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Pockle RD, Masareddy RS, Patil AS, Patil PD. A comprehensive review on pharmaceutical excipients. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:443-458. [PMID: 37464784 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of pharmaceutical drugs depends not only on their active components and manufacturing processes, but also on the role played by pharmaceutical excipients. The traditional definition of excipients as inactive and cost-effective substances has evolved significantly. They are now recognized as essential elements of drug formulations, constituting 80-90% of the final product. The rapid advancements in delivery systems, along with scientific, regulatory, financial and technological developments in biopharmaceutics, have generated renewed interest in the use and functionality of excipients, especially in solid dosage forms. This review focuses on the categorization of excipients according to the International Pharmaceutical Excipient Council (IPEC) and the establishment of guidelines for evaluating the safety of a new proposed excipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana D Pockle
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajashree S Masareddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Archana S Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Pragati D Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, KLE Academy of Higher Education & Research, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi, 590010, Karnataka, India
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Sangnim T, Zandu SK, Kaur S, Odeku OA, Huanbutta K, Singh I. Development and Evaluation of MCC-SiO2/CMC-SiO2 Conjugates as Tablet Super-Disintegrants. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051035. [PMID: 35267857 PMCID: PMC8914646 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, microcrystallinecellulose–colloidal silicon dioxide (MCC-SiO2) and carboxymethylcellulose–colloidal silicon dioxide (CMC-SiO2) conjugates have been investigated as superdisintegrants in fast dissolving tablets (FDTs). MCC-SiO2 and CMC-SiO2 conjugates were prepared and micromeritic studies, FTIR, SEM and XRD methods were utilized for characterizing the powdered conjugates. The conjugates were used for the preparation of domperidone FDTs by direct compression and the wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration time and in vitro drug release were evaluated. Effective pore radius of MCC-SiO2 and CMC-SiO2 conjugates for 1:1, 1:2.5 and 1:5 was found to be 13.35 ± 0.31 µm, 15.66 ± 0.17 µm and 18.38 ± 0.44 µm, and 16.81 ± 0.24 µm, 20.12 ± 0.39 µm and 26.37 ± 0.24 µm, respectively, compared to 12.21 ± 0.23 µm for MCC and 13.65 ± 0.21 µm for CMC. The results of effective pore radius indicate the wicking capability as well as the disintegration potential of MCC-SiO2 and CMC-SiO2 conjugates over pure MCC and CMC. The results of wetting time, water absorption ratio and disintegration time for MCC-SiO2 conjugates were found to be in the range of 19 ± 1.21 to 30 ± 1.33 s, 42 ± 0.28 to 49 ± 0.47% and 15 ± 2 to 40 ± 1 s, and for CMC-SiO2 conjugates were found to be in the range of 21 ± 1.13 to 40 ± 1.17 s, 42 ± 0.94 to 49 ± 0.57% and 12 ± 2 to 20 ± 3 s, respectively. Conjugation of MCC and CMC with SiO2 led to the formation of a complex with remarkable tablet superdisintegrant potential that could be used in preparing fast disintegrating tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanikan Sangnim
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, 169 Seansook, Muang District, Chonburi 20131, Thailand;
| | - Simran Kaur Zandu
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.K.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Sukhanpreet Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.K.Z.); (S.K.)
