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Eskandari A, Leow TC, Rahman MBA, Oslan SN. Recent insight into the advances and prospects of microbial lipases and their potential applications in industry. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00498-7. [PMID: 38489100 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes play a crucial role in various industrial sectors. These biocatalysts not only ensure sustainability and safety but also enhance process efficiency through their unique specificity. Lipases possess versatility as biocatalysts and find utilization in diverse bioconversion reactions. Presently, microbial lipases are gaining significant focus owing to the rapid progress in enzyme technology and their widespread implementation in multiple industrial procedures. This updated review presents new knowledge about various origins of microbial lipases, such as fungi, bacteria, and yeast. It highlights both the traditional and modern purification methods, including precipitation and chromatographic separation, the immunopurification technique, the reversed micellar system, the aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), and aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF), moreover, delves into the diverse applications of microbial lipases across several industries, such as food, vitamin esters, textile, detergent, biodiesel, and bioremediation. Furthermore, the present research unveils the obstacles encountered in employing lipase, the patterns observed in lipase engineering, and the application of CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology for altering the genes responsible for lipase production. Additionally, the immobilization of microorganisms' lipases onto various carriers also contributes to enhancing the effectiveness and efficiencies of lipases in terms of their catalytic activities. This is achieved by boosting their resilience to heat and ionic conditions (such as inorganic solvents, high-level pH, and temperature). The process also facilitates the ease of recycling them and enables a more concentrated deposition of the enzyme onto the supporting material. Consequently, these characteristics have demonstrated their suitability for application as biocatalysts in diverse industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Eskandari
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thean Chor Leow
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology Research Centre, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Leadbeater DR, Bruce NC. Functional characterisation of a new halotolerant seawater active glycoside hydrolase family 6 cellobiohydrolase from a salt marsh. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3205. [PMID: 38332324 PMCID: PMC10853513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53886-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Realising a fully circular bioeconomy requires the valorisation of lignocellulosic biomass. Cellulose is the most attractive component of lignocellulose but depolymerisation is inefficient, expensive and resource intensive requiring substantial volumes of potable water. Seawater is an attractive prospective replacement, however seawater tolerant enzymes are required for the development of seawater-based biorefineries. Here, we report a halophilic cellobiohydrolase SMECel6A, identified and isolated from a salt marsh meta-exo-proteome dataset with high sequence divergence to previously characterised cellobiohydrolases. SMECel6A contains a glycoside hydrolase family 6 (GH6) domain and a carbohydrate binding module family 2 (CBM2) domain. Characterisation of recombinant SMECel6A revealed SMECel6A to be active upon crystalline and amorphous cellulose. Mono- and oligosaccharide product profiles revealed cellobiose as the major hydrolysis product confirming SMECel6A as a cellobiohydrolase. We show SMECel6A to be halophilic with optimal activity achieved in 0.5X seawater displaying 80.6 ± 6.93% activity in 1 × seawater. Structural predictions revealed similarity to a characterised halophilic cellobiohydrolase despite sharing only 57% sequence identity. Sequential thermocycling revealed SMECel6A had the ability to partially reversibly denature exclusively in seawater retaining significant activity. Our study confirms that salt marsh ecosystems harbour enzymes with attractive traits with biotechnological potential for implementation in ionic solution based bioprocessing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Leadbeater
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Neil C Bruce
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Xu T, Mitra R, Tan D, Li Z, Zhou C, Chen T, Xie Z, Han J. Utilization of gene manipulation system for advancing the biotechnological potential of halophiles: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108302. [PMID: 38101552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Halophiles are salt-loving microorganisms known to have their natural resistance against media contamination even when cultivated in nonsterile and continuous bioprocess system, thus acting as promising cell factories for Next Generation of Industrial Biotechnology (NGIB). NGIB - a successor to the traditional industrial biotechnology, is a more sustainable and efficient bioprocess technology while saving energy and water in a more convenient way as well as reducing the investment cost and skilled workforce requirement. Numerous studies have achieved intriguing outcomes during synthesis of different metabolite using halophiles such as polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), ectoine, biosurfactants, and carotenoids. Present-day development in genetic maneuverings have shown optimistic effects on the industrial applications of halophiles. However, viable and competent genetic manipulation system and gene editing tools are critical to accelerate the process of halophile engineering. With the aid of such powerful gene manipulation systems, exclusive microbial chassis are being crafted with desirable features to breed another innovative area of research such as synthetic biology. This review provides an aerial perspective on how the expansion of adaptable gene manipulation toolkits in halophiles are contributing towards biotechnological advancement, and also focusses on their subsequent application for production improvement. This current methodical and comprehensive review will definitely help the scientific fraternity to bridge the gap between challenges and opportunities in halophile engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruchira Mitra
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengjun Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengwei Xie
- Peking University International Cancer Institute, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China.
