Appl Radiat Isot 2022; 188:110356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Liu T, Redalen KR, Karlsen M. Development of an Automated Production Process of [
64
Cu][Cu (ATSM)] for PET imaging and theranostic Applications. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2022; 65:191-202. [PMID: 35466453 PMCID: PMC9321116 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cyclotron‐produced copper‐64 radioisotope tracers offer the possibility to perform both diagnostic investigation by positron emission tomography (PET) and radiotherapy by a theranostic approach with bifunctional chelators. The versatile chemical properties of copper add to the importance of this isotope in medicinal investigation. [64Cu][Cu (ATSM)] has shown to be a viable candidate for imaging of tumor hypoxia; a critical tumor microenvironment characteristic that typically signifies tumor progression and resistance to chemo‐radiotherapy. Various production and radiosynthesis methods of [64Cu][Cu (ATSM)] exist in labs, but usually involved non‐standardized equipment with varying production qualities and may not be easily implemented in wider hospital settings. [64Cu][Cu (ATSM)] was synthesized on a modified GE TRACERlab FXN automated synthesis module. End‐of‐synthesis (EOS) molar activity of [64Cu][Cu (ATSM)] was 2.2–5.5 Ci/μmol (HPLC), 2.2–2.6 Ci/μmol (ATSM‐titration), and 3.0–4.4 Ci/μmol (ICP‐MS). Radiochemical purity was determined to be >99% based on radio‐HPLC. The final product maintained radiochemical purity after 20 h. We demonstrated a simple and feasible process development and quality control protocols for automated cyclotron production and synthesis of [64Cu][Cu (ATSM)] based on commercially distributed standardized synthesis modules suitable for PET imaging and theranostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengzhi Liu
- Department of Physics Norwegian University of Science and Technology
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs hospital Trondheim University Hospital
| | | | - Morten Karlsen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs hospital Trondheim University Hospital
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Albin RL, Kanel P, van Laar T, van der Zee S, Roytman S, Koeppe RA, Scott PJH, Bohnen NI. No Dopamine Agonist Modulation of Brain [ 18F]FEOBV Binding in Parkinson's Disease. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1176-1182. [PMID: 35289620 PMCID: PMC8983523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The [18F]fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol ([18F]FEOBV) positron emission tomography (PET) ligand targets the vesicular acetylcholine transporter. Recent [18F]FEOBV PET rodent studies suggest that regional brain [18F]FEOBV binding may be modulated by dopamine D2-like receptor agents. We examined associations of regional brain [18F]FEOBV PET binding in Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects without versus with dopamine D2-like receptor agonist drug treatment. PD subjects (n = 108; 84 males, 24 females; mean age 68.0 ± 7.6 [SD] years), mean disease duration of 6.0 ± 4.0 years, and mean Movement Disorder Society-revised Unified PD Rating Scale III 35.5 ± 14.2 completed [18F]FEOBV brain PET imaging. Thirty-eight subjects were taking dopamine D2-like agonists. Vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) PET was available in a subset of 54 patients. Subjects on dopamine D2-like agonists were younger, had a longer duration of disease, and were taking a higher levodopa equivalent dose (LED) compared to subjects not taking dopamine agonists. A group comparison between subjects with versus without dopamine D2-like agonist use did not yield significant differences in cortical, striatal, thalamic, or cerebellar gray matter [18F]FEOBV binding. Confounder analysis using age, duration of disease, LED, and striatal [11C]DTBZ binding also failed to show significant regional [18F]FEOBV binding differences between these two groups. Chronic D2-like dopamine agonist use in PD subjects is not associated with significant alterations of regional brain [18F]FEOBV binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,GRECC & Neurology Service, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States.,University of Michigan Udall Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,University of Michigan Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- University of Michigan Udall Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Teus van Laar
- University of Michigan Udall Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sygrid van der Zee
- University of Michigan Udall Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stiven Roytman
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- University of Michigan Udall Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,GRECC & Neurology Service, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States.,University of Michigan Udall Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,University of Michigan Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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11
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Bohnen NI, Kanel P, Koeppe RA, Sanchez-Catasus CA, Frey KA, Scott P, Constantine GM, Albin RL, Müller MLTM. Regional cerebral cholinergic nerve terminal integrity and cardinal motor features in Parkinson's disease. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab109. [PMID: 34704022 PMCID: PMC8196256 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical effects of anti-cholinergic drugs implicate cholinergic systems alterations in the pathophysiology of some cardinal motor impairments in Parkinson’s disease. The topography of affected cholinergic systems deficits and motor domain specificity are poorly understood. Parkinson's disease patients (n = 108) underwent clinical and motor assessment and vesicular acetylcholine transporter [18F]-fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol PET imaging. Volumes-of-interest-based analyses included detailed thalamic and cerebellar parcellations. Successful PET sampling for most of the small-sized parcellations was available in 88 patients. A data-driven approach, stepwise regression using the forward selection method, was used to identify cholinergic brain regions associating with cardinal domain-specific motor ratings. Regressions with motor domain scores for model-selected regions followed by confounder analysis for effects of age of onset, duration of motor disease and levodopa equivalent dose were performed. Among 7 model-derived regions associating with postural instability and gait difficulties domain scores three retained significance in confounder variable analysis: medial geniculate nucleus (standardized β = −0.34, t = −3.78, P = 0.0003), lateral geniculate nucleus (β = −0.32, t = −3.4, P = 0.001) and entorhinal cortex (β = −0.23, t = −2.6, P = 0.011). A sub-analysis of non-episodic postural instability and gait difficulties scores demonstrated significant effects of the medial geniculate nucleus, entorhinal cortex and globus pallidus pars interna. Among 6 tremor domain model-selected regions two regions retained significance in confounder variable analysis: cerebellar vermis section of lobule VIIIb (β = −0.22, t = −2.4, P = 0.021) and the putamen (β = −0.23, t = −2.3, P = 0.024). None of the three model-selected variables for the rigidity domain survived confounder analysis. Two out of the four model-selected regions for the distal limb bradykinesia domain survived confounder analysis: globus pallidus pars externa (β = 0.36, t = 3.9, P = 0.0097) and the paracentral lobule (β = 0.26, t = 2.5, P = 0.013). Emphasizing the utility of a systems-network conception of the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease cardinal motor features, our results are consistent with specific deficits in basal forebrain corticopetal, peduncupontine-laterodorsal tegmental complex, and medial vestibular nucleus cholinergic pathways, against the background of nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficits, contributing significantly to postural instability, gait difficulties, tremor and distal limb bradykinesia cardinal motor features of Parkinson’s disease. Our results suggest significant and distinct consequences of degeneration of cholinergic peduncupontine-laterodorsal tegmental complex afferents to both segments of the globus pallidus. Non-specific regional cholinergic nerve terminal associations with rigidity scores likely reflect more complex multifactorial signalling mechanisms with smaller contributions from cholinergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Neurology Service and GRECC, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Carlos A Sanchez-Catasus
