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Ibrahim RE, Elshobaky G, ElHady M, Abdelwarith AA, Younis EM, Rhouma NR, Murad SK, Yassin EMM, Khamis T, Ismail SH, Davies SJ, Abdel Rahman AN. Nelumbo nucifera synthesized selenium nanoparticles modulate the immune-antioxidants, biochemical indices, and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines pathways in Oreochromis niloticus infected with Aeromonas veronii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109287. [PMID: 38092091 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infection is considered one of the major issues in fish culturing that results in economic losses. Metal nanoparticles are a cutting-edge and effective disease management and preventive strategy because of their antibacterial ability. In this investigation, the selenium nanoparticles were prepared by a biological method using Nelumbo nucifera leaves extract. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of N. nucifera synthesized selenium nanoparticles (NN-SeNPs) was tested against Aeromonas veronii. A treatment assay was conducted on 210 Oreochromis niloticus (average body weight: 27 ± 2.00 g). A preliminary approach was conducted on 90 fish for determination of the therapeutic concentration of NN-SeNPs which was found to be 4 mg/L. Fish (n = 120) were categorized into four groups for 10 days; G1 (control) and G2 (NN-SeNPs) were non-challenged and treated with 0 and 4 mg/L NN-SeNPs, respectively. While, G3 and G4 were infected with 2 × 106 CFU/mL of A. veronii and treated with 0 and 4 mg/L NN-SeNPs, respectively. NN-SeNPs exhibited an inhibition zone against A. veronii with a diameter of 16 ± 1.25 mm. The A. veronii infection increased the hepato-renal biomarkers (alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and creatinine) than the control group. An oxidative stress was the consequence of A. veronii infection (higher malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels with lower glutathione peroxidase superoxide, dismutase, and catalase activity). A. veronii infection resulted in lower immunological biomarker values (immunoglobulin M, lysozyme, and complement 3) with higher expression of the inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ) as well as lower expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β). Therapeutic application with 4 mg/L NN-SeNPs prevented the disease progression; and modulated the hepato-renal function disruptions, oxidant-immune dysfunction, as well as the pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines pathway in the A. veronii-infected fish. These findings suggest that NN-SeNPs, employed as a water therapy, can safeguard fish from the harmful effects of A. veronii and serve as a promising antibacterial agent for sustainable aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowida E Ibrahim
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, PO Box 44511, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Gehad Elshobaky
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, PO Box 35516, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed ElHady
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, PO Box 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdelwahab A Abdelwarith
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed M Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasreddin R Rhouma
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Misurata University, PO Box 2478, Misurata, Libya
| | - Suzan K Murad
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, Misurata University, PO Box2478, Libya
| | - Engy Mohamed Mohamed Yassin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, PO Box 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, PO Box 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sameh H Ismail
- Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Sheikh Zayed Campus, 6th October City, Giza, 12588, Egypt
| | - Simon J Davies
- Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit ANRU, Carna Research Station, Ryan Institute, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, H91V8Y1, Galway, Ireland
| | - Afaf N Abdel Rahman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, PO Box 44511, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Balasubramanian S, Chandy S, Peter R, Nachiyar GS, Sudhakar A, Sumanth A, Manoharan A. Utility of a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction for combined detection and serotyping of dengue virus in paediatric patients hospitalised with severe dengue: A report from Chennai. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:288-292. [PMID: 33154237 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective Molecular detection and serotyping are rapid, sensitive and accurate techniques for early diagnosis of paediatric dengue. The present study evaluates multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis of dengue virus in children hospitalised with severe dengue (SD) and attempts to establish an association of clinical severity with specific serotypes. Methods Four hundred and eighty-five samples were received from hospitalised paediatric patients with suspected dengue from March 2019 to February 2020. Multiplex real time PCR was employed for diagnosis. An in-house real-time PCR that combined diagnosis and serotyping was established. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) assay and real-time PCR were assessed for their accuracy in diagnosing severe paediatric dengue. Results Three hundred and twenty-five (67%) patients were positive for dengue RNA by real-time PCR. All four serotypes were identified throughout the year; dengue serotype 2 (DEN-2) was predominant (61%) followed by DEN-3, 20%. Compared to the commonly used NS1 testing, multiplex real-time PCR showed greater sensitivity in diagnosing SD. Conclusions Compared to NS1, multiplex real-time PCR is a rapid and accurate diagnostic test for children hospitalised with SD. DEN-2 was the predominant serotype in severe cases. Continued surveillance of serotypes should be carried out year-round in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balasubramanian
