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Prasad C, Pushpanathan C, Morris R, Davis A, Dougherty F. Spectrum of phenotypic variability in Niemann-Pick type C disease: A cause of delayed diagnosis. Paediatr Child Health 2011; 3:329-33. [PMID: 20401275 DOI: 10.1093/pch/3.5.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease exhibits marked heterogeneity in its phenotype. This can pose diagnostic dilemmas and even delayed recognition of this condition. OBJECTIVE To highlight the phenotypic variations and distinctive pathological and biochemical findings in this disorder. DESIGN Descriptive case studies. SETTING Tertiary care children's hospital and clinic. POPULATION STUDIED Three cases of NP-C disease where diagnosis was delayed. RESULTS In each of the three cases the clinical presentation was varied, one as neonatal hepatitis, the second with megaloblastic anemia, chronic hepatitis and short stature, and the third with neonatal hepatitis and chronic respiratory failure. Definitive diagnosis was established in each case by demonstration of defective cholesterol esterification in skin fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS In the clinical setting of neonatal hepatitis, hepatosplenomegaly and undiagnosed neurological symptoms, NP-C disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Electron microscopic examination of skin biopsy is an effective screening test, although the definitive diagnosis should be made by the cholesterol esterification assay and filipin staining.
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Riff JD, Callahan JW, Sherman PM. Cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains are required for inducing host cell cytoskeleton rearrangements in response to attaching-effacing Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 2005; 73:7113-25. [PMID: 16239505 PMCID: PMC1273830 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.11.7113-7125.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The diarrheal pathogens enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strain CL56 and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) O127:H6 strain E2348/69 adhere intimately to epithelial cells through attaching-effacing lesions, which are characterized by rearrangements of the host cytoskeleton, intimate adherence, and destruction of microvilli. These cytoskeletal responses require activation of host signal transduction pathways. Lipid rafts are signaling microdomains enriched in sphingolipid and cholesterol in the plasma membrane. The effect of perturbing plasma membrane cholesterol on bacterial intimate adherence was assessed. Infection of both HEp-2 cells and primary skin fibroblasts with strains CL56 and E2348/69 caused characteristic rearrangements of the cytoskeleton at sites of bacterial adhesion. CL56- and E2348/69-induced cytoskeletal rearrangements were inhibited following cholesterol depletion. Addition of exogenous cholesterol to depleted HEp-2 cells restored cholesterol levels and rescued bacterially induced alpha-actinin mobilization. Quantitative bacterial adherence assays showed that EPEC adherence to HEp-2 cells was dramatically reduced following cholesterol depletion, whereas the adherence of EHEC remained high. Cytoskeletal rearrangements on skin fibroblasts obtained from children with Niemann-Pick type C disease were markedly reduced. These findings indicate that host membrane cholesterol contained in lipid rafts is necessary for the cytoskeletal rearrangements following infection with attaching-effacing Escherichia coli. Differences in initial adherence indicate divergent roles for host membrane cholesterol in the pathogenesis of EHEC and EPEC infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Riff
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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Pham NA, Gal MR, Bagshaw RD, Mohr AJ, Chue B, Richardson T, Callahan JW. A comparative study of cytoplasmic granules imaged by the real-time microscope, Nile Red and Filipin in fibroblasts from patients with lipid storage diseases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2005; 28:991-1004. [PMID: 16435192 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-005-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic granules in fibroblasts, visualized without stains, or labelled with Nile red, Filipin, or anti-LAMP-1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein 1), were imaged using the real-time microscope (RTM). New advances in light microscope technology were applied to detect cytoplasmic granules (RTM-visible granules) and characterize them by imaging contrast, size, shape, cellular distribution, composition, motion dynamics and quantity. Appearing as solid spheroids or ring structures, the majority of the RTM-visible granules contained Nile-red labelled neutral lipids. A smaller subpopulation, appearing dimmer, with less imaging contrast, contained Filipin-labelled free cholesterol. Most lipid storage granules have a diameter ranging from 0.3 mum to 0.6 mum, with a small population measuring up to 1 mum. They typically clustered in the perinuclear region and displayed relatively small oscillatory motion. Immunofluorescence based on LAMP-1 labelling highlighted granular structures that were distinct and separate from RTM-visible granules and other structures in the light modality of the microscope. RTM-visible granules were associated with disease phenotypes that have increased cellular neutral lipid stores corresponding to the Nile red-labelled droplets (e.g. triacylglycerides, cholesterol esters). As predicted, the fibroblast strains with a defect resulting in Wolman disease, when compared to control samples, consistently had RTM-visible granules, higher in imaging contrast and with larger diameters, that were labelled with Nile red, and also an increased frequency of Filipin-cholesterol complexes. By comparison, in fibroblasts where the lipid storage is less evident (Gaucher and Farber diseases) or from GM(1) gangliosidosis, where the primary storage substances are oligosaccharides, fewer and smaller RTM-visible granules were observed. In some cases, changes in contrast and morphology in the unstained cytoplasmic compartments were more evident than in the labelled structures. In summary, applying the RTM imaging system to fibroblasts enables differences between the various disease types to be seen and, in specific examples, a unique phenotype can be readily discerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-A Pham