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Kirk A Frey
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Peter Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Gregory M Constantine
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Department of Statistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,The McGowen Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Neurology Service and GRECC, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Martijn L T M Müller
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Parkinson's Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Critical Path Institute, Tucson, AZ 85718, USA
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12
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Translation of 11C-labeled tracer synthesis to a CGMP environment as exemplified by [ 11C]ER176 for PET imaging of human TSPO. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:4419-4445. [PMID: 34363068 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00584-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Radiotracers labeled with carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) are widely used with positron emission tomography for biomedical research. Radiotracers must be produced for positron emission tomography studies in humans according to prescribed time schedules while also meeting current good manufacturing practice. Translation of an experimental radiosynthesis to a current good manufacturing practice environment is challenging. Here we exemplify such translation with a protocol for the production of an emerging radiotracer for imaging brain translocator protein 18 kDa, namely [11C]ER176. This radiotracer is produced by rapid conversion of cyclotron-produced [11C]carbon dioxide into [11C]iodomethane, which is then used to treat N-desmethyl-ER176 in the presence of base (tBuOK) at room temperature for 5 min. [11C]ER176 is separated in high purity by reversed-phase HPLC and formulated for intravenous injection in sterile ethanol-saline. The radiosynthesis is reliable and takes 50 min. Quality control takes another 20 min. All aspects of the protocol, including quality control, are discussed.
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13
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Kaur T, Brooks AF, Hockley BG, Torres J, Henderson BD, Scott PJH, Shao X. An updated synthesis of N 1 '-([ 11 C]methyl)naltrindole for positron emission tomography imaging of the delta opioid receptor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 64:187-193. [PMID: 33274468 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of the highly selective delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist radiotracer N1 '-([11 C]methyl)naltrindole ([11 C]MeNTI) is described. The original synthesis required hydrogenation of a benzyl protecting group after 11 C-labeling, which is challenging in modern radiochemistry laboratories that tend to be heavily automated and operate according to current good manufacturing practice. To address this challenge, we describe development of a novel MeNTI precursor bearing a methoxymethyl acetal (MOM) protecting group, which is easily removed with HCl, and employ it in an updated synthesis of [11 C]MeNTI. The new synthesis is fully automated and validated for clinical use. The total synthesis time is 45 min and provides [11 C]MeNTI in good activity yield (49 ± 8 mCi), molar activity (3,926 ± 326 Ci/mmol) and radiochemical purity (97% ± 2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian G Hockley
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jovany Torres
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Bradford D Henderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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14
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Rodnick ME, Sollert C, Stark D, Clark M, Katsifis A, Hockley BG, Parr DC, Frigell J, Henderson BD, Abghari-Gerst M, Piert MR, Fulham MJ, Eberl S, Gagnon K, Scott PJH. Cyclotron-based production of 68Ga, [ 68Ga]GaCl 3, and [ 68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 from a liquid target. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:25. [PMID: 33180205 PMCID: PMC7661618 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-00106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To optimize the direct production of 68Ga on a cyclotron, via the 68Zn(p,n)68Ga reaction using a liquid cyclotron target. We Investigated the yield of cyclotron-produced 68Ga, extraction of [68Ga]GaCl3 and subsequent [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 labeling using an automated synthesis module. METHODS Irradiations of a 1.0 M solution of [68Zn]Zn(NO3)2 in dilute (0.2-0.3 M) HNO3 were conducted using GE PETtrace cyclotrons and GE 68Ga liquid targets. The proton beam energy was degraded to a nominal 14.3 MeV to minimize the co-production of 67Ga through the 68Zn(p,2n)67Ga reaction without unduly compromising 68Ga yields. We also evaluated the effects of varying beam times (50-75 min) and beam currents (27-40 μA). Crude 68Ga production was measured. The extraction of [68Ga]GaCl3 was performed using a 2 column solid phase method on the GE FASTlab Developer platform. Extracted [68Ga]GaCl3 was used to label [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 that was intended for clinical use. RESULTS The decay corrected yield of 68Ga at EOB was typically > 3.7 GBq (100 mCi) for a 60 min beam, with irradiations of [68Zn]Zn(NO3)2 at 0.3 M HNO3. Target/chemistry performance was more consistent when compared with 0.2 M HNO3. Radionuclidic purity of 68Ga was typically > 99.8% at EOB and met the requirements specified in the European Pharmacopoeia (< 2% combined 66/67Ga) for a practical clinical product shelf-life. The activity yield of [68Ga]GaCl3 was typically > 50% (~ 1.85 GBq, 50 mCi); yields improved as processes were optimized. Labeling yields for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 were near quantitative (~ 1.67 GBq, 45 mCi) at EOS. Cyclotron produced [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 underwent full quality control, stability and sterility testing, and was implemented for human use at the University of Michigan as an Investigational New Drug through the US FDA and also at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (RPA). CONCLUSION Direct cyclotron irradiation of a liquid target provides clinically relevant quantities of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and is a viable alternative to traditional 68Ge/68Ga generators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Rodnick
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Daniela Stark
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mara Clark
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew Katsifis
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Brian G Hockley
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jens Frigell
- GE Healthcare, GEMS PET Systems, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bradford D Henderson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Monica Abghari-Gerst
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Morand R Piert
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael J Fulham
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefan Eberl
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | - Peter J H Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Jackson IM, Lee SJ, Sowa AR, Rodnick ME, Bruton L, Clark M, Preshlock S, Rothley J, Rogers VE, Botti LE, Henderson BD, Hockley BG, Torres J, Raffel DM, Brooks AF, Frey KA, Kilbourn MR, Koeppe RA, Shao X, Scott PJH. Use of 55 PET radiotracers under approval of a Radioactive Drug Research Committee (RDRC). EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2020; 5:24. [PMID: 33175263 PMCID: PMC7658275 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-020-00110-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the US, EU and elsewhere, basic clinical research studies with positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers that are generally recognized as safe and effective (GRASE) can often be conducted under institutional approval. For example, in the United States, such research is conducted under the oversight of a Radioactive Drug Research Committee (RDRC) as long as certain requirements are met. Firstly, the research must be for basic science and cannot be intended for immediate therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, or to determine the safety and effectiveness of the PET radiotracer. Secondly, the PET radiotracer must be generally recognized as safe and effective. Specifically, the mass dose to be administered must not cause any clinically detectable pharmacological effect in humans, and the radiation dose to be administered must be the smallest dose practical to perform the study and not exceed regulatory dose limits within a 1-year period. In our experience, the main barrier to using a PET radiotracer under RDRC approval is accessing the required information about mass and radioactive dosing. RESULTS The University of Michigan (UM) has a long history of using PET radiotracers in clinical research studies. Herein we provide dosing information for 55 radiotracers that will enable other PET Centers to use them under the approval of their own RDRC committees. CONCLUSIONS The data provided herein will streamline future RDRC approval, and facilitate further basic science investigation of 55 PET radiotracers that target functionally relevant biomarkers in high impact disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac M Jackson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Present Address: Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - So Jeong Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Present Address: Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra R Sowa