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sara Chandy
- Department of Pediatrics, The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Robinson Peter
- Department of Pediatrics, The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gothai S Nachiyar
- Department of Pediatrics, The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amullya Sudhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Sumanth
- Department of Pediatrics, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anand Manoharan
- Department of Pediatrics, The CHILDS Trust Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ali A, Ahmad H, AbouHaidar MG, Idrees M, Ali I. Complete genome amplification and sequencing of DENV-2 Pakistani isolates: analysis reveals molecular evolution of DENV-2. Future Virol 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: This study was aimed to amplify, characterize and analyze complete genomes of dengue virus serotype-2 (DENV-2) Pakistani isolates. Patients & methods: Complete genomes of DENV-2 (n = 4) in nine overlapping fragments from two dengue outbreaks (2011 and 2013) were sequenced; deposited in GenBank (Punjab Isolates: KM217157 and KM217156; Swat Isolates: KM217158 and KJ701507) and characterized using specific primers, we designed. Results: Analysis clustered Pakistani isolates with the cosmopolitan genotypes and further indicated that codons 65 of C, 155 of PrM, 203 of E and 254 of NS1 genes were under negative selection pressure. A substitution of alanine with proline in NS5 gene at nucleotide position 885 in Swat isolates was observed. Conclusion: DENV-2 is spreading to other parts of Pakistan with the possible adaptability of the virus molecularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Centre for Human Genetics, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Habib Ahmad
- Vice Chancellor, Islamia College University, Peshawar, 25120 CAMB, Pakistan
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Mounir G AbouHaidar
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Vice Chancellor, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 53700, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, COMSATS University , Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
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Ali A, Ahmad H, Idrees M, Zahir F, Ali I. Circulating serotypes of dengue virus and their incursion into non-endemic areas of Pakistan; a serious threat. Virol J 2016; 13:144. [PMID: 27565893 PMCID: PMC5002134 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus is circulating in Pakistan since 1994, which causes major and minor outbreaks in many areas of the country. The incidence of dengue in Pakistan in past years mainly restricted to parts of Sindh and Punjab provinces. As such, a severe dengue outbreak appeared in Pakistan in 2011, particularly in Punjab province with Lahore as the most hit city (290 deaths). In 2013, for the first time in the history of Pakistan, dengue outbreak erupted in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which claimed more than 57 lives. Hence this study was conducted to document circulating serotypes of dengue virus in Pakistan in 2011 and 2013 dengue outbreaks in two different territories/areas of the country. Methods In total, 1340 blood samples from people having dengue (ELISA positive) and/or dengue like symptoms from various cities/areas of Punjab and Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) were collected and analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using serotype specific primers. Results The results indicated that all the four dengue virus serotypes were circulating in Punjab Province with highest frequency of DENV-2 (41.64 %) and DENV-3 (41.05 %). Similarly, DENV-2 (41.66 %) and DENV-3 (35.0 %) were dominant serotypes detected in KP-based people lived in Punjab. On the other hand only DENV-2 (40.0 %) and DENV-3 (60.0 %) were detected in Swat District. Furthermore an important observation noted in this study was mixed infection of DENV-2 and DENV-3 in Punjab in 2011 (3.81 %) and in people from KP infected in Punjab (8.33 %) which may account for the high mortality and morbidity rates as compared to previous outbreaks. Over all male population was mostly infected as compared to females and people in the age group between 15 to 45 was the highest infected group. Conclusions The findings of this study indicate that all four serotypes of dengue virus are circulating in Punjab whereas serotypes 2 and 3 introduced for the first time into Swat, KP in 2013; about 600 km away from Lahore, Punjab. Overall dengue virus serotypes 2 and 3 were the major outbreak-causing serotypes in Pakistan in 2011 and 2013. Dengue outbreak in Swat may be the continuation of previous dengue outbreaks in Punjab but it needs further research and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Lahore-53700, Pakistan. .,Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Habib Ahmad
- Department of Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Lahore-53700, Pakistan.,Vice Chancellor, Hazara University Mansehra, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Fazli Zahir
