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St Amant J, Michaud J, Hinds D, Coyle M, Pozzi A, Clark AL. Depleting transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 signalling in the cartilage of itga1-null mice attenuates spontaneous knee osteoarthritis. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2023; 5:100399. [PMID: 37649532 PMCID: PMC10462827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2023.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Integrin α1β1 protects against osteoarthritis (OA) when it is upregulated in the superficial zone of cartilage in the early stages of disease. However, the mechanism behind this protection is unknown. Integrin α1β1 moderates transforming growth factor β receptor II (TGFBR2) signalling, a critical regulator of chondrocyte anabolic activity. To this end, mice lacking integrin α1β1 have increased baseline activation of TGFBR2 signalling and overall fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interplay between integrin α1β1 and TGFBR2 in the development of spontaneous OA. We hypothesized that dampening TGFBR2 signalling in the cartilage of itga1-null mice would attenuate OA. Methods Behavioural and histological manifestations of spontaneous knee OA were measured at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months in mice with and without a ubiquitous itga1 deletion and with and without a tamoxifen-induced cartilage specific TGFBR2 depletion. Results Knee cartilage degeneration, collateral ligament ossification and pain responses increased with age. Itga1-null mice with intact TGFBR2 signalling developed earlier and more severe OA compared to controls. In agreement with our hypothesis, depleting TGFBR2 signalling in the cartilage of itga1-null mice attenuated OA progression. Conclusion Intact TGFBR2 signalling drives early and worse knee OA in itga1-null mice. This result supports the hypothesis that the increased expression of integrin α1β1 by superficial zone chondrocytes early in OA development dampens TGFBR2 signalling and thus protects against degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer St Amant
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jana Michaud
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Hinds
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Madison Coyle
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ambra Pozzi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andrea L. Clark
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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2
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Clark N, Comerford E. An update on mobility assessment of dogs with musculoskeletal disease. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:599-610. [PMID: 37455329 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mobility impairments associated with musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease, affect approximately 200,000 dogs annually and pose a notable challenge to canine health and welfare. Osteoarthritis causes the remodelling of synovial joints, alongside inflammation and impaired mechanical function which can be extremely debilitating. Secondary osteoarthritis commonly affects dogs and can be exacerbated by previous joint abnormalities, such as patellar luxation or cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Although musculoskeletal diseases can affect dogs of any age, the early subtle signs of gait abnormalities are perhaps missed by owners, thus, dogs may be in the latter stages of osteoarthritis progression when they are presented to veterinarians. Dogs showing subtle signs of gait abnormalities must be presented to veterinary practices for acute diagnosis to prevent long-term deterioration. Musculoskeletal diseases, such as osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease, are commonly diagnosed via visible radiographic changes. However, veterinarians can use a combination of subjective and objective clinical scoring systems, such as clinical metrology instruments and gait assessment in conjunction with radiography to aid their diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of musculoskeletal diseases. These scoring systems may be more sensitive to earlier signs of mobility impairments in dogs, ultimately, promoting increased canine health and welfare by enabling pain reduction, improvement of muscle strength and preservation of joint function. Current canine mobility scoring systems available to veterinarians will be discussed in turn throughout this review for implementation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Clark
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - E Comerford
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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3
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Arauz PG, Chiriboga P, García MG, Kao I, Díaz EA. New technologies applied to canine limb prostheses: A review. Vet World 2021; 14:2793-2802. [PMID: 34903941 PMCID: PMC8654758 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2793-2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although only a few studies have investigated about the development of animal prosthesis, currently, there is an increasing interest in canine limb prosthesis design and its clinical application since they offer an alternative to killing the animal in extreme situations where amputating the limb is the only option. Restoring normal function of amputated canine limbs with the use of a prosthesis is challenging. However, recent advances in surgical procedures and prosthesis design technology appear promising in developing devices that closely recreate normal canine limb function. Surgical advances such as evolution of osseointegration (bone-anchored) prostheses present great promise. Likewise, modern computer-aided design and manufacturing technology, as well as novel motion analysis systems are now providing improved prosthesis designs. Advances in patient-customized prostheses have the potential to reduce the risk of implant failure. The objective of this investigation is to present a general review of the existing literature on modern surgical approaches, design and manufacturing methods, as well as biomechanical analyses so that veterinarians can make more and better-informed decisions on the development and selection of proper canine limb prosthesis. Isolated research efforts have made possible an improvement in stability, comfort, and performance of canine limb prosthesis. However, continued multidisciplinary research collaboration and teamwork among veterinarians, engineers, designers, and industry, with supporting scientific evidence, is required to better understand the development of canine limb prosthesis designs that closely replicate the normal limb function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Arauz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricio Chiriboga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María-Gabriela García
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Imin Kao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, United States
| | - Eduardo A Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
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4
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Schmutterer JM, Augat P, Greinwald M, Meyer-Lindenberg A. Evaluation of Meniscal Load and Load Distribution in the Canine Stifle after Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy with Postoperative Tibia Plateau Angles of 6 and 1 Degrees. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2021; 35:73-80. [PMID: 34666413 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1736186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the kinetic and kinematic changes in the stifle after a tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) with a postoperative tibia plateau angle (TPA) of either 6 or 1 degrees. STUDY DESIGN Biomechanical ex vivo study using seven unpaired canine cadaver hindlimbs from adult Retrievers.Hinge plates were applied and a sham TPLO surgery was performed. Motion sensors were fixed to the tibia and the femur for kinematic data acquisition. Pressure mapping sensors were placed between femur and both menisci. Thirty per cent bodyweight was applied to the limbs with the stifle in 135 degrees of extension. Each knee was tested with intact cranial cruciate ligament (CCL), deficient CCL, 6 degrees TPLO and 1degree TPLO. RESULTS Transection of the CCL altered kinematics and kinetics. However, comparing the intact with both TPLO set-ups, no changes in kinematics were detected. After 1 degree TPLO, a significant reduction in the force acting on both menisci was detected (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Tibial plateau levelling osteotomy restores stifle kinematics and meniscal kinetics after transection of the CCL ex vivo. The contact force on both menisci is reduced significantly after TPLO with a TPA of 1 degree. Increased stifle flexion might lead to caudal tibial motion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Augat
