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Dolton MJ, Chiang PC, Chen Y. Mechanistic Oral Absorption Modeling of Halofantrine: Exploring the Role of Intestinal Lymphatic Transport. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1427-1430. [PMID: 33359312 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Absorption via the intestinal lymphatic system is known to be important for some highly lipophilic compounds, and can be associated with unique pharmacokinetic properties due to evasion of hepatic first-pass metabolism. This work aimed to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model incorporating the role of lymphatic transport in a physiologically-based, mechanistic oral absorption model, using halofantrine as a model compound. Simcyp V19 was used for model development; oral absorption was characterized using the multi-layer gut wall (M-ADAM) model, and the model was constructed and verified using parameters derived from in vitro experiments and clinical PK data. The final model appeared to adequately capture halofantrine pharmacokinetics in the fasted state and the magnitude of the effect of food on halofantrine total exposure; the effect of food on peak exposure was slightly underpredicted, which may be due to transient post-prandial changes in protein binding. The model simulated halofantrine fraction absorbed (fa) via the lymph in the fed state was 0.26, representing 62% of the increase in fa in the fed state over fasting. This work demonstrates that a PBPK modeling approach can be used to mechanistically describe oral absorption incorporating intestinal lymphatic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Dolton
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Po-Chang Chiang
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yuan Chen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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2
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Haidar I, Harding IH, Bowater IC, McDowall AW. Physical characterisation of drug encapsulated soybean oil nano-emulsions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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A novel nanoliposomal formulation of the FDA approved drug Halofantrine causes cell death of Leishmania donovani promastigotes in vitro. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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The mechanisms of pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions - A perspective from the UNGAP group. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 134:31-59. [PMID: 30974173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous intake of food and drugs can have a strong impact on drug release, absorption, distribution, metabolism and/or elimination and consequently, on the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy. As such, food-drug interactions are one of the main challenges in oral drug administration. Whereas pharmacokinetic (PK) food-drug interactions can have a variety of causes, pharmacodynamic (PD) food-drug interactions occur due to specific pharmacological interactions between a drug and particular drinks or food. In recent years, extensive efforts were made to elucidate the mechanisms that drive pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions. Their occurrence depends mainly on the properties of the drug substance, the formulation and a multitude of physiological factors. Every intake of food or drink changes the physiological conditions in the human gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a precise understanding of how different foods and drinks affect the processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and/or elimination as well as formulation performance is important in order to be able to predict and avoid such interactions. Furthermore, it must be considered that beverages such as milk, grapefruit juice and alcohol can also lead to specific food-drug interactions. In this regard, the growing use of food supplements and functional food requires urgent attention in oral pharmacotherapy. Recently, a new consortium in Understanding Gastrointestinal Absorption-related Processes (UNGAP) was established through COST, a funding organisation of the European Union supporting translational research across Europe. In this review of the UNGAP Working group "Food-Drug Interface", the different mechanisms that can lead to pharmacokinetic food-drug interactions are discussed and summarised from different expert perspectives.
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5
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Salim M, Khan J, Ramirez G, Clulow AJ, Hawley A, Ramachandruni H, Boyd BJ. Interactions of Artefenomel (OZ439) with Milk during Digestion: Insights into Digestion-Driven Solubilization and Polymorphic Transformations. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3535-3544. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malinda Salim
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jamal Khan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gisela Ramirez
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- SAXS/WAXS beamline, Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia
| | - Hanu Ramachandruni
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, 20, Route de Pré-Bois, 1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
| | - Ben J. Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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6
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Bioavailability of Lumefantrine Is Significantly Enhanced with a Novel Formulation Approach, an Outcome from a Randomized, Open-Label Pharmacokinetic Study in Healthy Volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017. [PMID: 28630183 PMCID: PMC5571342 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00868-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The artemether-lumefantrine combination requires food intake for the optimal absorption of lumefantrine. In an attempt to enhance the bioavailability of lumefantrine, new solid dispersion formulations (SDF) were developed, and the pharmacokinetics of two SDF variants were assessed in a randomized, open-label, sequential two-part study in healthy volunteers. In part 1, the relative bioavailability of the two SDF variants was compared with that of the conventional formulation after administration of a single dose of 480 mg under fasted conditions in three parallel cohorts. In part 2, the pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine from both SDF variants were evaluated after a single dose of 480 mg under fed conditions and a single dose of 960 mg under fasted conditions. The bioavailability of lumefantrine from SDF variant 1 and variant 2 increased up to ∼48-fold and ∼24-fold, respectively, relative to that of the conventional formulation. Both variants demonstrated a positive food effect and a less than proportional increase in exposure between the 480-mg and 960-mg doses. Most adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate in severity and not suspected to be related to the study drug. All five drug-related AEs occurred in subjects taking SDF variant 2. No clinically significant treatment-emergent changes in vital signs, electrocardiograms, or laboratory blood assessments were noted. The solid dispersion formulation enhances the lumefantrine bioavailability to a significant extent, and SDF variant 1 is superior to SDF variant 2.