- IBGE, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Tahir U, Khan UH, Zubair MS, Bahar-E-Mustafa. Wolbachia pipientis: A potential candidate for combating and eradicating dengue epidemics in Pakistan. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:989-998. [PMID: 26706669 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus syndrome is an emerging global health challenge which is endemic in tropical countries like Pakistan. In recent years dengue incidences have increased considerably in different areas of Pakistan with more sever impacts on urban and peri-urban populations. This review is an effort to highlight the changing epidemiology of dengue fever, role of Government of Pakistan in disease management and control using preventive and community based approaches in the region. Moreover, there is an emphasis on application of Wolbachia as novel, inexpensive and environmentally benign candidate for control and eradication of dengue transmitting vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uruj Tahir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
| | - Umair Hassan Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan
| | | | - Bahar-E-Mustafa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub-Campus Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan
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Haider Z, Ahmad FZ, Mahmood A, Waseem T, Shafiq I, Raza T, Qazi J, Siddique N, Humayun MA. Dengue fever in Pakistan: a paradigm shift; changing epidemiology and clinical patterns. Perspect Public Health 2015; 135:294-8. [PMID: 26342006 DOI: 10.1177/1757913915599019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever has huge public health implications and affects over 100 million people worldwide. This review pictures the current situation of Dengue in Pakistan and presents a review of published literature. Pakistan has seen recurrent epidemics of Dengue Fever recently. Unfortunately, these epidemics are becoming more severe in their clinical manifestation. Pakistan experienced large epidemics of dengue fever during 2008, 2010 and 2011 affecting thousands of people and claiming hundreds of deaths. A comparison of data during these epidemics indicates a shift from mild to a more severe disease, which could be interpreted as an epidemiologic transition pattern in the country. Expansion of Dengue in Pakistan seems to be multifactorial, including the climate change, frequent natural disasters, vector resistance to insecticides and lack of resources. This highlights the need for rigorous vector control. Continuing education of primary care physicians is crucial for early appropriate management to reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tariq Waseem
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Javaria Qazi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Mohsin SN, Mahmood S, Amar A, Ghafoor F, Raza SM, Saleem M. Association of FcγRIIa Polymorphism with Clinical Outcome of Dengue Infection: First Insight from Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:691-6. [PMID: 26240159 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue illness has been a major health concern in Pakistan during the last decade. Dengue infection can result in a spectrum of clinically distinct outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic infection to potentially life-threatening forms of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). A single-nucleotide polymorphism in FcγRIIa (rs1801274) results in altered affinity of the receptor for different subclasses of immunoglobulin G, and is a key player in determining the susceptibility to or protection from severe clinical infection of dengue. In this study, we analyzed the allelic and genotypic distribution of rs1801274 in subjects of Pakistani origin with subclinical dengue infection (n = 40), dengue fever (DF) (n = 40), and DHF/DSS (n = 30). We found that HH homozygotes and heterozygotes were significantly more likely to develop clinical dengue (odds ratio [OR] = 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29-7.97, P = 0.009), either DF (OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.00-7.97, P = 0.045) or DHF/DSS (OR = 3.90, 95% CI = 1.13-13.07, P = 0.024) than the asymptomatic dengue infection. Results of allelic distribution comparisons and logistic regression analysis also supported the same relationship. The results suggest complex nature of interacting factors in determining the course for severe dengue illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Naz Mohsin
- Pakistan Medical Research Council Research Centre, National Health Research Complex, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saqib Mahmood
- Pakistan Medical Research Council Research Centre, National Health Research Complex, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Amar
- Pakistan Medical Research Council Research Centre, National Health Research Complex, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Farkhanda Ghafoor
- Pakistan Medical Research Council Research Centre, National Health Research Complex, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Mohsin Raza
- Pakistan Medical Research Council Research Centre, National Health Research Complex, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahjabeen Saleem