- Institute for Biomechanics, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany.,Institute for Biomechanics, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Markus Greinwald
- Institute for Biomechanics, Berufsgenossenschaftliche Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | - Andrea Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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5
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Itoi T, Kawata S, Fukuda Y, Maejima S. Effect of a Corset on the Gait of Healthy Beagle Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092650. [PMID: 34573619 PMCID: PMC8471024 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, corsets have been used in the prevention of nerve diseases in dogs and in their rehabilitation following surgery. The Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro, made by Daiya Industry Co., Ltd., is manufactured and sold for this purpose, but no studies have yet been conducted to verify its effectiveness. To evaluate the effects of the corset, we analyzed the gait of healthy beagle dogs that were or were not wearing the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro. We found no difference in the walking speed of the dogs, but wearing the corset reduced the horizontal sway of the back. In conclusion, this corset does not affect the gait of dogs and may help body stability. Therefore, the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro may be useful for the treatment of dog nerve conditions. Abstract The prognosis for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD), a common neurologic disease in dogs, varies, with some cases requiring long-term rehabilitation. Corsets are used as part of the physical rehabilitation of dogs, and one of these, the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro, is manufactured and sold by Daiya Industry Co., Ltd. This corset is used to relieve pain caused by spinal cord and vertebral diseases, and to prevent neurological conditions from worsening, by limiting spinal movement. However, the effect of the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro on gait has not yet been clarified. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effects of this corset on the gait of dogs using kinematic and kinetic analyses. Five healthy beagle dogs wearing corsets were trotted, kinematic and kinetic parameters were measured using motion capture and force plates, and the results were compared to those obtained when the dogs were not wearing a corset. The range of motion of the angle formed by the 13th thoracic vertebra and the 7th lumbar vertebra at the apex of the 7th cervical vertebra was significantly reduced in the corset-wearing dogs. Thus, the Anifull Dog’s Corset Pro may improve trunk stability without affecting gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Itoi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Comparative Animal Science, Kurashiki University of Science and the Arts, Kurashiki 712-8505, Okayama, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Shuji Kawata
- Anifull, Division of Vet Supplies, Daiya Industry Co., Ltd., Okayama 701-0203, Okayama, Japan;
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuda
- Department of R&D, Daiya Industry Co., Ltd., Okayama 701-0203, Okayama, Japan;
| | - Saori Maejima
- Animal Rehabilitation Community, Okayama 701-1332, Okayama, Japan;
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Rohwedder T. Biomechanics of the Canine Elbow Joint. Vet Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.99569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine elbow joint is a complex joint, whose musculoskeletal anatomy is well investigated. During the last 30 years kinematic analysis has gained importance in veterinary research and kinematics of the healthy and medial coronoid disease affected canine elbow joint are progressively investigated. Video-kinematographic analysis represents the most commonly used technique and multiple studies have investigated the range of motion, angular velocity, duration of swing and stance phase, stride length and other kinematic parameters, mostly in the sagittal plane only. However, this technique is more error-prone and data gained by video-kinematography represent the kinematics of the whole limb including the soft tissue envelope. A more precise evaluation of the in vivo bone and joint movement can only been achieved using fluoroscopic kinematography. Based on recent studies significant differences in the motion pattern between healthy joints and elbows with medial coronoid disease could be detected. Thereby not only adaptive changes, caused by pain and lameness, could be described, but primary changes in the micromotion of the joint forming bones could be found, which potentially represent new factors in the pathogenesis of medial coronoid disease. This chapter gives a review of current literature on elbow joint kinematics, with particular focus onto pathologic biomechanics in dysplastic canine elbows.
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7
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Lin CC, Lu M, Wang SN, Wu CH. In vivo three-dimensional isometry analysis of suture attachment sites for extracapsular suture stabilization of the canine stifle. Vet Rec 2021; 190:e560. [PMID: 34125444 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to perform isometry analysis of a selection of suture attachment points for extracapsular stabilization with three-dimensional (3D) measurements and normal gait kinematics of the stifle joint. METHODS Thirteen client-owned dogs were recruited. Fluoroscopic images of the stifle during treadmill walking and computed tomography of the same joint were acquired. Stifle kinematics were reconstructed using 3D model-based fluoroscopic analysis. Variability of the distance between the femoral and tibial attachment sites across gait cycles was evaluated. The maximum length variation (MLV) and maximum length percent variation (MLPV) were quantified and used to determine the level of isometry of the attachment site combinations. RESULTS A selection of combinations with lower mean MLV (<2.5 mm) or MLPV (<8%) was identified from 315 combinations, and all the combinations involved femoral attachment sites near the distal pole of the lateral fabella. The combinations also involving tibial attachment sites near the proximal tibial crest showed improved isometry, with an MLPV < 6%. CONCLUSION Combinations using attachment sites around the distal pole of the lateral fabella and proximal tibial crest or caudal to the long digit extensor groove appeared to have improved isometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Nuan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bascuñán A, Soula M, Millar KK, Biedrzycki A, Banks SA, Lewis DD, Kim SE. In vivo three-dimensional knee kinematics in goats with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transection. J Orthop Res 2021; 39:1052-1063. [PMID: 32633844 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the goat is an established animal model in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) research, in vivo kinematics associated with ACL deficiency have not been previously described in this species. Three-dimensional knee kinematics were determined before and after unilateral ACL transection in eight goats. Fluoroscopic imaging of the knees during treadmill walking and force-platform gait analysis during over-ground walking were performed prior to ACL transection, and 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months after ACL transection. Transient lameness of the ACL-transected limb was noted in all goats but resolved by 3 months post-ACL transection. Increased extension of 8.7° to 17.0° was noted throughout the gait cycle in both the ACL-transected and the contralateral unaffected knees by 3 months post-ACL transection, in a bilaterally symmetric pattern. Peak anterior tibial translation increased by 3 to 6 mm after ACL transection and persisted over the 6-month study period. No changes in axial rotation or abduction angle were observed after ACL transection. Unilateral ACL deficiency in goats resulted in persistent kinematic alterations, despite the resolution of lameness by 3 months post-ACL transection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bascuñán
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Mariajesus Soula
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kristina K Millar
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Adam Biedrzycki
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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9