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Melissa E Rodnick
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Laura Bruton
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mara Clark
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sean Preshlock
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jill Rothley
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Virginia E Rogers
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Leslie E Botti
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Bradford D Henderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brian G Hockley
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jovany Torres
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David M Raffel
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Allen F Brooks
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kirk A Frey
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael R Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 2276 Medical Science Bldg I, SPC 5610, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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16
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Zlatopolskiy BD, Endepols H, Krasikova RN, Fedorova OS, Ermert J, Neumaier B. 11C- and 18F-labelled tryptophans as PET-tracers for imaging of altered tryptophan metabolism in age-associated disorders. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The ageing of the world’s population is the result of increased life expectancy observed in almost all countries throughout the world. Consequently, a rising tide of ageing-associated disorders, like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, represents one of the main global challenges of the 21st century. The ability of mankind to overcome these challenges is directly dependent on the capability to develop novel methods for therapy and diagnosis of age-associated diseases. One hallmark of age-related pathologies is an altered tryptophan metabolism. Numerous pathological processes including neurodegenerative and neurological diseases like epilepsy, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, cancer and diabetes exhibit marked changes in tryptophan metabolism. Visualization of key processes of tryptophan metabolic pathways, especially using positron emission tomography (PET) and related hybrid methods like PET/CT and PET/MRI, can be exploited to early detect the aforementioned disorders with considerable accuracy, allowing appropriate and timely treatment of patients. Here we review the published 11C- and 18F-labelled tryptophans with respect to the production and also preclinical and clinical evaluation as PET-tracers for visualization of different branches of tryptophan metabolism.
The bibliography includes 159 references.
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17
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Hill J, Shao X, Wright JS, Stauff J, Sherman PS, Arteaga J, Wong KK, Viglianti BL, Scott PJH, Brooks AF. Synthesis and Evaluation of 11C- and 18F-Labeled SOAT1 Inhibitors as Macrophage Foam Cell Imaging Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1299-1304. [PMID: 32551015 PMCID: PMC7294710 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-132301, an inhibitor of sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1; also known as acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase-1, ACAT1), is under clinical investigation for numerous adrenal disorders. Radiolabeled SOAT1 inhibitors could support drug discovery and help diagnose SOAT1-related disorders, such as atherosclerosis. We synthesized two radiolabeled SOAT1 inhibitors, [11C]PD-132301 and fluorine analogue [18F]1. Rat biodistribution studies were conducted with both agents and, as the most selective tracer, [11C]PD-132301 was advanced to preclinical positron emission tomography studies in (atherosclerotic) ApoE-/- mice. The uptake of [11C]PD-132301 in SOAT1-rich tissue warrants further investigation into the compound as an atherosclerosis and adrenal imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- James
R. Hill
- Institute
for Molecular Bioscience, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xia Shao
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jay S. Wright
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jenelle Stauff
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip S. Sherman
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Janna Arteaga
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ka Kit Wong
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Benjamin L. Viglianti
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Nuclear
Medicine Service, Veterans Administration, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Department
of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Ermert J, Benešová M, Hugenberg V, Gupta V, Spahn I, Pietzsch HJ, Liolios C, Kopka K. Radiopharmaceutical Sciences. Clin Nucl Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-39457-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Al-Haddad R, Ismailani US, Rotstein BH. Current and Future Cardiovascular PET Radiopharmaceuticals. PET Clin 2019; 14:293-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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20
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Bohnen NI, Kanel P, Zhou Z, Koeppe RA, Frey KA, Dauer WT, Albin RL, Müller MLTM. Cholinergic system changes of falls and freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:538-549. [PMID: 30720884 PMCID: PMC6450746 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective Postural instability and gait difficulties (PIGDs) represent debilitating disturbances in Parkinson's disease (PD). Past acetylcholinesterase positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies implicate cholinergic changes as significant contributors to PIGD features. These studies were limited in quantification of striatal cholinergic synapse integrity. Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) PET ligands are better suited for evaluation of high binding areas. We examined associations between regional VAChT expression and freezing of gait (FoG) and falls. Methods Ninety‐four PD subjects underwent clinical assessment and VAChT ([18F]FEOBV) PET. Results Thirty‐five subjects (37.2%) reported a history of falls, and 15 (16%) had observed FoG. Univariate volume‐of‐interest analyses demonstrated significantly reduced thalamic (p = 0.0016) VAChT expression in fallers compared to nonfallers. VAChT expression was significantly reduced in the striatum (p = 0.0012) and limbic archicortex (p = 0.004) in freezers compared to nonfreezers. Whole‐brain voxel‐based analyses of FEOBV PET complemented these findings and showed more granular changes associated with falling history, including the right visual thalamus (especially the right lateral geniculate nucleus [LGN]), right caudate nucleus, and bilateral prefrontal regions. Freezers had prominent VAChT expression reductions in the bilateral striatum, temporal, and mesiofrontal limbic regions. Interpretation Our findings confirm and extend on previous PET findings of thalamic cholinergic deficits associated with falling history and now emphasize right visual thalamus complex changes, including the right LGN. FoG status is associated with reduced VAChT expression in striatal cholinergic interneurons and the limbic archicortex. These observations suggest different cholinergic systems changes underlying falls and FoG in PD. Ann Neurol 2019;85:538–549
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Neurology Service and GRECC, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Prabesh Kanel
- Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Robert A Koeppe
- Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kirk A Frey
- Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - William T Dauer
- Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Neurology Service and GRECC, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Roger L Albin
- Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Neurology Service and GRECC, Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Martijn L T M Müller
- Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.,Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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21
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Tanzey SS, Shao X, Stauff J, Arteaga J, Sherman P, Scott PJH, Mossine AV. Synthesis and Initial In Vivo Evaluation of [ 11C]AZ683-A Novel PET Radiotracer for Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E136. [PMID: 30551596 PMCID: PMC6316681 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of Colony Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor (CSF1R) is a new strategy for quantifying both neuroinflammation and inflammation in the periphery since CSF1R is expressed on microglia and macrophages. AZ683 has high affinity for CSF1R (Ki = 8 nM; IC50 = 6 nM) and >250-fold selectivity over 95 other kinases. In this paper, we report the radiosynthesis of [11C]AZ683 and initial evaluation of its use in CSF1R PET. [11C]AZ683 was synthesized by 11C-methylation of the desmethyl precursor with [11C]MeOTf in 3.0% non-corrected activity yield (based upon [11C]MeOTf), >99% radiochemical purity and high molar activity. Preliminary PET imaging with [11C]AZ683 revealed low brain uptake in rodents and nonhuman primates, suggesting that imaging neuroinflammation could be challenging but that the radiopharmaceutical could still be useful for peripheral imaging of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Tanzey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Jenelle Stauff
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Janna Arteaga
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Andrew V Mossine
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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22
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Krüll J, Heinrich MR. [
18
F]Fluorine‐Labeled Pharmaceuticals: Direct Aromatic Fluorination Compared to Multi‐Step Strategies. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Krüll
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen
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23
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Avendaño-Estrada A, Ávila-Rodríguez MA. Reference tissue models in the assessment of 11 C-DTBZ binding to the VMAT2 in rat striatum: A test-retest reproducibility study. Synapse 2018; 72:e22029. [PMID: 29381820 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic PET imaging is a useful tool to assess the dopaminergic integrity and to follow-up longitudinal studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of different reference tissue-based methods to determine the non-displaceable binding potential (BPND ) as a quantitative measure of 11 C-DTBZ binding to the VMAT2 in rat striatum using cerebellum as reference region. Eight healthy Wistar rats underwent two microPET scans at the age of 12 (test) and 20 weeks (retest). BPND was determined using the simplified reference tissue model, Logan reference tissue model, and multilinear reference tissue models (MRTMo and MRTM2). Additionally, a striatal-to-cerebellar-ratio (SCR) analysis was performed. The reproducibility between the two scans was assessed using the interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the variability index. Repeatability indices showed acceptable ICC = 0.66 (SCR) to excellent ICC = 0.98 (MRTM2) reliability for this study and a variability ranging from 12.26% (SCR) to 3.28% (MRTM2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on longitudinal studies for 11 C-DTBZ in rats using reference tissue methods. Excellent intersubject and intrasubject reproducibility was obtained with the multilinear reference MRTM2, suggesting this as the best method to compare longitudinal studies, whereas the SCR method had poor reliability. Logan method, however, is a method simple to compute that shows accurate reproducibility with a reasonable level of inter- and intra-subject variability allowing crossover studies to follow-up the uptake of 11 C-DTBZ in rat striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Avendaño-Estrada
- División de Investigación, Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Miguel Angel Ávila-Rodríguez
- División de Investigación, Unidad Radiofarmacia-Ciclotrón, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
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24
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Boudjemeline M, Hopewell R, Rochon PL, Jolly D, Hammami I, Villeneuve S, Kostikov A. Highly efficient solid phase supported radiosynthesis of [11
C]PiB using tC18 cartridge as a “3-in-1” production entity. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:632-638. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Boudjemeline
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Robert Hopewell
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Rochon
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Dean Jolly
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Iness Hammami
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Sylvia Villeneuve
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Psychiatry; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Alexey Kostikov
- Montreal Neurological Institute; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery; McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
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25
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Blecha JE, Henderson BD, Hockley BG, VanBrocklin HF, Zubieta JK, DaSilva AF, Kilbourn MR, Koeppe RA, Scott PJ, Shao X. An updated synthesis of [ 11 C]carfentanil for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the μ-opioid receptor. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2017; 60:375-380. [PMID: 28419528 PMCID: PMC9886010 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
[11 C]Carfentanil ([11 C]CFN) is a selective radiotracer for in vivo positron emission tomography imaging studies of the μ-opioid system that, in our laboratories, is synthesized by methylation of the corresponding carboxylate precursor with [11 C]MeOTf, and purified using a C2 solid-phase extraction cartridge. Changes in the commercial availability of common C2 cartridges have necessitated future proofing the synthesis of [11 C]CFN to maintain reliable delivery of the radiotracer for clinical imaging studies. An updated synthesis of [11 C]CFN is reported that replaces a now obsolete purification cartridge with a new commercially available version and also substitutes the organic solvents used in traditional production methods with ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian G. Hockley
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henry F. VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Utah Health Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexandre F. DaSilva
- Headache and Orofacial Pain Effort, Biologic and Materials Sciences Department, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael R. Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Robert A. Koeppe
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter J.H. Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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26
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Thompson S, Kilbourn MR, Scott PJH. Radiochemistry, PET Imaging, and the Internet of Chemical Things. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:497-505. [PMID: 27610410 PMCID: PMC4999973 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Internet of Chemical Things (IoCT), a growing network of computers, mobile devices, online resources, software suites, laboratory equipment, synthesis apparatus, analytical devices, and a host of other machines, all interconnected to users, manufacturers, and others through the infrastructure of the Internet, is changing how we do chemistry. While in its infancy across many chemistry laboratories and departments, it became apparent when considering our own work synthesizing radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET) that a more mature incarnation of the IoCT already exists. How does the IoCT impact our lives today, and what does it hold for the smart (radio)chemical laboratories of the future?