- Pakistan Medical Research Council Research Centre, National Health Research Complex, Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan; Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Rasheed SB, Boots M, Frantz AC, Butlin RK. Population structure of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia aegypti) in Pakistan. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 27:430-440. [PMID: 23662926 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Eleven microsatellite markers were used to determine the genetic population structure and spread of Aedes aegypti (Stegomyia aegypti) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Pakistan using mosquitoes collected from 13 different cities. There is a single genetic cluster of Ae. aegypti in Pakistan with a pattern of isolation by distance within the population. The low level of isolation by distance suggests the long-range passive dispersal of this mosquito, which may be facilitated by the tyre trade in Pakistan. A decrease in genetic diversity from south to north suggests a recent spread of this mosquito from Karachi. A strong negative correlation between genetic distance and the quality of road connections shows that populations in cities connected by better road networks are less differentiated, which suggests the human-aided passive dispersal of Ae. aegypti in Pakistan. Dispersal on a large spatial scale may facilitate the strategy of introducing transgenic Ae. aegypti or intracellular bacteria such as Wolbachia to control the spread of dengue disease in Pakistan, but it also emphasizes the need for simple measures to control container breeding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Rasheed
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, PakistanDepartment of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, U.K. andInstitute of Zoology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Murray KO, Rodriguez LF, Herrington E, Kharat V, Vasilakis N, Walker C, Turner C, Khuwaja S, Arafat R, Weaver SC, Martinez D, Kilborn C, Bueno R, Reyna M. Identification of dengue fever cases in Houston, Texas, with evidence of autochthonous transmission between 2003 and 2005. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2013; 13:835-45. [PMID: 24107180 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Houston, Texas, maintains an environment conducive to dengue virus (DENV) emergence; however, surveillance is passive and diagnostic testing is not readily available. To determine if DENV is present in the area, we tested 3768 clinical specimens (2138 cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] and 1630 serum) collected from patients with suspected mosquito-borne viral disease between 2003 and 2005. We identified 47 immunoglobulin M (IgM)-positive dengue cases, including two cases that were positive for viral RNA in serum for dengue serotype 2. The majority of cases did not report any history of travel outside the Houston area prior to symptom onset. The epidemic curve suggests an outbreak occurred in 2003 with continued low-level transmission in 2004 and 2005. Chart abstractions were completed for 42 of the 47 cases; 57% were diagnosed with meningitis and/or encephalitis, and 43% met the case definition for dengue fever. Two of the 47 cases were fatal, including one with illness compatible with dengue shock syndrome. Our results support local transmission of DENV during the study period. These findings heighten the need for dengue surveillance in the southern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy O Murray
- 1 Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine , Houston, Texas
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Rasheed SB, Butlin RK, Boots M. A review of dengue as an emerging disease in Pakistan. Public Health 2012; 127:11-7. [PMID: 23219263 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The presence of dengue virus has been detected using neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition antibodies in local populations in Pakistan since the 1960s. However, the first epidemic was not reported until 1994. This was followed by some cases in 1995, but the disease was confined to the port city of Karachi. Since 2006, dengue epidemics have occurred every year and the range has extended to most cities in Pakistan. Dengue now affects thousands of people and has caused hundreds of deaths. It has become a major health problem in Pakistan, and it is likely to become an even greater health problem in the coming years. This review gives an insight into the dengue situation from the early 1960s to the most recent epidemics in Pakistan, and also describes the primary vector of this disease (Aedes aegypti) in Pakistan. As such, it provides the first comprehensive review of the emergence of this important public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Rasheed
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Dengue virus immunoglobulin M detection in a reference laboratory setting during the 2010 dengue virus outbreak on Caribbean islands. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:1104-7. [PMID: 21613462 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05096-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A large outbreak of dengue virus (DV) infections occurred on Caribbean islands during 2010, with cases peaking during the second half of the year. In conjunction with the outbreak, we observed an unprecedented spike in the number of sera submitted for DV antibody testing between June and December 2010, with a concomitant increase in the number of IgM-positive specimens, indicative of acute DV infection. Analysis of the place of residence of the IgM-positive patients identified from June to December of 2010 revealed that 58.1% were residents of Caribbean islands (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), whereas 40.6% were residents of the U.S. mainland or Hawaii. The U.S. residents represented 42 states plus the District of Columbia, but most (53%) were from just 3 states (California, Florida, and New York). In comparison to the Caribbean IgM-positive patient group, the U.S. IgM-positive patient group contained proportionately more adults 21 to 60 years old and fewer individuals <21 years old. These findings indicate that the 2010 Caribbean DV outbreak affected many U.S. residents (mostly adults, presumably travelers) from diverse geographic areas and emphasize the potential for a viremic DV-infected returning traveler to spark a local DV outbreak by introducing DV into a community with competent mosquito vectors.
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