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Tinga S, Kim SE, Banks SA, Jones SC, Park BH, Chapman SM, Pozzi A, Lewis DD. Femorotibial joint kinematics in nine dogs treated with lateral suture stabilization for complete cranial cruciate ligament rupture. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:493-501. [PMID: 33620247 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.5.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify 3-D femorotibial joint kinematics during ambulation in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture treated with lateral fabellotibial suture stabilization (LFTS). ANIMALS 9 adult dogs (body weight, 15 to 35 kg [33 to 77 lb]) with unilateral complete CCL rupture. PROCEDURES Digital 3-D bone models of the femur and fabellae and tibia and fibula were created from CT scans. Lateral fluoroscopic images of stifle joints were collected during treadmill walking before surgery and 6 months after LFTS. The LFTS was performed with nylon leader material secured with knots. Gait cycles were analyzed with a 3-D to 2-D image registration process. Femorotibial joint kinematics (craniocaudal translation, internal-external rotation, and flexion and extension angles) were compared among CCL-deficient stifle joints before LFTS, CCL-deficient stifle joints 6 months after LFTS, and unaffected contralateral (control) stifle joints. Owners and veterinarians subjectively assessed lameness by use of a visual analog scale and gait examination, respectively, at each time point. RESULTS At midstance phase, medial cranial tibial translation decreased from 9.3 mm before LFTS to 7.6 mm after LFTS but remained increased when compared with control stifle joint values. Following LFTS, axial rotation and stifle joint flexion and extension angles were not significantly different from control stifle joints. On the owner survey, the median walking lameness score improved from 9.3 of 10 before surgery to 0.3 after surgery. On gait examination, median walking lameness score improved from 2 of 4 before surgery to 0 after surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Stifle joint instability was only slightly mitigated at 6 months following LFTS performed with knotted nylon leader material in medium to large dogs with CCL rupture, despite improvement in lameness.
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Oláh T, Cai X, Michaelis JC, Madry H. Comparative anatomy and morphology of the knee in translational models for articular cartilage disorders. Part I: Large animals. Ann Anat 2021; 235:151680. [PMID: 33548412 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human knee is a complex joint, and affected by a variety of articular cartilage disorders. Large animal models are critical to model the complex disease mechanisms affecting a functional joint. Species-dependent differences highly affect the results of a pre-clinical study and need to be considered, necessitating specific knowledge not only of macroscopic and microscopic anatomical and pathological aspects, but also characteristics of their individual gait and joint movements. METHODS Literature search in Pubmed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This narrative review summarizes the most relevant anatomical structural and functional characteristics of the knee (stifle) joints of the major translational large animal species, comprising dogs, (mini)pigs, sheep, goats, and horses in comparison with humans. Specific characteristics of each species, including kinematical gait parameters are provided. Considering these multifactorial dimensions will allow to select the appropriate model for answering the research questions in a clinically relevant fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Oláh
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Henning Madry
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.
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Lee J, Sim H, Jeong J, Kim SY, Yang S, Jeong S, Lee H. Biomechanical analysis of canine medial patellar luxation with femoral varus deformity using a computer model. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:471. [PMID: 33272258 PMCID: PMC7713038 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Femoral varus deformities complicating the realignment of the quadriceps muscles are frequently associated with medial patellar luxation (MPL) in dogs. Therefore, distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) is recommended in dogs affected with severe MPL and a distal femoral varus deformity. The presence of an anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) of ≥ 102° has been anecdotally recommended as an indication for performing corrective DFO in large-breed dogs. However, the effect of a femoral varus deformity on MPL has not been scientifically evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the influence of a femoral varus deformity on MPL using a finite element method based computer model. Three-dimensionally reconstructed computed tomographic images of a normal femur from a Beagle dog were deformed using meshing software to create distal varus deformities. A total of thirteen aLDFAs, including 95°, 98° and 100°–110°, were simulated. The patellar positions and reaction force between the patella and trochlear grooves were calculated for all finite element models under constant rectus femoris muscle activation. Results The patella was displaced medially from the trochlear groove at an aLDFA of ≥103°. With an aLDFA of 103° to 110°, the reaction force was equal to zero and then decreased to negative values during the simulation, while other models with aLDFAs of 95°, 98°, and 100°-102° had positive reaction force values. The patella began to luxate at 24.90 seconds (sec) with an aLDFA of 103°, 19.80 sec with an aLDFA of 104°, 21.40 sec with an aLDFA of 105°, 20.10 sec with an aLDFA of 106°, 18.60 sec with an aLDFA of 107°, 15.30 sec with an aLDFA of 108°, 16.60 sec with an aLDFA of 109°, and 11.90 sec with an aLDFA of 110°. Conclusion Severe distal femoral varus with an aLDFA of ≥103° caused MPL when other anatomical factors were controlled. Thissimplified computer model provides complementary information to anecdotal cutoffs for DFO, hence it should be applied to clinical patients with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Heedong Sim
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 47906, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Seokjo Yang
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, College of Engineering, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - SeongMok Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - HaeBeom Lee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 34134, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Sandberg GS, Torres BT, Budsberg SC. Review of kinematic analysis in dogs. Vet Surg 2020; 49:1088-1098. [PMID: 32609926 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective gait analysis techniques aid investigators in the study of motion. Kinematic gait analysis techniques that objectively quantitate motion are valuable tools used to understand normal and abnormal motion in domestic animals. Recent advances in video technology have made the study of motion more readily accessible. Available systems can document gait in two or three dimensions (2D or 3D, respectively). Knowledge of fundamental gait analysis concepts is critical to generating meaningful data. The objective of this report is to review principles of kinematic data collection and analyses, with a focus on differences between 2D and 3D systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella S Sandberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Bryan T Torres
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Steven C Budsberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,Department of Comparative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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13
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Foutz TL, Budsberg SC. Impact of wearing a service vest on three-dimensional truncal motion in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:210-219. [PMID: 32101042 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.3.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a 3-D kinematic model to measure truncal motion in dogs and assess changes in truncal motion in dogs when wearing each of 2 service vests. ANIMALS 5 adult mixed-breed dogs. PROCEDURES 27 reflective markers were placed on the pelvis, trunk, and scapula of each dog. Six infrared cameras were placed around a treadmill to track the location of the markers within a calibrated space. Dogs were recorded during walking and trotting on the treadmill. Local and global coordinate systems were established, and a segmental rigid-body model of the trunk was created. Dogs were then recorded while wearing a custom vest and an adjustable vest during walking and trotting on the treadmill. Range of motion of the trunk when dogs were and were not wearing vests was compared by repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS An anatomic coordinate system was established by use of markers located at T1, T13, and the xiphoid process. Range of motion of the trunk during a gait cycle did not differ significantly regardless of the day of the test for both walking and trotting gaits. Trunk motion of dogs when walking and trotting was significantly reduced when dogs were wearing a vest, compared with trunk motion when not wearing a vest. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A 3-D kinematic model for measuring truncal rotation was developed. Results indicated measurable differences in the gait of dogs when wearing each of the 2 service vests, compared with the gait when not wearing a vest.