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Larsen A, Holm R, Müllertz A. Solution or suspension – Does it matter for lipid based systems? In vivo studies of chase dosing lipid vehicles with aqueous suspensions of a poorly soluble drug. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:308-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Sassene PJ, Michaelsen MH, Mosgaard MD, Jensen MK, Van Den Broek E, Wasan KM, Mu H, Rades T, Müllertz A. In Vivo Precipitation of Poorly Soluble Drugs from Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3417-3426. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Sassene
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - M. H. Michaelsen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2146
East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - M. D. Mosgaard
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - M. K. Jensen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - E. Van Den Broek
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - K. M. Wasan
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2146
East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, E3122-104
Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - H. Mu
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - T. Rades
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - A. Müllertz
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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9
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Sassene PJ, Mosgaard MD, Löbmann K, Mu H, Larsen FH, Rades T, Müllertz A. Elucidating the Molecular Interactions Occurring during Drug Precipitation of Weak Bases from Lipid-Based Formulations: A Case Study with Cinnarizine and a Long Chain Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4067-76. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Sassene
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette D. Mosgaard
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Huiling Mu
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming H. Larsen
- Department
of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej
26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Bioneer:Farma,
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Lawless E, Griffin BT, O’Mahony A, O’Driscoll CM. Exploring the Impact of Drug Properties on the Extent of Intestinal Lymphatic Transport - In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1817-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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12
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Yeap YY, Trevaskis NL, Porter CJH. The Potential for Drug Supersaturation during Intestinal Processing of Lipid-Based Formulations May Be Enhanced for Basic Drugs. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2601-15. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400035z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan Yeap
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie L. Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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13
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Tsai YJ, Tsai TH. Mesenteric lymphatic absorption and the pharmacokinetics of naringin and naringenin in the rat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12435-12442. [PMID: 23210543 DOI: 10.1021/jf301962g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis for this study was that flavanoids and their glycoside are absorbed mainly through the portal vein to enter the liver for biotransformation and are only partially absorbed through the lymphatic duct. To verify this hypothesis, an unconscious, mesenteric lymphatic/portal vein/jugular vein/bile duct/duodenum-cannulated rat model was developed. Naringin was administered at dosages of 600 and 1000 mg/kg, and naringenin was given at 100 and 300 mg/kg by intraduodenal administration. Blood samples collected from the portal vein and jugular vein as well as lymphatic fluid were prepared by protein precipitation and then analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Analyses of these samples were doubly confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results show that, after intraduodenal administration, both compounds were mainly absorbed into portal blood rather than mesenteric lymph, and most of the intact analyte would be eliminated through bile excretion. The area under the concentration (AUC) ratio was defined to represent the absorption ratio for portal vein [AUC(portal)/AUC((portal+lymph))] and lymph fluid [AUC(lymph)/AUC((portal+lymph))]. The results indicate that the portal and lymphatic absorptions for naringin were around 95 and 5.0%, respectively. The respective absorptions for naringenin were around 98 and 2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Thomas N, Holm R, Rades T, Müllertz A. Characterising lipid lipolysis and its implication in lipid-based formulation development. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:860-71. [PMID: 22956477 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Facing the increasing number of poorly water-soluble drugs, pharmaceutical scientists are required to break new grounds for the delivery of these pharmaceutically problematic drugs. Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) have received increased interest as a novel drug delivery platform during the last decades and several successfully marketed products have shown the potential for LBDDS. However, there exists a discrepancy between the clear need for innovative delivery forms and their rational design. In the case of LBDDS, this can be attributed to the complexity of LBDDS after administration. Unlike conventional formulations, LBDDS are susceptible to digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, the interplay of delivery system, drug and physiology ultimately effecting drug disposition. In vitro lipolysis has become an important technique to mimic the enzymatic degradation. For the better understanding of how LBDDS promote drug delivery, in vitro lipolysis requires advanced characterisation methods. In this review, the physiological background of lipid digestion is followed by a thorough summary of the techniques that are currently used to characterise in vitro lipolysis. It would be desirable that the increasing knowledge about LBDDS will foster their rationale development thereby increasing their broader application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Thomas
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, 9054, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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Patel JP, Hamdy DA, El-kadi AO, Brocks DR. Effect of serum lipoproteins on stereoselective halofantrine metabolism by rat hepatocytes. Chirality 2012; 24:558-65. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jigar P. Patel
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Montreal; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | | | - A. O. El-kadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Dion R. Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
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16
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Yáñez JA, Wang SW, Knemeyer IW, Wirth MA, Alton KB. Intestinal lymphatic transport for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:923-42. [PMID: 21689702 PMCID: PMC7126116 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal lymphatic transport has been shown to be an absorptive pathway following oral administration of lipids and an increasing number of lipophilic drugs, which once absorbed, diffuse across the intestinal enterocyte and while in transit associate with secretable enterocyte lipoproteins. The chylomicron-associated drug is then secreted from the enterocyte into the lymphatic circulation, rather than the portal circulation, thus avoiding the metabolically-active liver, but still ultimately returning to the systemic circulation. Because of this parallel and potentially alternative absorptive pathway, first-pass metabolism can be reduced while increasing lymphatic drug exposure, which opens the potential for novel therapeutic modalities and allows the implementation of lipid-based drug delivery systems. This review discusses the physiological features of the lymphatics, enterocyte uptake and metabolism, links between drug transport and lipid digestion/re-acylation, experimental model (in vivo, in vitro, and in silico) of lymphatic transport, and the design of lipid- or prodrug-based drug delivery systems for enhancing lymphatic drug transport.
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17
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Griffin BT, O'Driscoll CM. A comparison of intestinal lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability of saquinavir from three lipid-based formulations in the anaesthetised rat model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:917-25. [PMID: 16805951 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.7.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Saquinavir is a lipophilic, poorly water-soluble HIV protease inhibitor that undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism and exhibits poor oral bioavailability. Redirection of the absorption pathway of anti-HIV compounds from the portal blood to the HIV-rich intestinal lymphatics may enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce the extent of the first-pass effect. This study investigates the potential of targeted intestinal lymphatic transport of saquinavir via a lipid formulation approach. Three formulations containing oleic acid were examined: cremophor-oleic acid mixed micelles, d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS)-oleic acid mixed micelles and an oleic acid microemulsion. The mesenteric lymph duct cannulated anaesthetised rat model was employed. Plasma and lymph samples were analysed by HPLC. Lymph triglyceride was measured using an enzymatic colorimetric technique. The extent of lymphatic transport from the lipid vehicles was 0.025-0.05% of the dose administered. The microemulsion produced higher and more prolonged mesenteric lymph concentrations than the micellar formulations. A strong correlation existed between the concentration of saquinavir in intestinal lymph and lymph triglyceride levels. The systemic bioavailability was estimated to be 8.5% and 4.8% for the cremophor mixed micelle and the microemulsion, respectively. The cremophor mixed micelles produced higher bioavailability than TPGS mixed micelles, implying that the nature of the surfactant can influence the distribution of drug between lymph and plasma.