| | - Oluwatoyin A. Odeku
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200005, Nigeria;
| | - Kampanart Huanbutta
- School of Pharmacy, Eastern Asian University, Thanyaburi District, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand;
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; (S.K.Z.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Parmar PK, Rao SG, Bansal AK. Co-processing of small molecule excipients with polymers to improve functionality. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2021; 18:907-928. [PMID: 33412936 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2021.1873946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polymers have various applications such as binder, film coating agent, stabilizer, drug release modification, and as primary packaging materials. Recently, they have been explored in co-processing technique to improve the functionality of small molecule excipients (SMEs). Co-processing is a concept wherein two or more excipients interact at sub-particle level to provide synergy in functionality and minimize drawbacks of individual excipients. AREA COVERED The present review highlights the application of co-processing to improve the functionality of SMEs using polymers; physicochemical and mechanical properties of polymers for co-processing; advantages of co-processed excipients for different applications; functionality enhancement of co-processed excipients; novel concepts/methods for co-processing; mechanistic insights on co-processing and commercial products available in the market. EXPERT OPINION Most of the SMEs do not possess optimal multifunctional properties like flow, compressibility, compactibility, and disintegration ability, required to compensate for poorly compactable drugs. Some of these drawbacks can be overcome by co-processing of SMEs with polymers. For example, co-processing of a brittle SME and plastic material (polymer) can provide a synergistic effect and result in the generation of single entity multi-functional excipient. Besides, novel co-processed excipients generated using combinations of SMEs and polymers can also generate intellectual property rights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashantkumar K Parmar
- Solid State Pharmaceutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Srilaxmi G Rao
- Solid State Pharmaceutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Solid State Pharmaceutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Mohali, Punjab, India
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Influence of Chitin Source and Polymorphism on Powder Compression and Compaction: Application in Drug Delivery. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225269. [PMID: 33198143 PMCID: PMC7697224 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the research reported herein is to compare the compaction properties of three different chitin extracts from the organisms most used in the seafood industry; namely crabs, shrimps and squids. The foregoing is examined in relation to their polymorphic forms as well as compression and compaction behavior. Chitin extracted from crabs and shrimps exhibits the α-polymorphic form whilst chitin extracted from squid pins displays a β-polymorphic form. These polymorphs were characterized using FTIR, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Pore diameter and volume differ between the two polymorphic powder forms. The β form is smaller in pore diameter and volume. Scanning electron microscopy of the two polymorphic forms shows clear variation in the arrangement of chitin layers such that the α form appears more condensed due to the anti-parallel arrangement of the polymer chains. True, bulk and tapped densities of these polymorphs and their mixtures indicated poor flowability. Nevertheless, compression and compaction properties obtained by applying Heckle and Kawakita analyses indicated that both polymorphs are able to be compacted with differences in the extent of compaction. Chitin compacts, regardless of their origin, showed a very high crushing strength with very fast dissolution which makes them suitable for use as fast mouth dissolving tablets. Moreover, when different chitin powders are granulated with two model drugs, i.e., metronidazole and spiramycin they yielded high crushing strength and their dissolution profiles were in accordance with compendial requirements. It is concluded that the source of chitin extraction is as important as the polymorphic form when compression and compaction of chitin powders is carried out.
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Trisopon K, Kittipongpatana N, Kittipongpatana OS. A Spray-Dried, Co-Processed Rice Starch as a Multifunctional Excipient for Direct Compression. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060518. [PMID: 32517241 PMCID: PMC7355677 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new co-processed, rice starch-based excipient (CS) was developed via a spray-drying technique. Native rice starch (RS) was suspended in aqueous solutions of 10%–15% cross-linked carboxymethyl rice starch (CCMS) and 0.5%–6.75% silicon dioxide (in the form of sodium silicate), before spray drying. The resulting CSs were obtained as spherical agglomerates, with improved flowability. The compressibility study revealed an improved plastic deformation profile of RS, leading to better compaction and tensile strength. The presence of CCMS also ensured a rapid disintegration of the compressed tablets. CS-CCMS:SiO2 (10:2.7), prepared with 10% CCMS, 2.7% silicon dioxide, and 40% solid content, was found to exhibit the best characteristics. Compared to the two commercial DC excipients, Prosolv® and Tablettose®, the flow property of CS-CCMS:SiO2 (10:2.7) was not significantly different, while the tensile strength was 23%: lower than that of Prosolv® but 4 times higher than that of Tablettose® at 196 MPa compression force. The disintegration time of CS-CCMS:SiO2 (10:2.7) tablet (28 s) was practically identical to that of Tablettose® tablet (26 s) and far superior to that of Prosolv® tablet (>30 min). These results show that CSs could potentially be employed as a multifunctional excipient for the manufacturing of commercial tablets by DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karnkamol Trisopon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.T.); (N.K.)
| | - Nisit Kittipongpatana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.T.); (N.K.)
- Research Center for Development of Local Lanna Rice and Rice Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ornanong Suwannapakul Kittipongpatana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (K.T.); (N.K.)