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Lin CC, Wang SN, Lu M, Chao TY, Lu TW, Wu CH. Description of soft tissue artifacts and related consequences on hindlimb kinematics during canine gait. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9379. [PMID: 32617192 PMCID: PMC7323716 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Soft tissue artifacts (STAs) are a source of error in marker-based gait analysis in dogs. While some studies have revealed the existence of STAs in the canine hindlimb, STAs and their influence on kinematic gait analysis remain unclear. Methods Thirteen healthy Taiwan dogs affixed with twenty skin markers on the thigh and crus were recruited. Soft tissue artifacts and their influence on the determination of segment poses and stifle angles were assessed by simultaneously measuring marker trajectories and kinematics of the underlying bones via a model-based fluoroscopic analysis method. Results Markers on the thigh showed higher STAs than those on the crus, with root-mean-square amplitudes up to 15.5 mm. None of the tested marker clusters were able to accurately reproduce the skeletal poses, in which the maximum root-mean-square deviations ranged from 3.4° to 8.1°. The use of markers resulted in overestimated stifle flexion during 40–60% of the gait cycle and underestimated stifle flexion during 80–90% of the gait cycle. Conclusions Considerable magnitudes and effects of STAs on the marker-based 3D gait analysis of dogs were demonstrated. The results indicate that the development of error-compensation techniques based on knowledge regarding STAs is warranted for more accurate gait analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Nuan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Chao
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wu Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Lin CC, Wu CH, Chou PY, Wang SN, Hsu WR, Lu TW. Evaluation of a multibody kinematics optimization method for three-dimensional canine pelvic limb gait analysis. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:105. [PMID: 32245381 PMCID: PMC7118953 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02323-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin marker-based three-dimensional kinematic gait analysis were commonly used to assess the functional performance and movement biomechanics of the pelvic limb in dogs. Unfortunately, soft tissue artefact would compromise the accuracy of the reproduced pelvic limb kinematics. Multibody kinematics optimization framework was often employed to compensate the soft tissue artefact for a more accurate description of human joint kinematics, but its performance on the determination of canine pelvic limb skeletal kinematics has never been evaluated. This study aimed to evaluate a multibody kinematics optimization framework used for the determination of canine pelvic limb kinematics during gait by comparing its results to those obtained using computed tomography model-based fluoroscopy analysis. RESULTS Eight clinically normal dogs were enrolled in the study. Fluoroscopy videos of the stifle joint and skin marker trajectories were acquired when the dogs walked on a treadmill. The pelvic limb kinematics were reconstructed through marker-based multibody kinematics optimization and single-body optimization. The reference kinematics data were derived via a model-based fluoroscopy analysis. The use of multibody kinematics optimization yielded a significantly more accurate estimation of flexion/extension of the hip and stifle joints than the use of single-body optimization. The accuracy of the joint model parameters and the weightings to individual markers both influenced the soft tissue artefact compensation capability. CONCLUSIONS Multibody kinematics optimization designated for soft tissue artefact compensation was established and evaluated for its performance on canine gait analysis, which provided a further step in more accurately describing sagittal plane kinematics of the hip and stifle joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Yen Chou
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shi-Nuan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ru Hsu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wu Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Tinga S, Kim SE, Banks SA, Jones SC, Park BH, Burtch M, Pozzi A, Lewis DD. Femorotibial kinematics in dogs treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency: An in vivo fluoroscopic analysis during walking. Vet Surg 2019; 49:187-199. [PMID: 31777975 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the ability of tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) to address abnormal femorotibial kinematics caused by cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture during walking in dogs. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, clinical. ANIMALS Sixteen dogs (20-40 kg) with unilateral complete CCL rupture. METHODS Lateral view fluoroscopy was performed during treadmill walking preoperatively and 6 months after TPLO. Digital three-dimensional (3D) models of the femora and tibiae were created from computed tomographic (CT) images. Gait cycles were analyzed by using a 3D-to-2D image registration process. Craniocaudal translation, internal/external rotation, and flexion/extension of the femorotibial joint were compared between preoperative and 6-month postoperative time points for the affected stifle and 6-month postoperative unaffected contralateral (control) stifles. RESULTS In the overall population, CCL rupture resulted in 10 ± 2.2 mm (mean ± SD) cranial tibial translation at midstance phase, which was converted to 2.1 ± 4.3 mm caudal tibial translation after TPLO. However, five of 16 TPLO-treated stifles had 4.1 ± 0.3 mm of cranial tibial subluxation during mid-to-late stance phase, whereas 10 of 16 TPLO-treated stifles had 4.3 ± 0.4 mm of caudal tibial subluxation throughout the gait cycle. Overall, postoperative axial rotational and flexion/extension patterns were not different from control, but stifles with caudal tibial subluxation had more external tibial rotation during mid-to-late stance phase compared with stifles with cranial tibial subluxation. CONCLUSION TPLO mitigated abnormal femorotibial kinematics but did not restore kinematics to control values in 15 of 16 dogs during walking. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy reduces cranial tibial subluxation during walking, but persistent instability is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Tinga
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stephen C Jones
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Brian H Park
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Matthew Burtch
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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17
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Bascuñán AL, Biedrzycki A, Banks SA, Lewis DD, Kim SE. Large Animal Models for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Research. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:292. [PMID: 31555675 PMCID: PMC6727067 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Large animal (non-rodent mammal) models are commonly used in ACL research, but no species is currently considered the gold standard. Important considerations when selecting a large animal model include anatomical differences, the natural course of ACL pathology in that species, and biomechanical differences between humans and the chosen model. This article summarizes recent reports related to anatomy, pathology, and biomechanics of the ACL for large animal species (dog, goat, sheep, pig, and rabbit) commonly used in ACL research. Each species has unique features and benefits as well as potential drawbacks, which are highlighted in this review. This information may be useful in the selection process when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luisa Bascuñán
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adam Biedrzycki
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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18
