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Farsi M, Roodbari F, Nejati B, Arashkia A, Jalilvand S, Nateghian A, Rahbarimanesh A, Marashi SM, Shoja Z. Prevalence and genetic diversity of norovirus genogroup II in children less than 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis in Tehran, Iran. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 207:201-210. [PMID: 29619604 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0541-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis is a major public health problem worldwide. In Iran, very limited studies have been performed with regard to the epidemiology of noroviruses. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of GII noroviruses in hospitalized children less than 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis (AGE). A total of 210 stool specimens were collected from Ali Asghar Children's Hospital and Bahrami Children's Hospital in Tehran, from June 2015 to June 2016. The samples were screened by real-time RT-PCR for genogroup II (GII). Positive samples were genotyped by semi-nested PCR followed by Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Norovirus was identified in 36 (17.1%) of 210 specimens. Based on genetic analysis of RdRp and capsid sequences, the strains were clustered into eight RdRp-capsid genotypes: GII.P4-GII.4 Sydney_2012 (41.7%), GII.Pe-GII.4 Sydney_2012 (30.6%), GII.P21-GII.3 (13.9%), GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney_2012 (2.8%), GII.P16-GII.12 (2.8%), GII.P2-GII.4 Sydney_2012 (2.8%), GII.P7-GII.7 (2.8%) and GII.P2-GII.2 (2.8%). We determined several different co-circulating norovirus genotypes in children < 5 years of age with AGE in our hospital in Tehran, Iran. Continued molecular surveillance of noroviruses, including typing of both RdRp and capsid genes, is important for monitoring emerging strains in our continued efforts to reduce the overall burden of norovirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Farsi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Roodbari
- Biology Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Behrooz Nejati
- Biology Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Arash Arashkia
- Virology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Jalilvand
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Nateghian
- Ali-Asghar Children's Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Rahbarimanesh
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Bahrami Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wong H, Eso K, Ip A, Jones J, Kwon Y, Powelson S, de Grood J, Geransar R, Santana M, Joffe AM, Taylor G, Missaghi B, Pearce C, Ghali WA, Conly J. Use of ward closure to control outbreaks among hospitalized patients in acute care settings: a systematic review. Syst Rev 2015; 4:152. [PMID: 26546048 PMCID: PMC4636845 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-015-0131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though often used to control outbreaks, the efficacy of ward closure is unclear. This systematic review sought to identify studies defining and describing ward closure in outbreak control and to determine impact of ward closure as an intervention on outbreak containment. METHODS We searched these databases with no language restrictions: MEDLINE, 1946 to 7 July 2014; EMBASE, 1974 to 7 July 2014; CINAHL, 1937 to 8 July 2014; and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2005 to May 2014. We also searched the following: IndMED; LILACS; reference lists from retrieved articles; conference proceedings; and websites of the CDCP, the ICID, and the WHO. We included studies of patients hospitalized in acute care facilities; used ward closure as a control measure; used other control measures; and discussed control of the outbreak(s) under investigation. A component approach was used to assess study quality. RESULTS We included 97 English and non-English observational studies. None included a controlled comparison between ward closure and other interventions. We found that ward closure was often used as part of a bundle of interventions but could not determine its direct impact separate from all the other interventions whether used in parallel or in sequence with other interventions. We also found no universal definition of ward closure which was widely accepted. CONCLUSIONS With no published controlled studies identified, ward closure for control of outbreaks remains an intervention that is not evidence based and healthcare personnel will need to continue to balance the competing risks associated with its use, taking into consideration the nature of the outbreak, the type of pathogen and its virulence, mode of transmission, and the setting in which it occurs. Our review has identified a major research gap in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Wong
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, GD01 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Katherine Eso
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, GD01 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Ada Ip
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, GD01 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Jessica Jones
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, GD01 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Yoojin Kwon
- Health Sciences Library, Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, HSC 1450, Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Susan Powelson
- Health Sciences Library, Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, HSC 1450, Health Sciences Centre, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Jill de Grood
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, GD01 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Rose Geransar
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, GD01 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Maria Santana
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, GD01 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - A Mark Joffe
- Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, #303 CSC, 10240 Kingsway, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5H 3V9.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2D3.05 WMC, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7
| | - Geoffrey Taylor
- Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, #303 CSC, 10240 Kingsway, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5H 3V9.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 2D3.05 WMC, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2B7
| | - Bayan Missaghi
- Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, #303 CSC, 10240 Kingsway, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5H 3V9.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - Craig Pearce
- Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, #303 CSC, 10240 Kingsway, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5H 3V9
| | - William A Ghali
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, GD01 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6.,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6.,O'Brien Institute for Public Health, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6
| | - John Conly
- W21C Research and Innovation Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, GD01 TRW Building, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6. .,Infection Prevention and Control, Alberta Health Services, #303 CSC, 10240 Kingsway, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T5H 3V9. .,Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6. .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6. .,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6. .,O'Brien Institute for Public Health, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2N 4Z6.
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