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Liu H, Zhang J, Liu J, Cao G, Xu F, Li X. Bactericidal Mechanisms of Chlorine Dioxide against Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus CMCC 32210. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:5132-5144. [PMID: 37367075 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45060326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide is a globally recognized green and efficient disinfectant. This study aims to investigate the bactericidal mechanism of chlorine dioxide using beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (BHS) CMCC 32210 as a representative strain. BHS was exposed to chlorine dioxide, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of chlorine dioxide against BHS were determined by the checkerboard method in preparation for subsequent tests. Cell morphology was observed using electron microscopy. Protein content leakage, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, and lipid peroxidation were determined by kits, and DNA damage was determined using agar gel electrophoresis. The concentration of chlorine dioxide during disinfection showed a linear relationship with the concentration of BHS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that chlorine dioxide caused significant damage to the cell walls of BHS at a concentration of 50 mg/L, but had no significant effect on Streptococcus exposed to different exposure times. Furthermore, the extracellular protein concentration increased with increasing chlorine dioxide concentration, while the total protein content remained unchanged. The activities of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase decreased with increasing chlorine dioxide concentration. Chlorine dioxide treatment led to significant lipid peroxidation and DNA degradation in BHS. Leakage of intracellular components indicated that chlorine dioxide damaged the cell membrane of BHS. Chlorine dioxide exposure resulted in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, which negatively impacted the cell wall and membrane of Streptococcus. This caused increased permeability and inactivation of key enzymes (Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase) involved in respiratory metabolism, ultimately leading to DNA degradation and bacterial death due to either content leakage or metabolic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingju Zhang
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Liu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangjie Cao
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Xu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiubo Li
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratories, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
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Qi S, Zhang J, Luan X, Li J, He Z, Long J, Xu M, Li P, Chen Z, Wei J, Yan J. Chlorine Dioxide Reprograms Rhizosphere Microbial Communities to Enrich Interactions with Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum). Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:47-60. [PMID: 36929894 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For decades chlorine dioxide has been used in water disinfection with excellent results. As the scope of application expands, chlorine dioxide has the potential for soil disinfection. We used amplicon sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to compare the changes of four mixed rhizosphere microbial community samples and 12 tobacco leaf volatile samples four months after the flood irrigation with chlorine dioxide in different concentrations (0, 2, 4, 8 mg/l). Phenotypic data of 60 tobacco plants were also collected. The effects of chlorine dioxide on rhizosphere microorganisms were positively correlated with dose gradients. Bacteria responded more strongly in both community structure and metabolic pathways than fungi. Five new bacterial phyla (Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Myxococcota, Patescibacteria, Verrucomicroboata) appeared in chlorine dioxide treatment groups, while the fungal community only appeared as one new fungal phylum (Basidomycota). Alterations in 271 predicted metabolic bacterial pathways were found. However, in the fungal community were only 10 alternations. The correlations between leaf volatile compounds and rhizosphere microorganisms under the influence of chlorine dioxide treatment could be observed based on network results. However, natural connectivity had already been declining rapidly when less than 20% of the network's nodes were removed. Therefore, the microbe-metabolite network is not stable. It might be why chlorine dioxide treatments did not significantly affect tobacco quality (p = 0.754) and phenotype (p = 0.867). As a comprehensive investigation of chlorine dioxide in agriculture, this study proves the effectiveness and safety of chlorine dioxide soil disinfection and widens the application range of chlorine dioxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qi
- 1Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jili Zhang
- 2China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Company Limited, Nanning, China
| | - Xinbo Luan
- 1Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junlin Li
- 3Guangxi Tobacco Baise Industrial Company Limited, Baise, China
| | - Zikang He
- 1Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junru Long
- 1Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Xu
- 1Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Li
- 1Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zepeng Chen
- 4China Tobacco Guangdong Industrial Company Limited, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Wei
- 2China Tobacco Guangxi Industrial Company Limited, Nanning, China
| | - Jian Yan
- 1Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Kazberova A, Solovov R, Orlichenia V. Phosphorylated Cotton Cellulose as a Matrix for Generating Chlorine Dioxide. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040967. [PMID: 36850250 PMCID: PMC9967223 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, developing disinfectant materials is of utmost importance. A significant advantage of our fabric is its reusability. The disinfectants based on a natural polymer of cellulose have been barely investigated. Our work presents a modified cellulose material, and the data obtained for the first time on the chlorine dioxide generation process when treating the material with a sodium chlorite alcohol solution. A method of applying NaClO2 onto the fabric by impregnating it with a solution sprayed by an aerosol generator is proposed. This kind of fabric is capable of withstanding multiple usages after pre-washing and rinsing. The lowest alcohols-methanol, ethanol and isopropanol-are proposed as optimal solvents. It was shown that the phosphorylated cotton cellulose fabric impregnated with this solution generates chlorine dioxide during the first 25-35 min. Neither humidity nor expedites improve the process of releasing the chlorine dioxide, but high moisture content in the air causes the complete absorption of ClO2 by microdrops and its removal from the gas environment. A promising technique for removing the excess ClO2 by the means of UV treatment is proposed: after 15 min of treating ClO2 in the gas phase, it disappears entirely. These materials could be used as disinfectants in different industries, such as food and industrial manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anfisa Kazberova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 40 Obruchev Street, 117342 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman Solovov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 40 Obruchev Street, 117342 Moscow, Russia
| | - Verbina Orlichenia
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 40 Obruchev Street, 117342 Moscow, Russia