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Thompson
- Department of Radiology and The Interdepartmental Program in
Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael R. Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology and The Interdepartmental Program in
Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Department of Radiology and The Interdepartmental Program in
Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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27
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Mossine AV, Brooks AF, Jackson IM, Quesada CA, Sherman P, Cole EL, Donnelly DJ, Scott PJH, Shao X. Synthesis of Diverse (11)C-Labeled PET Radiotracers via Direct Incorporation of [(11)C]CO2. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:1382-9. [PMID: 27043721 PMCID: PMC5637095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three new positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers of interest to our functional neuroimaging and translational oncology programs have been prepared through new developments in [(11)C]CO2 fixation chemistry. [(11)C]QZ (glutaminyl cyclase) was prepared via a tandem trapping of [(11)C]CO2/intramolecular cyclization; [(11)C]tideglusib (glycogen synthase kinase-3) was synthesized through a tandem trapping of [(11)C]CO2 followed by an intermolecular cycloaddition between a [(11)C]isocyanate and an isothiocyanate to form the 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione core; [(11)C]ibrutinib (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) was synthesized through a HATU peptide coupling of an amino precursor with [(11)C]acrylic acid (generated from [(11)C]CO2 fixation with vinylmagnesium bromide). All radiochemical syntheses are fully automated on commercial radiochemical synthesis modules and provide radiotracers in 1-5% radiochemical yield (noncorrected, based upon [(11)C]CO2). All three radiotracers have advanced to rodent imaging studies and preliminary PET imaging results are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Mossine
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Isaac M. Jackson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Erin L. Cole
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - David J. Donnelly
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, PET Radiochemical Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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28
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Methylation as a method for synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography. Russ Chem Bull 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-015-1038-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Pan ML, Mukherjee MT, Patel HH, Patel B, Constantinescu CC, Mirbolooki MR, Liang C, Mukherjee J. Evaluation of [11C]TAZA for amyloid β plaque imaging in postmortem human Alzheimer's disease brain region and whole body distribution in rodent PET/CT. Synapse 2016; 70:163-76. [PMID: 26806100 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by Aβ plaques in the brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel radiotracer, 4-[(11) C]methylamino-4'-N,N-dimethylaminoazobenzene ([(11)C]TAZA), for binding to Aβ plaques in postmortem human brain (AD and normal control (NC)). METHODS Radiosyntheses of [(11)C]TAZA, related [(11)C]Dalene ((11)C-methylamino-4'-dimethylaminostyrylbenzene), and reference [(11)C]PIB were carried out using [(11)C]methyltriflate prepared from [(11) C]CO(2) and purified using HPLC. In vitro binding affinities were carried out in human AD brain homogenate with Aβ plaques labeled with [(3) H]PIB. In vitro autoradiography studies with the three radiotracers were performed on hippocampus of AD and NC brains. PET/CT studies were carried out in normal rats to study brain and whole body distribution. RESULTS The three radiotracers were produced in high radiochemical yields (>40%) and had specific activities >37 GBq/μmol. TAZA had an affinity, K(i) = 0.84 nM and was five times more potent than PIB. [(11)C]TAZA bound specifically to Aβ plaques present in AD brains with gray matter to white matter ratios >20. [(11)C]TAZA was displaced by PIB (>90%), suggesting similar binding site for [(11)C]TAZA and [(11)C]PIB. [(11)C]TAZA exhibited slow kinetics of uptake in the rat brain and whole body images showed uptake in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT). Binding in brain and IBAT were affected by preinjection of atomoxetine, a norepinephrine transporter blocker. CONCLUSION [(11)C]TAZA exhibited high binding to Aβ plaques in human AD hippocampus. Rat brain kinetics was slow and peripheral binding to IBAT needs to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Liang Pan
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Meenakshi T Mukherjee
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Himika H Patel
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Bhavin Patel
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Cristian C Constantinescu
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - M Reza Mirbolooki
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Christopher Liang
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Jogeshwar Mukherjee
- Preclinical Imaging, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
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30
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Cary BP, Brooks AF, Fawaz MV, Shao X, Desmond TJ, Carpenter GM, Sherman P, Quesada CA, Albin RL, Scott PJH. Targeting Metal-Aβ Aggregates with Bifunctional Radioligand [ 11C]L2-b and a Fluorine-18 Analogue [ 18F]FL2-b. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:112-116. [PMID: 25705326 PMCID: PMC4329991 DOI: 10.1021/ml500413d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Interest
in quantifying metal-Aβ species in vivo led
to the synthesis and evaluation of [11C]L2-b and [18F]FL2-b as radiopharmaceuticals for studying the metallobiology
of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using positron emission tomography
(PET) imaging. [11C]L2-b was synthesized in 3.6% radiochemical
yield (nondecay corrected, n = 3), >95% radiochemical
purity, from the corresponding desmethyl precursor. [18F]FL2-b was synthesized in 1.0% radiochemical yield (nondecay corrected, n = 3), >99% radiochemical purity, from a 6-chloro pyridine
precursor. Autoradiography experiments with AD positive and healthy
control brain samples were used to determine the specificity of binding
for the radioligands compared to [11C]PiB, a known imaging
agent for β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates. The Kd for [11C]L2-b and [18F]FL2-b were
found to be 3.5 and 9.4 nM, respectively, from those tissue studies.