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Lu M, Lin CC, Lu TW, Wang SN, Wu CH. Effects of soft tissue artefacts on computed segmental and stifle kinematics in canine motion analysis. Vet Rec 2019; 186:66. [PMID: 31409754 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Skin marker-based motion analysis has been widely used to evaluate the functional performance of canine gait and posture. However, the interference of soft tissues between markers and the underlying bones (soft tissue artefacts, STAs) may lead to errors in kinematics measurements. Currently, no optimal marker attachment sites and cluster compositions are recommended for canine gait analysis. The current study aims to evaluate cluster-level STAs and the effects of cluster compositions on the computed stifle kinematics. Ten mixed-breed healthy dogs affixed with 19 retroreflective markers on the thigh and shank were enrolled. During isolated stifle passive extension, the marker trajectories were acquired with a motion capture system, and the skeletal poses were determined by integrating fluoroscopic and CT images of the bones. The cluster-level STAs were assessed, and clusters were paired to calculate the stifle kinematics. A selection of cluster compositions was useful for deriving accurate sagittal and frontal plane stifle kinematics with flexion angles below 50 per cent of the range of motion. The findings contribute to improved knowledge of canine STAs and their influence on motion measurements. The marker composition with the smallest error in describing joint kinematics is recommended for future applications and study in dogs during dynamic gait assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wu Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Nuan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taipei, Taiwan .,Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Kirkby Shaw K, Alvarez L, Foster SA, Tomlinson JE, Shaw AJ, Pozzi A. Fundamental principles of rehabilitation and musculoskeletal tissue healing. Vet Surg 2019; 49:22-32. [PMID: 31271225 PMCID: PMC6973127 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective To review fundamental principles of tissue healing and physical rehabilitation as they apply to dogs recovering from cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) surgery. Study design Invited Review. Sample population None. Methods A multidisciplinary group of specialists in small animal surgery, rehabilitation/sports medicine, and human physical and occupational therapy reviewed the currently available evidence for rehabilitation post‐CCL surgery. Because current evidence is limited, this group proposes guidelines for rehabilitation after CCL surgery based on the fundamental principles of tissue healing and physical therapy. Results This Review proposes four fundamental principles of small animal physical rehabilitation based on the foundations of tissue healing and patient‐centric and goal‐oriented therapy. Postoperative rehabilitation programs should be designed such that patient progress is based on individual assessment according to the degree of tissue healing, strength, and achievement of functional goals. Therapists must fully understand phases of tissue healing, reassess the patient frequently, and use clinical reasoning skills to progress treatment appropriately for the individual patient. Conclusion Until more robust evidence is available to guide treatment protocols, fundamental principles of rehabilitation should ideally be adhered to when providing rehabilitation, including after CCL surgery. Clinical significance While this Review specifically addresses post‐CCL surgery rehabilitation, these fundamental principles should be applied broadly to animals enrolled in rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Kirkby Shaw
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Animal Surgical and Orthopedic Center and Sound Veterinary Rehabilitation Center, Shoreline, Washington
| | - Leilani Alvarez
- Department of Integrative and Rehabilitative Medicine, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sasha A Foster
- Department of Orthopedic Medicine and Mobility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Julia E Tomlinson
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Twin Cities Animal Rehabilitation Clinic, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Aaron J Shaw
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, MoveMend Physical and Occupational Therapy, Seattle, Washington
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Department of Small Animal Surgery, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Lin CC, Chang CL, Lu M, Lu TW, Wu CH. Quantification of three-dimensional soft tissue artifacts in the canine hindlimb during passive stifle motion. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:389. [PMID: 30522489 PMCID: PMC6284316 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1714-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional joint kinematics during canine locomotion are commonly measured using skin marker-based stereophotogrammetry technologies. However, marker-related errors caused by the displacement of the skin surface relative to the underlying bones (i.e., soft tissue artifacts, STA) may affect the accuracy of the measurements and obscure clinically relevant information. Few studies have assessed STA in canine limbs during kinematic analysis. The magnitudes and patterns of the STA and their influence on kinematic analysis remain unclear. Therefore, the current study aims to quantify the in vivo STA of skin markers on the canine thigh and crus during passive joint motion. The stifle joints of ten dogs were passively extended while the skin markers were measured using a motion capture system, and skeletal kinematics were determined using a CT-to-fluoroscopic image registration method. Results The skin markers exhibited considerable STA relative to the underlying bones, with a peak amplitude of 27.4 mm for thigh markers and 28.7 mm for crus markers; however, the amplitudes and displacement directions at different attachment sites were inconsistent. The markers on the cranial thigh and lateral crus closer to the stifle joint had greater STA amplitudes in comparison to those of other markers. Most markers had STA with linear and quadratic patterns against the stifle flexion angles. These STA resulted in underestimated flexion angles but overestimated adduction and internal rotation when the stifle was flexed to greater than 90°. Conclusions Marker displacements relative to the underlying bones were prominent in the cranial aspect of the thigh and the proximal-lateral aspect of the crus. The calculated stifle kinematic variables were also affected by the STA. These findings can provide a reference for marker selection in canine motion analysis for similar motion tasks and clarify the relationship between STA patterns and stifle kinematics; the results may therefore contribute to the development of STA models and compensation techniques for canine motion analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1714-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Wu Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ho Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
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21
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Fischer MS, Lehmann SV, Andrada E. Three-dimensional kinematics of canine hind limbs: in vivo, biplanar, high-frequency fluoroscopic analysis of four breeds during walking and trotting. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16982. [PMID: 30451855 PMCID: PMC6242825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The first high-precision 3D in vivo hindlimb kinematic data to be recorded in normal dogs of four different breeds (Beagle, French bulldog, Malinois, Whippet) using biplanar, high-frequency fluoroscopy combined with a 3D optoelectric system followed by a markerless XROMM analysis (Scientific Rotoscoping, SR or 3D-2D registration process) reveal a) 3D hindlimb kinematics to an unprecedented degree of precision and b) substantial limitations to the use of skin marker-based data. We expected hindlimb kinematics to differ in relation to body shape. But, a comparison of the four breeds sets the French bulldog aside from the others in terms of trajectories in the frontal plane (abduction/adduction) and long axis rotation of the femur. French bulldogs translate extensive femoral long axis rotation (>30°) into a strong lateral displacement and rotations about the craniocaudal (roll) and the distal-proximal (yaw) axes of the pelvis in order to compensate for a highly abducted hindlimb position from the beginning of stance. We assume that breeds which exhibit unusual kinematics, especially high femoral abduction, might be susceptible to a higher long-term loading of the cruciate ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Fischer
