1
|
Sbricoli L, Schiavon L, Brunello G, Brun P, Becker K, Sivolella S. Efficacy of different mouthwashes against COVID-19: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023; 59:334-356. [PMID: 37854066 PMCID: PMC10579871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of antiseptic mouthwashes in reducing SARS-CoV-2 load clinically and in vitro. A systematic electronic search (MEDLINE/Scopus/Cochrane) was conducted to identify prospective clinical and in vitro studies published between 2019 included and 16 June 2023 assessing the effectiveness of mouthwashes in reducing SARS-CoV-2 load in saliva or surrogates. Data were summarized in tables and a network meta-analysis was performed for clinical trials. Thirty-five studies (14 RCTs, 21 in vitro) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The risk of bias was judged to be high for 2 clinical and 7 in vitro studies. The most commonly test product was chlorhexidine alone or in combination with other active ingredients, followed by povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide and cetylpyridinium chloride. Overall, the descriptive analysis revealed the effectiveness of the mouthwashes in decreasing the salivary viral load both clinically and in vitro. Network meta-analysis demonstrated a high degree of heterogeneity. Among these studies, only chlorhexidine 0.20% was associated to a significant Ct increase in the saliva 5 min after rinsing compared to non-active control (p = 0.027). Data from clinical and in vitro studies suggested the antiviral efficacy of commonly used mouthwashes. Large well-balanced trials are needed to identify the best rinsing protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sbricoli
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Schiavon
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Brunello
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 14197 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Sivolella
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Dentistry, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
von Woedtke T, Gabriel G, Schaible UE, Bekeschus S. Oral SARS-CoV-2 reduction by local treatment: A plasma technology application? PLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS (PRINT) 2022; 20:e2200196. [PMID: 36721423 PMCID: PMC9880686 DOI: 10.1002/ppap.202200196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic reemphasized the importance of and need for efficient hygiene and disinfection measures. The coronavirus' efficient spread capitalizes on its airborne transmission routes via virus aerosol release from human oral and nasopharyngeal cavities. Besides the upper respiratory tract, efficient viral replication has been described in the epithelium of these two body cavities. To this end, the idea emerged to employ plasma technology to locally reduce mucosal viral loads as an additional measure to reduce patient infectivity. We here outline conceptual ideas of such treatment concepts within what is known in the antiviral actions of plasma treatment so far.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas von Woedtke
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), a Member of the Leibniz Health Technologies Research AllianceGreifswaldGermany
- Institute for Hygiene and Environmental MedicineGreifswald University Medical CenterGreifswaldGermany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Department of Viral Zoonoses—One HealthLeibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), A Member of the Leibniz Infections Research AllianceHamburgGermany
- Institute of VirologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Ulrich E. Schaible
- Department of Cellular MicrobiologyProgram Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, A Member of the Leibniz Health Technologies and Leibniz Infections Research AlliancesParkalleeBorstelGermany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), a Member of the Leibniz Health Technologies Research AllianceGreifswaldGermany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gandhi G, Thimmappa L, Upadhya N, Carnelio S. Could mouth rinses be an adjuvant in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 patients? An appraisal with a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2021; 20:136-144. [PMID: 34628705 PMCID: PMC8653299 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective A wide variety of mouth rinses are available to combat micro‐organisms in the oral cavity. At the present global pandemic, the need of the hour is to control the viral infection due to the novel corona virus SARS‐COV‐2, as its port of entry is through the receptors located in the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. This systematic literature review focuses on the in vivo studies [randomized control trials (RCTs)] done on the efficacy of existing mouth rinses which have been used in reducing the viral loads. Methods The electronic database which includes PubMed‐MEDLINE, Google scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, ProQuest and CINAHL was searched from December 2019 to June 2021 with appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and Boolean operators. Two reviewers independently reviewed the abstracts. Results Of the 2438 retrieved titles, 905 remained after removing duplicates. Twelve articles were eligible to be included in this review of which seven were randomized with adequate sample size. Conclusions Mouth washes containing povidone iodine and chlorhexidine decrease the viral load transiently. Large amount of in vivo studies are of paramount importance, especially RCTs, to prove the efficacy of these mouth rinses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Gandhi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Latha Thimmappa
- Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Manipal College of Nursing, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nagaraja Upadhya
- Department of Dental Materials, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Sunitha Carnelio
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amoah GB, Quakyi IA, Sagoe KW, Ayettey-Anie HNG, Ayettey-Adamafio MNB, Ayettey Brew RNA, Newman-Nartey M, Nartey NO, Brightson KTC, Kessie G, Ayettey AS, Konotey-Ahulu FID. Re: Oral antiseptics against coronavirus: in-vitro and clinical evidence. J Hosp Infect 2021; 118:108-109. [PMID: 34487774 PMCID: PMC8414839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G B Amoah
- University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - I A Quakyi
- School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - K W Sagoe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - H N G Ayettey-Anie
- National Radiotherapy Oncology and Nuclear Medicine Centre, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - R N A Ayettey Brew
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - M Newman-Nartey
- University of Ghana Dental School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | - N O Nartey
- University of Ghana Dental School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Ghana
| | | | - G Kessie