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Kaličanin N, Balaž AM, Prodanović O, Prodanović R. Heterologous Expression and Partial Characterization of a Putative Opine Dehydrogenase from a Metagenomic Sequence of Desulfohalobium retbaense. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300414. [PMID: 37531452 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to prove the function of the putative opine dehydrogenase from Desulfohalobium retbaense and to characterize the enzyme in terms of functional and kinetic parameters. A putative opine dehydrogenase was identified from a metagenomic library by a sequence-based technique search of the metagenomic library, and afterward was successfully heterologously produced in Escherichia coli. In order to examine its potential for applications in the synthesis of secondary amines, first the substrate specificity of the enzyme towards different amino donors and amino acceptors was determined. The highest affinity was observed towards small amino acids, preferentially L-alanine, and when it comes to α-keto acids, pyruvate proved to be a preferential amino acceptor. The highest activity was observed at pH 6.5 in the absence of salts. The enzyme showed remarkable stability in a wide range of experimental conditions, such as broad pH stability (from 6.0-11.0 after 30 min incubation in buffers at a certain pH), stability in the presence of NaCl up to 3.0 M for 24 h, it retained 80 % of the initial activity after 1 h incubation at 45 °C, and 65 % of the initial activity after 24 h incubation in 30 % dimethyl sulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Kaličanin
- University of Belgrade-Institute of Chemistry Technology and Metallurgy National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Marija Balaž
- University of Belgrade-Institute of Chemistry Technology and Metallurgy National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Njegoševa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivera Prodanović
- University of Belgrade-Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Radivoje Prodanović
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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An Appraisal on Prominent Industrial and Biotechnological Applications of Bacterial Lipases. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:521-543. [PMID: 36319931 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Microbial lipases expedite the hydrolysis and synthesis of long-chain acyl esters. They are highly significant commercial biocatalysts to biotechnologists and organic chemists. The market size of lipase is anticipated to reach $590 million by 2023. This is all owing to their versatility in properties, including stability in organic solvents, interfacial activation in micro-aqueous environments, high substrate specificity, and activity in even non-aqueous milieu. Lipases are omnipresent and synthesized by various living organisms, including animals, plants, and microorganisms. Microbial lipases are the preferred choice for industrial applications as they entail low production costs, higher yield independent of seasonal changes, easier purification practices, and are capable of being genetically modified. Microbial lipases are employed in several common industries, namely various food manufactories (dairy, bakery, flavor, and aroma enhancement, etc.), leather tanneries, paper and pulp, textiles, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel synthesis, bioremediation and waste treatment, and many more. In recent decades, circumspection toward eco-friendly and sustainable energy has led scientists to develop industrial mechanisms with lesser waste/effluent generation, minimal overall energy usage, and biocatalysts that can be synthesized using renewable, low-cost, and unconventional raw materials. However, there are still issues regarding the commercial use of lipases which make industrialists wary and sometimes even switch back to chemical catalysis. Industrially relevant lipase properties must be further optimized, analyzed, and explored to ensure their continuous successful utilization. This review comprehensively describes the general background, structural characteristics, classifications, thermostability, and various roles of bacterial lipases in important industries.