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstr. 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Silvia V Lehmann
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstr. 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Emanuel Andrada
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstr. 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
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22
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Cooley K, Kroner K, Muir P, Hetzel SJ, Bleedorn JA. Assessment of overall thoracic limb axial alignment in dogs with antebrachial deformity. Vet Surg 2018; 47:1074-1079. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katheryn Cooley
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical CenterIowa State University Ames Iowa
| | - Kevin Kroner
- Lakeshore Veterinary Specialists Glendale Wisconsin
| | - Peter Muir
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
| | - Scott J. Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
| | - Jason A. Bleedorn
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
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23
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Lorke M, Willen M, Lucas K, Beyerbach M, Wefstaedt P, Murua Escobar H, Nolte I. Comparative kinematic gait analysis in young and old Beagle dogs. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:521-530. [PMID: 28385001 PMCID: PMC5746446 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.4.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related involution in dogs involves loss of muscle mass and changes in connective tissue and articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to examine whether an age-related influence on joint mobility can be detected in the absence of disease. Five young (mean age 2.0 years) and five old (mean age 10.4 years) healthy and sound Beagle dogs underwent computer-assisted gait analysis during locomotion on a treadmill. Shoulder, elbow, carpal, hip, stifle, and tarsal joint angles including joint angle progression curves, minimum and maximum joint angles, and range of motion (ROM) in degrees were analyzed. The old group had a smaller maximum joint angle (p = 0.037) and ROM (p = 0.037) of the carpal joint; there were similar tendencies in the shoulder, elbow, and carpal joints. Descriptive analysis of the progression curves revealed less flexion and extension of the forelimb joints. The results indicate restricted joint mobility of the forelimb in old dogs, primarily of the carpal joint. Results in the joints of the hindlimb were inconsistent, and the contrasting alterations may be due to a compensatory mechanism. As most alterations were found in the distal joints, these should receive particular attention when examining elderly dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Lorke
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maray Willen
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Lucas
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Patrick Wefstaedt
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.,Division of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University of Rostock, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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24
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Park BH, Banks SA, Pozzi A. Quantifying meniscal kinematics in dogs. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1710-1716. [PMID: 29106743 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The dog has been used extensively as an experimental model to study meniscal treatments such as meniscectomy, meniscal repair, transplantation, and regeneration. However, there is very little information on meniscal kinematics in the dog. This study used MR imaging to quantify in vitro meniscal kinematics in loaded dog knees in four distinct poses: extension, flexion, internal, and external rotation. A new method was used to track the meniscal poses along the convex and posteriorly tilted tibial plateau. Meniscal displacements were large, displacing 13.5 and 13.7 mm posteriorly on average for the lateral and medial menisci during flexion (p = 0.90). The medial anterior horn and lateral posterior horns were the most mobile structures, showing average translations of 15.9 and 15.1 mm, respectively. Canine menisci are highly mobile and exhibit movements that correlate closely with the relative tibiofemoral positions. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1710-1716, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Park
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Room 318 MAE-A, Gainesville, 32611-6250, Florida
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Room 318 MAE-A, Gainesville, 32611-6250, Florida
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Florida.,Department of Small Animal Sciences University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Tinga S, Kim SE, Banks SA, Jones SC, Park BH, Pozzi A, Lewis DD. Femorotibial kinematics in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency: a three-dimensional in-vivo fluoroscopic analysis during walking. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29530093 PMCID: PMC5848543 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1395-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) insufficiency is a degenerative condition that is a common cause of pelvic limb lameness and osteoarthritis in dogs. Surgical therapies developed to treat dogs with naturally occurring CrCL insufficiency aim to address the resultant instability, but the in-vivo alterations in stifle kinematics associated with CrCL insufficiency have not been accurately defined. The objective of this study was to quantify the 3-dimensional femorotibial joint kinematics of dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) insufficiency during ambulation. Eighteen client-owned dogs (20-40 kg) with natural unilateral complete CrCL rupture were included. Computed tomographic scans were used to create digital 3-dimensional models of the femur and tibia bilaterally for each dog. Lateral fluoroscopic images were obtained during treadmill walking and 3 complete gait cycles were analyzed. Stifle flexion/extension angle, craniocaudal translation, and internal/external rotation were calculated throughout the gait cycle using a previously described 3D-to-2D image registration process. Results were compared between the pre-operative CrCL-deficient and 6-month post-operative contralateral stifles (control). RESULTS CrCL-deficient stifles were maintained in greater flexion throughout the gait cycle. Cranial tibial subluxation was evident in CrCL-deficient stifles at all time points throughout the gait cycle [9.7 mm at mid-stance (P < 0.0001); 2.1 mm at mid-swing (P < 0.0017)], and the magnitude of cranial tibial subluxation was greater at mid-stance phase than at mid-swing phase (P < 0.0001). Greater internal tibial rotation was present in CrCL-deficient stifles during stance phase (P < 0.0022) but no difference in axial rotation was evident during swing phase. CONCLUSIONS Naturally occurring CrCL rupture causes profound craniocaudal translational and axial rotational instability, which is most pronounced during the stance phase of gait. Surgical stabilization techniques should aim to resolve both craniocaudal subluxation and axial rotational instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Tinga
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Stanley E Kim
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA.