- Research Center for Development of Local Lanna Rice and Rice Products, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-87-301-0978
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Abu Fara D, Al-Hmoud L, Rashid I, Chowdhry BZ, Badwan A. Understanding the Performance of a Novel Direct Compression Excipient Comprising Roller Compacted Chitin. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020115. [PMID: 32079246 PMCID: PMC7073602 DOI: 10.3390/md18020115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin has been investigated in the context of finding new excipients suitable for direct compression, when subjected to roller compaction. Ball milling was concurrently carried out to compare effects from different energy or stress-inducing techniques. Samples of chitin powders (raw, processed, dried and humidified) were compared for variations in morphology, X-ray diffraction patterns, densities, FT-IR, flowability, compressibility and compactibility. Results confirmed the suitability of roller compaction to convert the fluffy powder of raw chitin to a bulky material with improved flow. X-ray powder diffraction studies showed that, in contrast to the high decrease in crystallinity upon ball milling, roller compaction manifested a slight deformation in the crystal lattice. Moreover, the new excipient showed high resistance to compression, due to the high compactibility of the granules formed. This was correlated to the significant extent of plastic deformation compared to the raw and ball milled forms of chitin. On the other hand, drying and humidification of raw and processed materials presented no added value to the compressibility and compactibility of the directly compressed excipient. Finally, compacted chitin showed direct compression similarity with microcrystalline cellulose when formulated with metronidazole (200 mg) without affecting the immediate drug release action of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeb Abu Fara
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +962-799182424
| | - Linda Al-Hmoud
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Iyad Rashid
- Research and Innovation Centre, The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company (JPM), P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan; (I.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Babur Z. Chowdhry
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Adnan Badwan
- Research and Innovation Centre, The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Company (JPM), P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan; (I.R.); (A.B.)
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Chaheen M, Sanchez-Ballester NM, Bataille B, Yassine A, Belamie E, Sharkawi T. Development of Coprocessed Chitin-Calcium Carbonate as Multifunctional Tablet Excipient for Direct Compression. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2152-2159. [PMID: 29698724 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the increasing interest in multifunctional excipients for tableting, coprocessing of individual excipients is regularly used to produce excipients of improved multifunctionality superior to individual excipients or their physical mix. The use of chitin as an excipient in tablet formulation is limited because of certain drawbacks such as poor flowability and low true density. The objective of this work is to improve these properties through coprocessing of chitin with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) by precipitating CaCO3 on chitin particles using different methods. In addition, optimization of the coprocessed chitin was carried out to improve the excipient's properties. Physicochemical (CaCO3 content, true density, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy) and functional testing (swelling force, flowability, tensile strength, deformation mechanism, and disintegration time) were used to characterize the coprocessed product. Results showed that the calcite CaCO3 polymorph is precipitated on the chitin surface and that it interacts with chitin at carbonyl- and amide-group level. In addition, the coprocessed excipient has an improved true density and powder flowability, with CaCO3 forming single layer on the chitin particles surface. Tableting studies showed that the coprocessed powder exhibited an intermediate deformation behavior between CaCO3 (most brittle) and chitin (most plastic). Tablets showed acceptable tensile strength and rapid disintegration (2-4 s). These results show the potential use of coprocessed chitin-CaCO3 as a multifunctional excipient for fast disintegration of tablets produced by direct compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Chaheen
- Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Laboratoire de Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Produits de Santé (VRNPS), Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Lebanon; Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, Equipe MACS, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Noelia M Sanchez-Ballester
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, Equipe MACS, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Bataille
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, Equipe MACS, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmad Yassine
- Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologie (EDST), Laboratoire de Valorisation des Ressources Naturelles et Produits de Santé (VRNPS), Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Emmanuel Belamie
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, Equipe MACS, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tahmer Sharkawi
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, UMR 5253, Equipe MACS, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Chitin’s Functionality as a Novel Disintegrant: Benchmarking Against Commonly Used Disintegrants in Different Physicochemical Environments. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1839-1848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abrantes CG, Duarte D, Reis CP. An Overview of Pharmaceutical Excipients: Safe or Not Safe? J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2019-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Al-Remawi M. Application of N-hexoyl chitosan derivatives with high degree of substitution in the preparation of super-disintegrating pharmaceutical matrices. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Daraghmeh N, Chowdhry BZ, Leharne SA, Al Omari MMH, Badwan AA. Co-processed chitin-mannitol as a new excipient for Oro-dispersible tablets. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1739-64. [PMID: 25830680 PMCID: PMC4413185 DOI: 10.3390/md13041739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the preparation, characterization and performance of a novel excipient for use in oro-dispersible tablets (ODT). The excipient (Cop–CM) consists of chitin and mannitol. The excipient with optimal physicochemical properties was obtained at a chitin: mannitol ratio of 2:8 (w/w) and produced by roll compaction (RC). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform-Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were used to characterize Cop–CM, in addition to characterization of its powder and ODT dosage form. The effect of particle size distribution of Cop–CM was investigated and found to have no significant influence on the overall tablet physical properties. The compressibility parameter (a) for Cop–CM was calculated from a Kawakita plot and found to be higher (0.661) than that of mannitol (0.576) due to the presence of the highly compressible chitin (0.818). Montelukast sodium and domperidone ODTs produced, using Cop–CM, displayed excellent physicochemical properties. The exceptional binding, fast wetting and superdisintegration properties of Cop–CM, in comparison with commercially available co-processed ODT excipients, results in a unique multifunctional base which can successfully be used in the formulation of oro-dispersible and fast immediate release tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Daraghmeh
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., PO Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
- Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime Kent ME44TB, UK.