Displacement studies of [11C]L2-b and [18F]FL2-b
with PiB and AV-45 determined that L2-b binds to Aβ aggregates
differently from known radiopharmaceuticals. Finally, brain uptake
of [11C]L2-b was examined through microPET imaging in healthy
rhesus macaque, which revealed a maximum uptake at 2.5 min (peak SUV
= 2.0) followed by rapid egress (n = 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Cary
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Maria V. Fawaz
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy J. Desmond
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Garrett M. Carpenter
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Roger L. Albin
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
- Department
of Neurology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Michigan Alzheimer Disease Center, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- The Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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31
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Müller MLTM, Bohnen NI, Kotagal V, Scott PJH, Koeppe RA, Frey KA, Albin RL. Clinical markers for identifying cholinergic deficits in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014; 30:269-73. [PMID: 25393613 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinergic projection systems degeneration is associated with dopamine nonresponsive features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Cholinergic deficits are variable in nondemented PD. Identification of cholinergic deficits in PD may help with selection of suitable patients for targeted cholinergic drug treatment in PD. The objective of this retrospective multivariate predictor analysis study was to identify clinical markers indicative of cholinergic deficits in PD patients, as assessed by acetylcholinesterase ([(11) C]PMP) positron emission tomography. METHODS One hundred thirty-seven PD patients (34 female) participated; median modified Hoehn and Yahr score was 2.5 (range, 1-4), average age 65.6 ± 7.4 years, and average duration of motor disease symptoms of 6.0 ± 4.2 years. Subjects were dichotomized as "normocholinergic" or "hypocholinergic" based on a 5(th) percentile cutoff from normal for the basal forebrain-cortical and pedunculopontine nucleus-thalamic cholinergic projection systems. Previously identified clinical indices of cholinergic denervation were used for statistical prediction of cholinergic deficits. Logistic regression determined which risk factors predicted cholinergic deficits. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were determined for the (combinations of) significant predictor variables. RESULTS Forty-nine (35.8%) hypocholinergic PD subjects were identified. The combination of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) symptoms and fall history showed highest diagnostic accuracy (81.1%) for predicting combined thalamic and cortical cholinergic deficits. A combined assessment of 8.5 m walk time and lower score on the Montreal cognitive assessment scale provided diagnostic accuracy of 80.7% for predicting isolated cortical cholinergic denervation. CONCLUSION Assessment of clinical indices of cholinergic denervation may be useful for identifying suitable subjects for trials of targeted cholinergic drug treatments in PD.
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32
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The design and performance of a portable handheld (11)CO2 delivery system. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 94:338-343. [PMID: 25305526 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a hand-held device to efficiently trap [(11)C]CO2 from the cyclotron target, safely transport up to 3.7GBq (100mCi) doses to remote sites and release it without the need for a liquid cryogen. The system consists of a 180W furnace and a miniature molecular sieve trap (80-100mg; 80-100mesh 13×) placed inside a lead pig weighing 11.1kg. The overall [(11)C]CO2 delivery efficiency of the device is ~82% (> 99% trapping efficiency). Radiation dose rates measured at 30cm from the surface of the pig are <43.5µSv/h (5mR/h) up to 2.59GBq (70mCi).
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33
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Fawaz M, Brooks AF, Rodnick ME, Carpenter GM, Shao X, Desmond TJ, Sherman P, Quesada CA, Hockley BG, Kilbourn MR, Albin RL, Frey KA, Scott PJH. High affinity radiopharmaceuticals based upon lansoprazole for PET imaging of aggregated tau in Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy: synthesis, preclinical evaluation, and lead selection. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:718-30. [PMID: 24896980 PMCID: PMC4140593 DOI: 10.1021/cn500103u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormally aggregated tau is the hallmark pathology of tauopathy neurodegenerative disorders and is a target for development of both diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies across the tauopathy disease spectrum. Development of carbon-11- or fluorine-18-labeled radiotracers with appropriate affinity and specificity for tau would allow noninvasive quantification of tau burden using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We have synthesized [(18)F]lansoprazole, [(11)C]N-methyl lansoprazole, and [(18)F]N-methyl lansoprazole and identified them as high affinity radiotracers for tau with low to subnanomolar binding affinities. Herein, we report radiosyntheses and extensive preclinical evaluation with the aim of selecting a lead radiotracer for translation into human PET imaging trials. We demonstrate that [(18)F]N-methyl lansoprazole, on account of the favorable half-life of fluorine-18 and its rapid brain entry in nonhuman primates, favorable kinetics, low white matter binding, and selectivity for binding to tau over amyloid, is the lead compound for progression into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria
V. Fawaz
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melissa E. Rodnick
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Garrett M. Carpenter
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Xia Shao
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy J. Desmond
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brian G. Hockley
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael R. Kilbourn
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Roger L. Albin
- Geriatrics
Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
- Department
of Neurology, The University of Michigan
Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Michigan Alzheimer
Disease Center and The Interdepartmental Program in
Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kirk A. Frey
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Michigan Alzheimer
Disease Center and The Interdepartmental Program in
Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Tseng WY, van Dam RM. Compact microfluidic device for rapid concentration of PET tracers. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2293-302. [PMID: 24825578 PMCID: PMC4465334 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00286e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
HPLC purification and reformulation of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers can lead to significant dilution of the final product, making it difficult to produce a sufficiently high radioactivity concentration for some applications (e.g. small animal imaging, in vitro assays, and labelling of proteins with prosthetic groups). This is especially true for molecules with lengthy or low-yield syntheses. Starting the synthesis with more radioactivity increases the final radioactivity concentration but increases hazards and complexity of handling. An alternative is to concentrate the final product by a process such as rotary evaporation prior to downstream use. Because a rotovap requires significant space within a hot cell that could be put to more productive use, we developed a compact microfluidic system for concentration of PET tracers. This system also provides advantages in terms of repeatability, interfacing and potential for automation. We present here the design and performance characterization of the system, and demonstrate the concentration of several tracers in aqueous-based HPLC mobile phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Tseng