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Tucker J, Milici J, Alam S, Ferster APO, Goldenberg D, Meyers C, Goyal N. Assessing nonsexual transmission of the human papillomavirus (HPV): Do our current cleaning methods work? J Med Virol 2022; 94:3956-3961. [PMID: 35411608 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is thought to be sexually transmitted; however, there have been a few studies investigating a possible iatrogenic source of infection. Therefore, it is important to assess the cleaning methods of reusable medical devices. This study assessed whether cleaning methods of flexible endoscopes in an otolaryngology clinic are effective against HPV. There were 24 patients with a history of head and neck cancer in the study; however, two outliers were excluded. Nine patients were confirmed to have HPV-associated cancer. PCR was used to measure and quantify the viral genomes of samples collected before and after cleaning. After cleaning, few HPV+ samples had endoscopes with less DNA than before cleaning. Additionally, for several patients with non-HPV-associated head and neck cancer, PCR showed more DNA after cleaning than before cleaning, suggesting residual HPV DNA within the cleaning solution. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between pre- and post-cleaning in both cohorts. Current cleaning methods of reusable endoscopes may not be effective in completely removing viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Tucker
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Janice Milici
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samina Alam
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - David Goldenberg
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neerav Goyal
- College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kyriacou C, Robinson E, Barcroft J, Parker N, Tuomey M, Stalder C, Gould D, Al‐Memar M, Bourne T. Time-effectiveness and convenience of transvaginal ultrasound probe disinfection using ultraviolet vs chlorine dioxide multistep wipe system: prospective survey study. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2022; 60:132-138. [PMID: 34919771 PMCID: PMC9414347 DOI: 10.1002/uog.24834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the efficiency, ease of use and user satisfaction of two methods of transvaginal ultrasound probe high-level disinfection: ultraviolet-C radiation (UV-C) and a chlorine dioxide multistep wipe system. METHODS This was a prospective survey study. UV-C units were introduced into a busy early pregnancy assessment service and compared with a multiwipe system for disinfection. Before seeing each patient, healthcare professionals (HCPs) measured with a stopwatch the time taken to complete a cycle of disinfection using either UV-C or chlorine dioxide multistep wipes and responded to a quick-response (QR) code-linked survey. Additional essential tasks that could be completed before seeing the next patient during probe disinfection were also documented. Using another QR code-linked survey, data on ease of use, satisfaction with the system used and preferred system were collected. The ease of use and satisfaction with the system were rated on a 0 to 10 Likert scale (0 poor, 10 excellent). A free-text section for comments was then completed. RESULTS Disinfection using UV-C (n = 331) was 60% faster than the chlorine dioxide multiwipe system (n = 332) (101 vs 250 s; P < 0.0001). A greater number of tasks were completed during probe disinfection when using UV-C, saving a further 74 s per patient (P < 0.0001). The HCPs using UV-C (n = 71) reported greater ease of use (median Likert score, 10 vs 3; P < 0.0001) and satisfaction (median Likert score, 10 vs 2; P < 0.0001) compared with those using the multiwipe system (n = 43). HCPs reported that the chlorine dioxide system was time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly, while the UV-C system was efficient and easy to use. Overall, 98% of the HCPs preferred using the UV-C system. CONCLUSIONS UV-C technology is more time-efficient and allows more essential tasks to be completed during disinfection. For a 4-h ultrasound list of 15 patients, the use of UV-C would save 55 min 45 s. HCPs found UV-C preferable and easier to use. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Kyriacou
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyQueen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - E. Robinson
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyQueen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - J. Barcroft
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyQueen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - N. Parker
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyQueen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Tuomey
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyQueen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - C. Stalder
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyQueen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. Gould
- St Mary's Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - M. Al‐Memar
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyQueen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - T. Bourne
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and GynaecologyQueen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospitals LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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Kyriacou C, Bourne T. Reply. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2022; 60:147-148. [PMID: 35776007 DOI: 10.1002/uog.24954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Kyriacou
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - T Bourne
- Tommy's National Centre for Miscarriage Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Queen Charlotte's & Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Robins LI, Clark A, Gafken PR, Alam S, Milici J, Hassan R, Wang C, Williams J, Meyers C. Hypochlorous Acid as a Disinfectant for High‐risk HPV: Insight into the mechanism of action. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3386-3393. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori I. Robins
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE BothellWA98011USA
| | - Andrew Clark
- Department of Physical Sciences, University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE BothellWA98011USA
| | - Philip R. Gafken
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave NSeattleWA98109USA
| | - Samina Alam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033USA
| | - Janice Milici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033USA
| | - Reem Hassan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033USA
| | - Che‐Yen Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033USA
| | - Jeff Williams
- Briotech Inc., 14120 NE 200th StWoodinvilleWA98072USA
| | - Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of MedicineHersheyPA17033USA
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Meyers C, Milici J, Robison R. The ability of two chlorine dioxide chemistries to inactivate human papillomavirus-contaminated endocavitary ultrasound probes and nasendoscopes. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1298-1302. [PMID: 31919857 PMCID: PMC7497195 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sexual transmission is the most common pathway for the spread of Human papillomavirus (HPV). However, the potential for iatrogenic HPV infections is also real. Even though cleared by the Food and Drug Administration and recommended by the World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology, several disinfectants including glutaraldehyde and o-phthalaldehyde have shown a lack of efficacy for inactivating HPV. Other methods such as ultraviolet C and concentrated hydrogen peroxide have been shown highly effective at inactivating infectious HPV. In this study, two chlorine dioxide systems are also shown to be highly efficacious at inactivating HPV. An important difference in these present studies is that as opposed to testing in suspension or using a carrier, we dried the infectious virus directly onto endocavitary ultrasound probes and nasendoscopes, therefore, validating a more realistic system to demonstrate disinfectant efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Meyers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Janice Milici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard Robison
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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