- Mount Olives Hospital (MO), Techiman, Bono East Region, Ghana
| | - A S Ayettey
- University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ather A, Parolia A, Ruparel NB. Efficacy of Mouth Rinses Against SARS-CoV-2: A Scoping Review. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.648547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:The presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in saliva and nasopharyngeal secretions has challenged the routine practice of dentistry. Use of preprocedural mouth rinses has been recommended by several organizations to potentially reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This scoping review aimed at evaluating the available evidence on the efficacy of mouth rinses against SARS-CoV-2.Methods:A thorough literature search on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar) was performed by two independent reviewers and data from articles addressing the aim of this article were extracted.Results:After exclusion of articles not addressing the end point in question, 12 articles were included in this scoping review. Of the 12 articles, seven werein vitrostudies and five werein vivohuman clinical studies. Thein vitrostudies used a standardized methodology (endpoint dilution assay) to evaluate the efficacy of antimicrobial mouth rinses against SARS-CoV-2. Thein vivostudies were done utilizing polymerase chain reaction assay of samples obtained from saliva or nasopharyngeal swab or a combination of both nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab. The reagents tested in these studies included povidone-iodine, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), essential oils, and quaternary ammonium compounds and demonstrated varied efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.Conclusion:Based on the available evidence fromin vitrostudies, it can be concluded that mouth rinses have a potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load; however, effectiveness inin vivoconditions is still inconclusive. Owing to the substantial heterogeneity in reporting of the anti–SARS-CoV-2 efficacy of mouth rinses, this review highlights the need to conduct future research with robust and standardized methodologies to confirm effectiveness of mouth rinses.
Collapse
|
6
|
da Mota Santana LA, Andrade Pinho JN, de Albuquerque HIM, de Almeida Souza LM. Virucidal potential of H 2 O 2 -based spray against SARS-CoV-2 and biosafety in a dental environment. Oral Dis 2021; 28 Suppl 2:2573-2574. [PMID: 33449395 PMCID: PMC8014290 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liane Maciel de Almeida Souza
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.,Division of Maxillofacial Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hsue VB, Itamura K, Wu AW, Illing EA, Sokoloski KJ, Weaver BA, Anthony BP, Hughes N, Ting JY, Higgins TS. Topical Oral and Intranasal Antiviral Agents for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1327:169-189. [PMID: 34279838 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-71697-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the largest viral loads in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) present in the oral and nasal cavities, agents that act on these two areas have the potential for large therapeutic and prophylactic benefit. A literature review was conducted to elucidate the possible agents useful in treatment of SARS-CoV-2. These agents were evaluated for their current applications, adverse reactions, their current state of study, and any future considerations in their management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019). Our review has found that, while there are many promising agents with proven efficacy in their in-vitro efficacy against SARS-CoV-2, more clinical trials and in-vivo studies, as well as safety trials, must be conducted before these agents can be effectively implemented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor B Hsue
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyohei Itamura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur W Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elisa A Illing
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin J Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Bree A Weaver
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Benjamin P Anthony
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nathan Hughes
- Pharmacy Operations, Kindred Healthcare Support Center, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jonathan Y Ting
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Thomas S Higgins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Rhinology, Sinus & Skull Base, Kentuckiana Ear, Nose, and Throat, Louisville, KY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Capetti AF, Borgonovo F, Morena V, Lupo A, Cossu MV, Passerini M, Dedivitiis G, Rizzardini G. Short-term inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by hydrogen peroxide in persistent nasopharyngeal carriers. J Med Virol 2020; 93:1766-1769. [PMID: 32881014 PMCID: PMC7891345 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asymptomatic and convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) subjects may carry severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for months in their upper respiratory ways. Desiring to permanently clean the mucosal surfaces, we investigated the chemical agents that fit to rapidly degrade the virus. Among these, hydrogen peroxide, initially tested by two of us for tolerability, showed both good performance and acceptable side effects (burning sensation for 15-20 s). We contacted circles of family physicians and the ATS Milano (Territorial Assistance and Prevention Service), and we tested this procedure on eight persistent carriers of SARS-CoV-2, performing swabs before the procedure and after it until the reappearance of the virus or until 14 days (the incubation period), keeping the surfaces clean with a hypertonic solution. Our patients had a median time from exposure or symptom onset of 111 days, and three had relapsed after being declared "cured" (two consecutive negative swabs after quarantine). One patient had a baseline negative swab and was excluded, and two successfully ended the 14 days' course, four suppressed viral elimination for 72 h, and one for 48 h, all rebounding to weak positive (cycle thresholds above 24). Although temporarily effective, such measures may have some place in the control of viral shedding to protect the most fragile subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo F Capetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Borgonovo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Morena
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Angelica Lupo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Cossu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Passerini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giuliano Rizzardini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, "Luigi Sacco" University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|