| | - Scott A Banks
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Stephen C Jones
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Brian H Park
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Daniel D Lewis
- Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
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Kefala V, Cyr AJ, Harris MD, Hume DR, Davidson BS, Kim RH, Shelburne KB. Assessment of Knee Kinematics in Older Adults Using High-Speed Stereo Radiography. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:2260-2267. [PMID: 28614195 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Quantification of knee motion is essential for assessment of pathologic joint function, such as tracking osteoarthritis progression and evaluating outcomes after conservative or surgical treatment, including total knee arthroplasty. Our purpose was to establish a useful baseline for the kinematic envelope of knee motion in healthy older adults performing movements of daily living. METHODS A high-speed stereo radiography system was used to measure the three-dimensional tibiofemoral kinematics of eight healthy people over 55 yr of age (4 women/4 men; age, 61.7 ± 5.4 yr; body mass, 74.6 ± 7.7 kg; body mass index, 26.7 ± 4.4 kg·m; height, 168.2 ± 13.7 cm) during seated knee extension, level walking, pivoting, and step descent. RESULTS Internal-external and varus-valgus rotation and anterior-posterior range of motion through stance in normal walking averaged 3.6° ± 1.1°, 2.3° ± 0.6°, and 3.4 ± 1.57 mm, respectively. Average range of motion across subjects was greater during the step-down in both internal-external rotation (average, 6.5° ± 3.1°) and anterior-posterior translation (average, 4.5 ± 1.1). Average internal-external range of motion increased to 13.5° ± 3.6° during pivoting. Range of motion of the knee in varus-valgus rotation was nearly the same for each subject across activities, rarely exceeding 6°. CONCLUSIONS Pivoting and step descending during walking had greater internal-external rotation and anterior-posterior translation than normal gait. Internal-external rotation and anterior-posterior translation were shown to have greater activity dependence, whereas varus-valgus rotation was consistent across activities. These results were similar to prior measurements in younger cohorts, though a trend toward reduced range of motion in the older adults was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Kefala
- 1Center for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, The University of Denver, CO; and 2Colorado Joint Replacement, Denver, CO
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Effect of Limb Position at the Time of Skin Marker Application on Sagittal Plane Kinematics of the Dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30:438-443. [PMID: 29202507 PMCID: PMC6310212 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-16-12-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate the effect of limb position during initial skin marker application on sagittal plane kinematics of the hindlimb.
Methods
Six healthy dogs (20–30 kg) were evaluated. An established two-dimensional kinematic model of the pelvic limb was utilized to describe sagittal plane motion. Kinematic markers were applied separately for each dog while standing in three different positions: (1) the limb extended cranially, (2) a normal standing limb position and (3) the limb extended caudally. Following marker application at each of the three positions, dynamic gait was recorded at a walk (velocity, 0.9–1.2 m/s; acceleration, 0.5m/s
2
). Five valid trials were used for comparison. Complete waveform analysis was performed with generalized indicator function analysis (GIFA). Maximum and minimum joint angles and joint range of motion were compared with a one-way repeated measures ANOVA with significance at
p
< 0.05.
Results
Significant differences were found between stifle waveforms. No differences were found between the hip or tarsus waveforms. Minimum and maximum joint angles were significantly different for the hip and stifle but not for the tarsus. No differences were found between ranges of motion for any joint evaluated.
Clinical Significance
Limb position at the time of skin marker application affects gait data and is an important consideration for kinematic analysis of the hindlimb in dogs.
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Kim SE, Zann GJ, Tinga S, Moore EJ, Pozzi A, Banks SA. Patellofemoral kinematics in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency: an in-vivo fluoroscopic analysis during walking. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:250. [PMID: 28818107 PMCID: PMC5561607 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complete rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) in dogs causes profound disturbance to stifle joint biomechanics. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) insufficiency on patellofemoral (PF) kinematics in dogs during walking. Ten client-owned dogs (20-40 kg) with natural unilateral complete CrCL rupture were included. Dogs underwent computed tomographic scans to create digital bone-models of the patella and femur. Lateral projection fluoroscopy of the stifles was performed during treadmill walking. Sagittal plane PF kinematics were calculated throughout the gait cycle by overlaying digital bone models on fluoroscopic images using a previously described 2D-3D registration technique. For acquisition of kinematics in the contralateral (control) stifle, fluoroscopy was repeated 6-months after stabilizing surgery of the affected side. Results were compared between the pre-operative CrCL-deficient and 6-month post-operative control stifles. Results Craniocaudal PF translation was similar between CrCL-deficient and control stifles throughout the gait cycle. The patella was more distal and positioned in greater flexion throughout the gait cycle in CrCL-deficient stifles when compared to the control stifle at equivalent time points. There was no significant difference in PF poses between CrCL-deficient and control stifles at equivalent femorotibial flexion angles; however, common femorotibial flexion angles were only found over a small range during the swing phase of gait. Conclusions CrCL insufficiency altered PF kinematics during walking, where the changes were predominately attributable to the femorotibial joint being held in more flexion. Abnormal PF kinematics may play a role in the development of osteoarthritis that is commonly observed in the PF joint CrCL-deficient stifles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley E Kim
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA.
| | - Geoffrey J Zann
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Selena Tinga
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Erica J Moore
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Comparative Orthopaedics and Biomechanics Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, 2015 SW 16th Ave, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0126, USA
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, 231 MAE-A, PO Box 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Surgical management of dorsal scapular luxation in three dogs. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 30:75-80. [PMID: 27977028 DOI: 10.3415/vcot-16-05-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Scapular luxation is an uncommon cause of forelimb lameness in dogs and cats. Traumatic rupture of the serratus ventralis muscle allows the scapula to displace dorsally during weight-bearing. Specific documentation regarding clinical presentation and surgical techniques is limited, with no medium- to long-term results of surgical intervention in dogs described. Presented here are three cases of scapular luxation in dogs, treated with a modified surgical technique. Clinical outcome was considered good to excellent, with resolution of lameness and abnormal scapular motion in all three dogs. Medium- and long-term outcomes were assessed in two of the dogs, with an excellent outcome in both cases.