- Richardson Technologies Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Millat G, Marçais C, Rafi MA, Yamamoto T, Morris JA, Pentchev PG, Ohno K, Wenger DA, Vanier MT. Niemann-Pick C1 disease: the I1061T substitution is a frequent mutant allele in patients of Western European descent and correlates with a classic juvenile phenotype. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 65:1321-9. [PMID: 10521297 PMCID: PMC1288284 DOI: 10.1086/302626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive lipid-storage disorder usually characterized by hepatosplenomegaly and severe progressive neurological dysfunction, resulting from mutations affecting either the NPC1 gene (in 95% of the patients) or the yet-to-be-identified NPC2 gene. Our initial study of 25 patients with NPC1 identified a T3182-->C transition that leads to an I1061T substitution in three patients. The mutation, located in exon 21, affects a putative transmembrane domain of the protein. PCR-based tests with genomic DNA were used to survey 115 unrelated patients from around the world with all known clinical and biochemical phenotypes of the disease. The I1061T allele constituted 33 (14.3%) of the 230 disease-causing alleles and was never found in controls (>200 alleles). The mutation was particularly frequent in patients with NPC from Western Europe, especially France (11/62 alleles) and the United Kingdom (9/32 alleles), and in Hispanic patients whose roots were in the Upper Rio Grande valley of the United States. The I1061T mutation originated in Europe and the high frequency in northern Rio Grande Hispanics results from a founder effect. All seven unrelated patients who were homozygous for the mutation and their seven affected siblings had a juvenile-onset neurological disease and severe alterations of intracellular LDL-cholesterol processing. The mutation was not found (0/40 alleles) in patients with the severe infantile neurological form of the disease. Testing for this mutation therefore has important implications for genetic counseling of families affected by NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Millat
- INSERM 189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Oullins, France; Clinical Biochemistry and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Gene Research Center and Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Christophe Marçais
- INSERM 189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Oullins, France; Clinical Biochemistry and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Gene Research Center and Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Mohammad A. Rafi
- INSERM 189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Oullins, France; Clinical Biochemistry and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Gene Research Center and Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Toshiyuki Yamamoto
- INSERM 189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Oullins, France; Clinical Biochemistry and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Gene Research Center and Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Jill A. Morris
- INSERM 189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Oullins, France; Clinical Biochemistry and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Gene Research Center and Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Peter G. Pentchev
- INSERM 189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Oullins, France; Clinical Biochemistry and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Gene Research Center and Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Kousaku Ohno
- INSERM 189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Oullins, France; Clinical Biochemistry and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Gene Research Center and Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - David A. Wenger
- INSERM 189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Oullins, France; Clinical Biochemistry and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Gene Research Center and Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
| | - Marie T. Vanier
- INSERM 189, Lyon-Sud Medical School, Oullins, France; Clinical Biochemistry and Fondation Gillet-Mérieux, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France; Department of Neurology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; Gene Research Center and Department of Neurobiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan; Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
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Vanier MT, Rodriguez-Lafrasse C, Rousson R, Gazzah N, Juge MC, Pentchev PG, Revol A, Louisot P. Type C Niemann-Pick disease: spectrum of phenotypic variation in disruption of intracellular LDL-derived cholesterol processing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1096:328-37. [PMID: 2065104 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(91)90069-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To investigate biochemical heterogeneity within Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPC), the two most characteristic abnormalities, namely (1) kinetics of LDL-stimulated cholesteryl ester formation and (2) intravesicular accumulation of LDL-derived unesterified cholesterol, evaluated by histochemical filipin staining, were studied in cultured skin fibroblasts from a population of 125 NPC patients. Profound alterations (esterification rates less than 10% of normal, very numerous and intensely fluorescent cholesterol-filipin granules) were demonstrated in 86% of the cases, depicting the 'classical' NPC phenotype. The remaining cell lines showed a graded less severe impairment and more transient delay in the induction of LDL-mediated cholesteryl esterification, along with an attenuated accumulation of unesterified cholesterol. In particular, cells from a small group (7%) of patients, which have been individualized as representative of a 'variant' phenotype, showed only slight alterations of esterification, restricted to the early phase of LDL uptake and undistinguishable from those in heterozygotes. In these cells, an abnormal cytochemical distribution of LDL-derived cholesterol, although moderate, was still evident provided rigorous experimental conditions were followed. A third, less clearly individualized group (7%), differing from the classical phenotype mostly by higher rates of cholesteryl ester formation, has been designated as an 'intermediary' phenotype to reflect a more difficult diagnosis of such patients. These findings have an important bearing with regard to diagnosis and genetic counselling, although the significance of such a phenotypic variation in terms of genetic heterogeneity has still to be demonstrated. A given biochemical phenotype was however a constant observation within a family (14 pairs of siblings tested so far). The unique feature of LDL-cholesterol processing alterations in NPC has been further established from comparative studies in Wolman disease and I-cell disease, showing normal or different intracellular distribution of unesterified LDL-derived cholesterol in the latter disorders. Correlation between biochemical and clinical NPC phenotypes was only partial, but a correlation between the severity of alterations in cholesterol processing and sphingomyelin catabolism could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Vanier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Sud, Oullins, France
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