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18
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Patel JP, Korashy HM, El-Kadi AO, Brocks DR. Effect of bile and lipids on the stereoselective metabolism of halofantrine by rat everted-intestinal sacs. Chirality 2009; 22:275-83. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.20740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stegemann S, Leveiller F, Franchi D, de Jong H, Lindén H. When poor solubility becomes an issue: from early stage to proof of concept. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 31:249-61. [PMID: 17616376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug absorption, sufficient and reproducible bioavailability and/or pharmacokinetic profile in humans are recognized today as one of the major challenges in oral delivery of new drug substances. The issue arose especially when drug discovery and medicinal chemistry moved from wet chemistry to combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening in the mid-1990s. Taking into account the drug product development times of 8-12 years, the apparent R&D productivity gap as determined by the number of products in late stage clinical development today, is the result of the drug discovery and formulation development in the late 1990s, which were the early and enthusiastic times of the combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening. In parallel to implementation of these new technologies, tremendous knowledge has been accumulated on biological factors like transporters, metabolizing enzymes and efflux systems as well as on the physicochemical characteristics of the drug substances like crystal structures and salt formation impacting oral bioavailability. Research tools and technologies have been, are and will be developed to assess the impact of these factors on drug absorption for the new chemical entities. The conference focused specifically on the impact of compounds with poor solubility on analytical evaluation, prediction of oral absorption, substance selection, material and formulation strategies and development. The existing tools and technologies, their potential utilization throughout the drug development process and the directions for further research to overcome existing gaps and influence these drug characteristics were discussed in detail.
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Khoo SM, Shackleford DM, Porter CJH, Edwards GA, Charman WN. Intestinal lymphatic transport of halofantrine occurs after oral administration of a unit-dose lipid-based formulation to fasted dogs. Pharm Res 2004; 20:1460-5. [PMID: 14567642 DOI: 10.1023/a:1025718513246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether the small quantities of lipid present in unit-dose microemulsion formulations comprising medium- (C8-10) or long-chain (C18) glyceride lipids can stimulate the intestinal lymphatic transport of halofantrine (Hf), a model lymphatically transported drug. METHODS Hf (50 mg) was administered to thoracic lymph duct- and cephalic vein-cannulated fasted greyhound dogs. Drug was formulated as a single soft gelatin capsule containing approximately 1 g of a microemulsion preconcentrate based on either medium- or long-chain glycerides. Thoracic lymph was collected, and systemic plasma samples taken over 10 h postdose. RESULTS The extent of lymphatic transport of Hf after administration of the long-chain lipid formulation was high (28.3% of dose), and significantly higher than that seen after administration of the medium-chain formulation (5.0% of dose). Plasma levels of Hf were not significantly different across the two formulations when assessed by AUC0-10h. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that the small amounts of lipid present within a single lipid-based dose form can support substantial intestinal lymphatic transport in the fasted state. Furthermore, microemulsions based on long-chain glycerides appear to be more effective with respect to lymphatic transport than the equivalent medium-chain formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Mei Khoo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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21
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Porter CJH, Kaukonen AM, Taillardat-Bertschinger A, Boyd BJ, O'Connor JM, Edwards GA, Charman WN. Use of in vitro lipid digestion data to explain the in vivo performance of triglyceride-based oral lipid formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs: studies with halofantrine. J Pharm Sci 2004; 93:1110-21. [PMID: 15067688 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The relative oral bioavailability (BA) of halofantrine base (Hf) was assessed in male beagle dogs after administration of a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), a long chain triglyceride (LCT), and a blended LCT/MCT lipid solution formulation of Hf (Study 1) and after administration of suspensions of Hf base and Hf. HCl in LCT (Study 2). A series of in vitro lipid digestion experiments were also performed in an attempt to clarify the data obtained. In vitro drug solubilization profiles were markedly dependent on the mass of lipid employed in lipid digestion experiments. At high lipid masses ( approximately 25 mg triglyceride/mL), MCT formulations gave maximal