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Ho-Eckart LK, Seki M, Luizza LM, Kearney MT, Lopez MJ. Joint stability after canine cranial cruciate ligament graft reconstruction varies among femoral fixation sites. Vet Surg 2017; 46:213-225. [PMID: 28075493 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify stability in cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient canine stifles with hamstring grafts affixed at 3 femoral locations. STUDY DESIGN Canine stifle motion study using a multi-cohort, repeated measures design. SAMPLE POPULATION 27 canine cadaver stifles. METHODS Hamstring grafts (HG) were affixed at the gracilis-semitendinosus insertion and on the lateral femur (1) proximal trochlear ridge (TR), (2) craniodistal to fabella (F), or (3) condyle center (CC). Total, cranial, and caudal tibial translation and total, medial, and lateral angular displacement, with and without translational load, were quantified with the CrCL intact, transected, and reconstructed. Angular displacement was quantified from points on the distal femur and proximal tibia. Graft strain was calculated from tissue displacement measured at joint angles of 30°, 60°, 90°, and 120°. RESULTS Tibial translation was lowest in F constructs, which also achieved the least difference in tibial translation from intact stifles. Tibial translation was lower in intact stifles than in CrCL transected or reconstructed stifles. Less angular displacement of the proximal tibia was detected in the medial than in the lateral direction, and tibial displacement was lower in the cranial than the caudal direction. Angular displacement was lowest in the F treatment group. F constructs had the lowest graft strain at joint angles greater than 30°. CONCLUSIONS Femoral fixation of a canine hamstring graft craniodistal to the lateral fabella conferred the best joint stability and lowest graft strain in vitro. No fixation method restored joint stability of the intact CrCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa K Ho-Eckart
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Masahiro Seki
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Lindsey M Luizza
- School of Medicine, New Orleans Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Michael T Kearney
- Statistical Services Unit, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Mandi J Lopez
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Normal patellofemoral kinematic patterns during daily activities in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:262. [PMID: 27884141 PMCID: PMC5123255 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patellar abnormalities are a common cause of pain and lameness in dogs; however, in vivo the relative motion between the femur and patella in dogs is not well described. The objective of this study was to define normal in vivo sagittal plane patellofemoral kinematics in three axes of motion using non-invasive methods. We hypothesized patellofemoral alignment in the sagittal plane would tightly correlate with the femorotibial flexion angle. Six healthy dogs without orthopedic disease underwent computed tomography (CT) of their hind limbs to create 3-D models of the patella and femur. Normal stifle joint motion was captured via flat-panel imaging while each dog performed a series of routine activities, including sitting, walking, and trotting. The 3-D models of the patella and femur were digitally superimposed over the radiographic images with shape-matching software and the precise movement of the patella relative to the femur was calculated. Results As the femorotibial joint flexed, the patellofemoral joint also flexed and the patella moved caudally and distally within the femoral trochlea during each activity. Patellar flexion and distal translation during walk and sit were linearly coupled with the femorotibial flexion angle. Offset was evident while trotting, where patella poses were significantly different between early and late swing phase (p ≤ 0.003). Patellar flexion ranged from 51 to 6° while trotting. The largest flexion angle (92°) occurred during sit. The patella traversed the entire proximodistal length of the femoral trochlea during these daily activities. Conclusions Using single-plane flat-panel imaging, we demonstrated normal in vivo patellofemoral kinematics is tightly coupled with femorotibial kinematics; however, trot kinematic patterns did not follow the path defined by walking and stand-to-sit motions. Our normal data can be used in future studies to help define patellofemoral joint kinematics in dogs with stifle abnormalities.
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Savio G, Baroni T, Concheri G, Baroni E, Meneghello R, Longo F, Isola M. Computation of Femoral Canine Morphometric Parameters in Three-Dimensional Geometrical Models. Vet Surg 2016; 45:987-995. [PMID: 27716955 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define and validate a method for the measurement of 3-dimensional (3D) morphometric parameters in polygonal mesh models of canine femora. STUDY DESIGN Ex vivo/computerized model. SAMPLE POPULATION Sixteen femora from 8 medium to large-breed canine cadavers (mean body weight 28.3 kg, mean age 5.3 years). METHODS Femora were measured with a 3D scanner, obtaining 3D meshes. A computer-aided design-based (CAD) software tool was purposely developed, which allowed automatic calculation of morphometric parameters on a mesh model. Anatomic and mechanical lateral proximal femoral angles (aLPFA and mLPFA), anatomic and mechanical lateral distal femoral angles (aLDFA and mLDFA), femoral neck angle (FNA), femoral torsion angle (FTA), and femoral varus angle (FVA) were measured in 3D space. Angles were also measured onto projected planes and radiographic images. RESULTS Mean (SD) femoral angles (degrees) measured in 3D space were: aLPFA 115.2 (3.9), mLPFA 105.5 (4.2), aLDFA 88.6 (4.5), mLDFA 93.4 (3.9), FNA 129.6 (4.3), FTA 45 (4.5), and FVA -1.4 (4.5). Onto projection planes, aLPFA was 103.7 (5.9), mLPFA 98.4 (5.3), aLDFA 88.3 (5.5), mLDFA 93.6 (4.2), FNA 132.1 (3.5), FTA 19.1 (5.7), and FVA -1.7 (5.5). With radiographic imaging, aLPFA was 109.6 (5.9), mLPFA 105.3 (5.2), aLDFA 92.6 (3.8), mLDFA 96.9 (2.9), FNA 120.2 (8.0), FTA 30.2 (5.7), and FVA 2.6 (3.8). CONCLUSION The proposed method gives reliable and consistent information about 3D bone conformation. Results are obtained automatically and depend only on femur morphology, avoiding any operator-related bias. Angles in 3D space are different from those measured with standard radiographic methods, mainly due to the different definition of femoral axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpaolo Savio
- Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Gianmaria Concheri
- Laboratory of Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Meneghello
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Federico Longo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Isola
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Freund KA, Kieves NR, Hart JL, Foster SA, Jeffery U, Duerr FM. Assessment of novel digital and smartphone goniometers for measurement of canine stifle joint angles. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:749-55. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.7.749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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