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Wang S, Lei H, Ji Z. Exploring Oxidoreductases from Extremophiles for Biosynthesis in a Non-Aqueous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076396. [PMID: 37047370 PMCID: PMC10094897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic solvent tolerant oxidoreductases are significant for both scientific research and biomanufacturing. However, it is really challenging to obtain oxidoreductases due to the shortages of natural resources and the difficulty to obtained it via protein modification. This review summarizes the recent advances in gene mining and structure-functional study of oxidoreductases from extremophiles for non-aqueous reaction systems. First, new strategies combining genome mining with bioinformatics provide new insights to the discovery and identification of novel extreme oxidoreductases. Second, analysis from the perspectives of amino acid interaction networks explain the organic solvent tolerant mechanism, which regulate the discrete structure-functional properties of extreme oxidoreductases. Third, further study by conservation and co-evolution analysis of extreme oxidoreductases provides new perspectives and strategies for designing robust enzymes for an organic media reaction system. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities in designing biocatalysis non-aqueous systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biotechnology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hangbin Lei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhehui Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Ghattavi S, Homaei A. Marine enzymes: Classification and application in various industries. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123136. [PMID: 36621739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oceans are regarded as a plentiful and sustainable source of biological compounds. Enzymes are a group of marine biomaterials that have recently drawn more attention because they are produced in harsh environmental conditions such as high salinity, extensive pH, a wide temperature range, and high pressure. Hence, marine-derived enzymes are capable of exhibiting remarkable properties due to their unique composition. In this review, we overviewed and discussed characteristics of marine enzymes as well as the sources of marine enzymes, ranging from primitive organisms to vertebrates, and presented the importance, advantages, and challenges of using marine enzymes with a summary of their applications in a variety of industries. Current biotechnological advancements need the study of novel marine enzymes that could be applied in a variety of ways. Resources of marine enzyme can benefit greatly for biotechnological applications duo to their biocompatible, ecofriendly and high effectiveness. It is beneficial to use the unique characteristics offered by marine enzymes to either develop new processes and products or improve existing ones. As a result, marine-derived enzymes have promising potential and are an excellent candidate for a variety of biotechnology applications and a future rise in the use of marine enzymes is to be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ghattavi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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Ali S, Khan SA, Hamayun M, Lee IJ. The Recent Advances in the Utility of Microbial Lipases: A Review. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020510. [PMID: 36838475 PMCID: PMC9959473 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipases are versatile biocatalysts and are used in different bioconversion reactions. Microbial lipases are currently attracting a great amount of attention due to the rapid advancement of enzyme technology and its practical application in a variety of industrial processes. The current review provides updated information on the different sources of microbial lipases, such as fungi, bacteria, and yeast, their classical and modern purification techniques, including precipitation and chromatographic separation, the immunopurification technique, the reversed micellar system, aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF), and the use of microbial lipases in different industries, e.g., the food, textile, leather, cosmetics, paper, and detergent industries. Furthermore, the article provides a critical analysis of lipase-producing microbes, distinguished from the previously published reviews, and illustrates the use of lipases in biosensors, biodiesel production, and tea processing, and their role in bioremediation and racemization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Ali
- Department of Horticulture and Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumera Afzal Khan
- Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (I.-J.L.)
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (I.-J.L.)
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Liu S, Rao S, Chen X, Li J. Enhanced salt-tolerance of Bacillus subtilis glutaminase by fusing self-assembling amphipathic peptides at its N-terminus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:996138. [PMID: 36159689 PMCID: PMC9490022 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.996138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) can catalyze the deamidation of glutamine, which has been used to improve umami taste in oriental fermented foods. However, a high salt concentration is still a fundamental challenge for glutaminase application, especially in soy sauce production. To improve the salt tolerance of glutaminase, the self-assembling amphiphilic peptides EAK16 and ELK16 were fused to the N-terminus of a mutant (E3C/E55F/D213T) derived from Bacillus subtilis glutaminase, yielding the fusion enzymes EAK16-E3C/E55F/D213T and ELK16-E3C/E55F/D213T, respectively. As ELK16-E3C/E55F/D213T was expressed as insoluble active inclusion bodies, only the purified EAK16-E3C/E55F/D213T was subjected to further analyses. After the incubation with 18% (w/v) NaCl for 200 min, the residual activities of EAK16-E3C/E55F/D213T in a NaCl-free solution reached 43.6%, while E3C/E55F/D213T was completely inactivated. When the enzyme reaction was conducted in the presence of 20% NaCl, the relative activity of EAK16-E3C/E55F/D213T was 0.47-fold higher than that of E3C/E55F/D213T. As protein surface hydrophobicity and protein particle size analysis suggested, oligomerization may play an important role in the salt-tolerance enhancement of the fusions. Furthermore, EAK16-E3C/E55F/D213T achieved a 0.88-fold increase in the titer of glutamic acid in a model system of soy sauce fermentation compared to E3C/E55F/D213T. Therefore, the fusion with self-assembling amphiphilic peptides is an efficient strategy to improve the salt-tolerance of glutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengqi Rao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Jianghua Li,
