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Nascimento AA, Pereira-Figueiredo D, Borges-Martins VP, Kubrusly RC, Calaza KC. GABAergic system and chloride cotransporters as potential therapeutic targets to mitigate cell death in ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25355. [PMID: 38808645 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a critical inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system that plays a vital role in modulating neuronal excitability. Dysregulation of GABAergic signaling, particularly involving the cotransporters NKCC1 and KCC2, has been implicated in various pathologies, including epilepsy, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, and ischemia. NKCC1 facilitates chloride influx, whereas KCC2 mediates chloride efflux via potassium gradient. Altered expression and function of these cotransporters have been associated with excitotoxicity, inflammation, and cellular death in ischemic events characterized by reduced cerebral blood flow, leading to compromised tissue metabolism and subsequent cell death. NKCC1 inhibition has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach to attenuate intracellular chloride accumulation and mitigate neuronal damage during ischemic events. Similarly, targeting KCC2, which regulates chloride efflux, holds promise for improving outcomes and reducing neuronal damage under ischemic conditions. This review emphasizes the critical roles of GABA, NKCC1, and KCC2 in ischemic pathologies and their potential as therapeutic targets. Inhibiting or modulating the activity of these cotransporters represents a promising strategy for reducing neuronal damage, preventing excitotoxicity, and improving neurological outcomes following ischemic events. Furthermore, exploring the interactions between natural compounds and NKCC1/KCC2 provides additional avenues for potential therapeutic interventions for ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Nascimento
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Graduate Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - D Pereira-Figueiredo
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Physiology and Pharmacology), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - V P Borges-Martins
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - R C Kubrusly
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Department of Neurobiology and Graduate Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences (Physiology and Pharmacology), Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
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Zhang J, Chang Q, Rizzello L, Wu Y. Research progress on the effects and mechanisms of anesthetics on neural stem cells. IBRAIN 2022; 8:453-464. [PMID: 37786590 PMCID: PMC10528967 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to anesthetic drugs has been proven to seriously affect developing animals in terms of neural stem cells' (NSCs') proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. This can severely hamper the development of physiological learning and memory skills. Studies on the effects of anesthetics on NSCs' proliferation and differentiation are thus reviewed here, with the aim to highlight which specific drug mechanisms are the least harmful to NSCs. PubMed has been used as the preferential searching database of relevant literature to identify studies on the effects and mechanisms of NSCs' proliferation and differentiation. It was concluded that propofol and sevoflurane may be the safest options for NSCs during pregnancy and in pediatric clinical procedures, while dexmedetomidine has been found to reduce opioid-related damage in NSCs. It was also found that the growth environment may impact neurodevelopment even more than narcotic drugs. Nonetheless, the current scientific literature available further highlights how more extensive clinical trials are absolutely required for corroborating the conclusion drawn here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Department of AnesthesiologySouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Quan‐Yuan Chang
- Department of AnesthesiologySouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM)MilanItaly
| | - You Wu
- Department of Family PlanningThe Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityGuizhouZunyiChina
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Furukawa T, Nikaido Y, Shimoyama S, Masuyama N, Notoya A, Ueno S. Impaired Cognitive Function and Hippocampal Changes Following Chronic Diazepam Treatment in Middle-Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:777404. [PMID: 34899279 PMCID: PMC8664496 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.777404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors are positively allosterically modulated by benzodiazepine binding, leading to a potentiated response to GABA. Diazepam (DZP, a benzodiazepine) is widely prescribed for anxiety, epileptic discharge, and insomnia, and is also used as a muscle relaxant and anti-convulsant. However, some adverse effects - such as tolerance, dependence, withdrawal effects, and impairments in cognition and learning - are elicited by the long-term use of DZP. Clinical studies have reported that chronic DZP treatment increases the risk of dementia in older adults. Furthermore, several studies have reported that chronic DZP administration may affect neuronal activity in the hippocampus, dendritic spine structure, and cognitive performance. However, the effects of chronic DZP administration on cognitive function in aged mice is not yet completely understood. Methods: A behavioral test, immunohistochemical analysis of neurogenic and apoptotic markers, dendritic spine density analysis, and long-term potentiation (LTP) assay of the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 were performed in both young (8 weeks old) and middle-aged (12 months old) mice to investigate the effects of chronic DZP administration on cognitive function. The chronic intraperitoneal administration of DZP was performed by implanting an osmotic minipump. To assess spatial learning and memory ability, the Morris water maze test was performed. Dendritic spines were visualized using Lucifer yellow injection into the soma of hippocampal neurons, and spine density was analyzed. Moreover, the effects of exercise on DZP-induced changes in spine density and LTP in the hippocampus were assessed. Results: Learning performance was impaired by chronic DZP administration in middle-aged mice but not in young mice. LTP was attenuated by DZP administration in the CA1 of young mice and the CA3 of middle-aged mice. The spine density of hippocampal neurons was decreased by chronic DZP administration in the CA1 of both young and middle-aged mice as well as in the CA3 of middle-aged mice. Neither neurogenesis nor apoptosis in the hippocampus was affected by chronic DZP administration. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the effects of chronic DZP are different between young and middle-aged mice. The chronic DZP-induced memory retrieval performance impairment in middle-aged mice can likely be attributed to decreased LTP and dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons in the CA3. Notably, prophylactic exercise suppressed the adverse effects of chronic DZP on LTP and spine maintenance in middle-aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Furukawa
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nikaido
- Department of Frailty Research and Prevention, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Shimoyama
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Nozomu Masuyama
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Ayaka Notoya
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shinya Ueno
- Department of Neurophysiology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Lebrun B, Barbot M, Tonon MC, Prévot V, Leprince J, Troadec JD. Glial endozepines and energy balance: Old peptides with new tricks. Glia 2020; 69:1079-1093. [PMID: 33105065 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of neuroglial interactions to the regulation of energy balance has gained increasing acceptance in recent years. In this context, endozepines, endogenous analogs of benzodiazepine derived from diazepam-binding inhibitor, are now emerging as major players. Produced by glial cells (astrocytes and tanycytes), endozepines have been known for two decades to exert potent anorexigenic effects by acting at the hypothalamic level. However, it is only recently that their modes of action, including the mechanisms by which they modulate energy metabolism, have begun to be elucidated. The data available today are abundant, significant, and sometimes contradictory, revealing a much more complex regulation than initially expected. Several mechanisms of action of endozepines seem to coexist at the central level, particularly in the hypothalamus. The brainstem has also recently emerged as a potential site of action for endozepines. In addition to their central anorexigenic effects, endozepines may also display peripheral effects promoting orexigenic actions, adding to their complexity and raising yet more questions. In this review, we attempt to provide an overview of our current knowledge in this rapidly evolving field and to pinpoint questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lebrun
- CNRS 7291, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Barbot
- CNRS 7291, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- INSERM U1239, Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- University of Lille, INSERM, CHU Lille, Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, UMR-S 1172, European Genomic Institute of Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U1239, Laboratoire de Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- CNRS 7291, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
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Tonon MC, Vaudry H, Chuquet J, Guillebaud F, Fan J, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Vaudry D, Lanfray D, Morin F, Prevot V, Papadopoulos V, Troadec JD, Leprince J. Endozepines and their receptors: Structure, functions and pathophysiological significance. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Villasana LE, Peters A, McCallum R, Liu C, Schnell E. Diazepam Inhibits Post-Traumatic Neurogenesis and Blocks Aberrant Dendritic Development. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2454-2467. [PMID: 30794026 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a robust increase in neurogenesis within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, but these new neurons undergo aberrant maturation and dendritic outgrowth. Because gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors (GABAARs) modulate dendritic outgrowth during constitutive neurogenesis and GABAAR-modulating sedatives are often administered to human patients after TBI, we investigated whether the benzodiazepine, diazepam (DZP), alters post-injury hippocampal neurogenesis. We used a controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI in adult mice, and administered DZP or vehicle continuously for 1 week after injury via osmotic pump. Although DZP did not affect the neurogenesis rate in control mice, it almost completely prevented the TBI-induced increase in hippocampal neurogenesis as well as the aberrant dendritic growth of neurons born after TBI. DZP did not reduce cortical injury, reactive gliosis, or cell proliferation early after injury, but decreased c-Fos activation in the dentate gyrus at both early and late time-points after TBI, suggesting an association between neuronal activity and post-injury neurogenesis. Because DZP blocks post-injury neurogenesis, further studies are warranted to assess whether benzodiazepines alter cognitive recovery or the development of complications after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Villasana
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Austin Peters
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Raluca McCallum
- 2Operative Care Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
| | - Chang Liu
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Eric Schnell
- 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.,2Operative Care Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, Oregon
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Aguirre JA, Lucchinetti E, Clanachan AS, Plane F, Zaugg M. Unraveling Interactions Between Anesthetics and the Endothelium. Anesth Analg 2016; 122:330-48. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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