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095; Tel: 310-206-6507
| | - R. Michael van Dam
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging and Department of Molecular & Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA, 90095; Tel: 310-206-6507
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Shao X, Fawaz MV, Jang K, Scott PJH. Ethanolic carbon-11 chemistry: the introduction of green radiochemistry. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 89:125-9. [PMID: 24631743 PMCID: PMC4035440 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The principles of green chemistry have been applied to a radiochemistry setting. Eleven carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals have been prepared using ethanol as the only organic solvent throughout the entire manufacturing process. The removal of all other organic solvents from the process simplifies production and quality control (QC) testing, moving our PET Center towards the first example of a green radiochemistry laboratory. All radiopharmaceutical doses prepared are suitable for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria V Fawaz
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Keunsam Jang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Cole EL, Shao X, Sherman P, Quesada C, Fawaz MV, Desmond TJ, Scott PJH. Synthesis and evaluation of [(11)C]PyrATP-1, a novel radiotracer for PET imaging of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). Nucl Med Biol 2014; 41:507-12. [PMID: 24768148 PMCID: PMC4034144 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dysfunction of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) has been implicated in a number of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. The ability to non-invasively quantify GSK-3β activity in vivo is therefore of critical importance, and this work is focused upon development of inhibitors of GSK-3β radiolabeled with carbon-11 to examine quantification of the enzyme using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. METHODS (11)C PyrATP-1 was prepared from the corresponding desmethyl-piperazine precursor in an automated synthesis module. In vivo rodent and primate imaging studies were conducted on a Concorde MicroPET P4 scanner to evaluate imaging properties and in vitro autoradiography studies with rat brain samples were carried out to examine specific binding. RESULTS 2035±518MBq (55±14mCi) of [(11)C]PyrATP-1 was obtained (1%-2% non-corrected radiochemical yield at end-of-synthesis based upon [(11)C]CO2) with high chemical (>95%) and radiochemical (>99%) purities, and good specific activities (143±52GBq/μmol (3874±1424Ci/mmol)), n=5. In vivo microPET imaging studies revealed poor brain uptake in rodents and non-human primates. Pretreatment of rodents with cyclosporin A resulted in moderately increased brain uptake suggesting Pgp transporter involvement. Autoradiography demonstrated high levels of specific binding in areas of the rodent brain known to be rich in GSK-3β. CONCLUSION (11)C PyrATP-1 is readily synthesized using standard carbon-11 radiochemistry. However the poor brain uptake in rodents and non-human primates indicates that the radiotracer is not suitable for the purposes of quantifying GSK-3β in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Cole
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carole Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maria V Fawaz
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Timothy J Desmond
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Müller MLTM, Albin RL, Kotagal V, Koeppe RA, Scott PJH, Frey KA, Bohnen NI. Thalamic cholinergic innervation and postural sensory integration function in Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:3282-9. [PMID: 24056537 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of postural instability in Parkinson's disease remains poorly understood. Normal postural function depends in part on the ability of the postural control system to integrate visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular sensory information. Degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the brainstem pedunculopontine nucleus complex and their thalamic efferent terminals has been implicated in postural control deficits in Parkinson's disease. Our aim was to investigate the relationship of cholinergic terminal loss in thalamus and cortex, and nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation, on postural sensory integration function in Parkinson's disease. We studied 124 subjects with Parkinson's disease (32 female/92 male; 65.5 ± 7.4 years old; 6.0 ± 4.2 years motor disease duration; modified Hoehn and Yahr mean stage 2.4 ± 0.5) and 25 control subjects (10 female/15 male, 66.8 ± 10.1 years old). All subjects underwent (11)C-dihydrotetrabenazine vesicular monoaminergic transporter type 2 and (11)C-methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate acetylcholinesterase positron emission tomography and the sensory organization test balance platform protocol. Measures of dopaminergic and cholinergic terminal integrity were obtained, i.e. striatal vesicular monoaminergic transporter type 2 binding (distribution volume ratio) and thalamic and cortical acetylcholinesterase hydrolysis rate per minute (k3), respectively. Total centre of pressure excursion (speed), a measure of total sway, and sway variability were determined for individual sensory organization test conditions. Based on normative data, principal component analysis was performed to reduce postural sensory organization functions to robust factors for regression analysis with the dopaminergic and cholinergic terminal data. Factor analysis demonstrated two factors with eigenvalues >2 that explained 52.2% of the variance, mainly reflecting postural sway during sensory organization test Conditions 1-3 and 5, respectively. Regression analysis of the Conditions 1-3 postural sway-related factor [R(2)adj = 0.123, F(5,109) = 4.2, P = 0.002] showed that decreased thalamic cholinergic innervation was associated with increased centre of pressure sway speed (β = -0.389, t = -3.4, P = 0.001) while controlling for covariate effects of cognitive capacity and parkinsonian motor impairments. There was no significant effect of cortical cholinergic terminal deficits or striatal dopaminergic terminal deficits. This effect could only be found for the subjects with Parkinson's disease. We conclude that postural sensory integration function of subjects with Parkinson's disease is modulated by pedunculopontine nucleus-thalamic but not cortical cholinergic innervation. Impaired integrity of pedunculopontine nucleus cholinergic neurons and their thalamic efferents play a role in postural control in patients with Parkinson's disease, possibly by participating in integration of multimodal sensory input information.
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Le Helleix S, Dollé F, Kuhnast B. Easy upgrade of the TRACERLab FX C Pro for [¹¹C]carboxylation reactions: application to the routine production of [1-¹¹C]acetate. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 82:7-11. [PMID: 23941748 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon-11-labeled acetate ([1-(11)C]acetate) is a radiopharmaceutical of importance in clinical practice as well as in preclinical research in cardiology and oncology. Its preparation is based on the [(11)C]carboxylation reaction of a Grignard reagent with [(11)C]CO2. Most of the commercially available synthesizers are only dedicated to the preparation of [(11)C]methyl iodide (or [(11)C]methyl triflate) for the radiomethylation of an appropriate precursor but not for the direct use of cyclotron-produced [(11)C]CO2. Based on the classical [(11)C]carboxylation reaction and SPE purification, we propose in this technical note a detailed, simple, easy-to-handle and fully reversible modification of the TRACERLab FX C Pro to operate, on demand, [(11)C]carboxylation reactions, exemplified herein by the production of [1-(11)C]acetate, or [(11)C]radiomethylation reactions. This also opens new prospects to other type of radiochemical reactions involving [(11)C]CO2.