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10
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Mesbah NM. Industrial Biotechnology Based on Enzymes From Extreme Environments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:870083. [PMID: 35480975 PMCID: PMC9036996 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.870083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysis is crucial for a green, sustainable, biobased economy, and this has driven major advances in biotechnology and biocatalysis over the past 2 decades. There are numerous benefits to biocatalysis, including increased selectivity and specificity, reduced operating costs and lower toxicity, all of which result in lower environmental impact of industrial processes. Most enzymes available commercially are active and stable under a narrow range of conditions, and quickly lose activity at extremes of ion concentration, temperature, pH, pressure, and solvent concentrations. Extremophilic microorganisms thrive under extreme conditions and produce robust enzymes with higher activity and stability under unconventional circumstances. The number of extremophilic enzymes, or extremozymes, currently available are insufficient to meet growing industrial demand. This is in part due to difficulty in cultivation of extremophiles in a laboratory setting. This review will present an overview of extremozymes and their biotechnological applications. Culture-independent and genomic-based methods for study of extremozymes will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Mesbah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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Louhasakul Y, Cheirsilp B. Potential use of industrial by-products as promising feedstock for microbial lipid and lipase production and direct transesterification of wet yeast into biodiesel by lipase and acid catalysts. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126742. [PMID: 35065222 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work attempted the conversion of crude glycerol to lipid and lipase by Yarrowia lipolytica and the direct transesterification of wet yeast by its lipase into biodiesel via response surface methodology to enhance the cost-effectiveness of biodiesel production from the lipids. The yeast grew better and accumulated a high amount of lipids on the waste combined with fish waste hydrolysate, but only exhibited high lipase activity on the waste supplemented with surfactants (i.e., gum Arabic, Tween 20, Tween 80). However, the combination of both wastes and Tween 80 further improved growth, lipid productivity, and lipase activity. More importantly, lipase-direct transesterification under optimal conditions (wet cell concentration of 17.97 mg-DCW, methanol loading of 8.21 µL, and hexane loading of 10.26 µL) followed by acid-catalyst transesterification (0.4 M H2SO4), offered high FAME yields (>90%), showing the efficiency of the process when applied for the industrialization of biodiesel production from microbial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmi Louhasakul
- Faculty of Science Technology and Agriculture, Yala Rajabhat University, Yala 95000, Thailand.
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai 90112, Thailand
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12
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Takenaka S, Takada A, Kimura Y, Watanabe M, Kuntiya A. Improvement of the halotolerance of a Bacillus serine protease by protein surface engineering. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 62:174-184. [PMID: 34811778 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A moderately halotolerant serine protease was previously isolated from Bacillus subtilis from salted, fermented food. Eight mutation sites on the protein surface were selected for protein engineering based on sequence and structural comparisons with moderately halotolerant proteases and homologous non-halotolerant proteases. The newly constructed multiple mutants with substituted Asp and Arg residues were compared with the recombinant wild type (rApr) and the previously constructed mAla-8 substituted with Ala to analyze the contribution of protein surface charge to the salt adaptation of the protease. The three mutants showed >1.2-fold greater halotolerance than rApr. In addition, the mutants showed a broader range of pH stability than rApr, retaining >80% of their maximum activity in the pH range 5.0-11. The mutants also retained >75% of their activity after incubation for 1 h at pH 8.0 and 55°C or at pH 11.5 and 25°C. The Asp and Arg residues exchanged by multiple substitution probably played a role in increasing protein surface hydration and solubility in high salt conditions. This study illustrated that increasing a high proportion of the negative or positive charge on the surface of the Bacillus serine protease stably improved the protein's salt adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takenaka
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Airi Takada
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kimura
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Department of Food, Life, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ampin Kuntiya
- Bioprocess Research Cluster, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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