benefit, whereas at low lipid concentrations ( approximately 5 mg triglyceride/mL), LCT formulations provided improved solubilization capacity. The in vitro digestion and solubilization data at lower lipid masses were consistent with the in vivo data where the BA of Hf after oral administration of the LCT solution > LCT/MCT blend > MCT solution. The second BA study showed similar, albeit variable, exposure after oral administration of a suspension of Hf base or Hf. HCl in LCT and this trend was broadly consistent with in vitro results. This study demonstrates the potential utility of in vitro digestion models to assess and rank order the in vivo performance of lipid solution and suspension formulations of poorly water-soluble drugs such as Hf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J H Porter
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Taillardat-Bertschinger A, Perry CS, Galland A, Prankerd RJ, Charman WN. Partitioning of Halofantrine Hydrochloride Between Water, Micellar Solutions, and Soybean Oil: Effects on its Apparent Ionization Constant. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:2217-28. [PMID: 14603507 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in a conscious dog model demonstrated intestinal lymphatic transport to be a significant contributor to the bioavailability of the highly lipid-soluble free-base of halofantrine (Hf), and surprisingly, also the poorly lipid-soluble hydrochloride salt (Hf. HCl). Partial conversion of solubilized Hf. HCl to Hf base within the intestinal lumen prior to the lymphatic uptake seemed to be the most likely explanation for these results. This hypothesis was supported by studies exploring the partitioning behavior of Hf. HCl between soybean oil (SBO) and aqueous micellar solutions containing different ionic and nonionic surfactants. Mixed micelles prepared from sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTC) and lecithin (PC) were chosen to represent fed-state intestinal fluids. The apparent ionization constants derived from the partitioning versus pH profiles showed marked shifts when compared with the likely aqueous pK(a) value. In the present paper, the apparent pK(a) values of Hf in aqueous micellar phases, without a coexisting oil phase, were investigated to further probe the mechanisms underlying the effect of micellar media on the apparent ionization equilibrium, and subsequently, on its partitioning behavior in the triphasic systems. Another aim of this study was to further evaluate the aqueous pK(a) value of Hf. The results indicate that the aqueous pK(a) of Hf is most probably in the range approximately 8-9, and that the ionization equilibrium is highly dependent on the solution environment. For example, marked pK(a) shifts of several units were observed for Hf in the presence of different micellar species and SBO. The apparent ionization equilibrium depends not only on interaction of Hf with the micelles, but also on its partitioning into the oil phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Taillardat-Bertschinger
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Shackleford DM, Faassen WA, Houwing N, Lass H, Edwards GA, Porter CJH, Charman WN. Contribution of lymphatically transported testosterone undecanoate to the systemic exposure of testosterone after oral administration of two andriol formulations in conscious lymph duct-cannulated dogs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 306:925-33. [PMID: 12807999 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.103.052522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Orally administered testosterone (T) is ineffective in the treatment of male androgen deficiency syndromes due to extensive presystemic first-pass metabolism. In contrast, the lipophilic long-chain ester testosterone undecanoate (TU) exhibits androgenic activity that has been attributed to formation of T via systemic hydrolysis of lymphatically transported TU. However, there are no definitive data regarding the oral bioavailability of TU or the extent to which lymphatically transported TU contributes to the systemic availability of T after oral TU administration. This report describes the application of stable isotope methodology in a thoracic lymph duct-cannulated dog model to study the oral bioavailability and lymphatic transport of TU after postprandial administration. When administered as either Andriol or Andriol Testocaps, the mean (+/-S.E., n = 4) absolute bioavailability of TU was 3.25 +/- 0.48 and 2.88 +/- 0.88%, respectively, and lymphatically transported TU accounted for between 91.5 and 99.7% of the systemically available ester. Model-independent pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that 83.6 +/- 1.6 and 84.1 +/- 8.2% of the systemically available T, resulting from Andriol or Andriol Testocaps, respectively, was due to systemic hydrolysis of lymphatically transported TU. These data demonstrate that intestinal lymphatic transport of TU produces increased systemic exposure of T by avoiding the extensive first-pass effect responsible for the inactivation of T after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Shackleford
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University (Parkville Campus), Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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