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Improved HPLC purification strategy for [11C]raclopride and [11C]DASB leading to high radiochemical yields and more practical high quality radiopharmaceutical formulations. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 78:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ermert J, Coenen HH. Methods for11C- and18F-labelling of amino acids and derivatives for positron emission tomography imaging. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:225-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425; Jülich; Germany
| | - Heinz H. Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH; 52425; Jülich; Germany
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Mason NS, Mathis CA, Klunk WE. Positron emission tomography radioligands for in vivo imaging of Aβ plaques. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:89-95. [PMID: 24285314 PMCID: PMC4089898 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development of positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands for the non-invasive imaging of amyloid-β plaque burden has been the focus of intense research efforts over the last decade. A variety of structural backbones have been investigated and several radiolabeled molecules have been evaluated in phase I (and later) clinical studies. These efforts have been driven by the desire not only to develop a suitable diagnostic imaging agent but also to develop a means to evaluate potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on the development of these ligands, as well as the radiochemistry and current regulatory status of these PET radioligands. Particular attention is given to those ligands that have progressed to the later stages of drug development (phase II/III clinical trial studies) or approved New Drug Application status.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Chester A. Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William E. Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Shao X, Carpenter GM, Desmond TJ, Sherman P, Quesada CA, Fawaz M, Brooks AF, Kilbourn MR, Albin RL, Frey KA, Scott PJH. Evaluation of [(11)C]N-Methyl Lansoprazole as a Radiopharmaceutical for PET Imaging of Tau Neurofibrillary Tangles. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:936-41. [PMID: 24900410 DOI: 10.1021/ml300216t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
[(11)C]N-Methyl lansoprazole ([(11)C]NML, 3) was synthesized and evaluated as a radiopharmaceutical for quantifying tau neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) burden using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. [(11)C]NML was synthesized from commercially available lansoprazole in 4.6% radiochemical yield (noncorrected RCY, based upon [(11)C]MeI), 99% radiochemical purity, and 16095 Ci/mmol specific activity (n = 5). Log P was determined to be 2.18. A lack of brain uptake in rodent microPET imaging revealed [(11)C]NML to be a substrate for the rodent permeability-glycoprotein 1 (PGP) transporter, but this could be overcome by pretreating with cyclosporin A to block the PGP. Contrastingly, [(11)C]NML was not found to be a substrate for the primate PGP, and microPET imaging in rhesus revealed [(11)C]NML uptake in the healthy primate brain of ∼1600 nCi/cc maximum at 3 min followed by rapid egress to 500 nCi/cc. Comparative autoradiography between wild-type rats and transgenic rats expressing human tau (hTau +/+) revealed 12% higher uptake of [(11)C]NML in the cortex of brains expressing human tau. Further autoradiography with tau positive brain samples from progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) patients revealed colocalization of [(11)C]NML with tau NFTs identified using modified Bielschowsky staining. Finally, saturation binding experiments with heparin-induced tau confirmed K d and Bmax values of [(11)C]NML as 700 pM and 0.214 fmol/μg, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Garrett M. Carpenter
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Timothy J. Desmond
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Phillip Sherman
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Carole A. Quesada
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Maria Fawaz
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Allen F. Brooks
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael R. Kilbourn
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Roger L. Albin
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VAAAHS, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, United States
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kirk A. Frey
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Neurology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J. H. Scott
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109, United States
- The Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
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Shao X, Schnau PL, Fawaz MV, Scott PJH. Enhanced radiosyntheses of [¹¹C]raclopride and [¹¹C]DASB using ethanolic loop chemistry. Nucl Med Biol 2012; 40:109-16. [PMID: 23123138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To improve the synthesis and quality control of carbon-11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals, we report the fully automated loop syntheses of [¹¹C]raclopride and [¹¹C]DASB using ethanol as the only organic solvent for synthesis module cleaning, carbon-11 methylation, HPLC purification, and reformulation. METHODS Ethanolic loop chemistry is fully automated using a GE TRACERLab FX(C-Pro) synthesis module, and is readily adaptable to any other carbon-11 synthesis apparatus. Precursors (1 mg) were dissolved in ethanol (100 μL) and loaded into the HPLC loop. [¹¹C]MeOTf was passed through the HPLC loop and then the labeled products were purified by semi-preparative HPLC and reformulated into ethanolic saline. RESULTS Both [¹¹C]raclopride (3.7% RCY; >95% RCP; SA=20831 Ci/mmol; n=64) and [¹¹C]DASB, both with (3.0% RCY; >95% RCP; SA=15152Ci/mmol; n=9) and without (3.0% RCY; >95% RCP; SA=10931 Ci/mmol; n=3) sodium ascorbate, have been successfully prepared using the described methodology. Doses are suitable for human use and the described methods are now employed for routine clinical production of both radiopharmaceuticals at the University of Michigan. CONCLUSIONS Ethanolic loop chemistry is a powerful technique for preparing [¹¹C]raclopride and [¹¹C]DASB, and we are in the process of adapting it for other carbon-11 radiopharmaceuticals prepared in our laboratories ([¹¹C]PMP, [¹¹C]PBR28 etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Shao
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Hoareau R, Shao X, Henderson BD, Scott PJH. Fully automated radiosynthesis of [¹¹C]PBR28, a radiopharmaceutical for the translocator protein (TSPO) 18 kDa, using a GE TRACERlab FXC-Pro. Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:1779-83. [PMID: 22503515 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to image the translocator protein (TSPO) 18kDa in the clinic using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, we had a cause to prepare [(11)C]PBR28. In this communication we highlight our novel, recently developed, one-pot synthesis of the desmethyl-PBR28 precursor, as well as present an optimized fully automated preparation of [(11)C]PBR28 using a GE TRACERlab FX(C-Pro). Following radiolabelling, purification is achieved by HPLC and, to the best of our knowledge, the first reported example of reconstituting [(11)C]PBR28 into ethanolic saline using solid-phase extraction (SPE). This procedure is operationally simple, and provides high quality doses of [(11)C]PBR28 suitable for use in clinical PET imaging studies. Typical radiochemical yield using the optimized method is 3.6% yield (EOS, n=3), radiochemical and chemical purity are consistently >99%, and specific activities are 14,523Ci/mmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Hoareau
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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