| | - Babur Z Chowdhry
- Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime Kent ME44TB, UK.
| | - Stephen A Leharne
- Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime Kent ME44TB, UK.
| | | | - Adnan A Badwan
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., PO Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
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Badwan AA, Rashid I, Omari MMHA, Darras FH. Chitin and chitosan as direct compression excipients in pharmaceutical applications. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1519-47. [PMID: 25810109 PMCID: PMC4377997 DOI: 10.3390/md13031519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the numerous uses of chitin and chitosan as new functional materials of high potential in various fields, they are still behind several directly compressible excipients already dominating pharmaceutical applications. There are, however, new attempts to exploit chitin and chitosan in co-processing techniques that provide a product with potential to act as a direct compression (DC) excipient. This review outlines the compression properties of chitin and chitosan in the context of DC pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A Badwan
- Research and Innovation Center (RIC), The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
| | - Iyad Rashid
- Research and Innovation Center (RIC), The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
| | - Mahmoud M H Al Omari
- Research and Innovation Center (RIC), The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
| | - Fouad H Darras
- Research and Innovation Center (RIC), The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
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Kozakevych RB, Bolbukh YM, Tertykh VA. Controlled Release of Diclofenac Sodium from Silica-Chitosan Composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/wjnse.2013.33010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rojas J, Buckner I, Kumar V. Co-proccessed excipients with enhanced direct compression functionality for improved tableting performance. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012; 38:1159-70. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.645833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Goyanes A, Souto C, Martínez-Pacheco R. Chitosan–kaolin coprecipitate as disintegrant in microcrystalline cellulose-based pellets elaborated by extrusion–spheronization. Pharm Dev Technol 2012; 18:137-45. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2011.653820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Rojas J, Kumar V. Comparative evaluation of silicified microcrystalline cellulose II as a direct compression vehicle. Int J Pharm 2011; 416:120-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Daraghmeh N, Rashid I, Al Omari MMH, Leharne SA, Chowdhry BZ, Badwan A. Preparation and characterization of a novel co-processed excipient of chitin and crystalline mannitol. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010; 11:1558-71. [PMID: 21052880 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-010-9523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A co-processed excipient was prepared from commercially available crystalline mannitol and α-chitin using direct compression as well as spray, wet, and dry granulation. The effect of the ratio of the two components, percentage of lubricant and particle size, on the properties of the prepared co-processed excipient has been investigated. α-Chitin forms non-hygroscopic, highly compactable, disintegrable compacts when co-processed with crystalline mannitol. The compaction properties of the co-processed mannitol-chitin mixture were found to be dependent upon the quantity of mannitol added to chitin, in addition to the granulation procedure used. Optimal physicochemical properties of the excipient, from a manufacturing perspective, were obtained using a co-processed mannitol-chitin (2:8, w/w) mixture prepared by wet granulation (Cop-MC). Disintegration time, crushing strength, and friability of tablets, produced from Cop-MC using magnesium stearate as a lubricant, were found to be independent of the particle size of the prepared granules. The inherent binding and disintegration properties of the compressed Cop-MC are useful for the formulation of poorly compressible, high-strength, and low-strength active pharmaceutical ingredients. The ability to co-process α-chitin with crystalline mannitol allows chitin to be used as a valuable industrial pharmaceutical excipient.
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Rashid I, Daraghmeh N, Al-Remawi M, Leharne SA, Chowdhry BZ, Badwan A. Characterization of the impact of magnesium stearate lubrication on the tableting properties of chitin-Mg silicate as a superdisintegrating binder when compared to Avicel® 200. POWDER TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hamid RAS, Al-Akayleh F, Shubair M, Rashid I, Remawi MA, Badwan A. Evaluation of three chitin metal silicate co-precipitates as a potential multifunctional single excipient in tablet formulations. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1699-715. [PMID: 20559493 PMCID: PMC2885085 DOI: 10.3390/md8051699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of the novel chitin metal silicate (CMS) co-precipitates as a single multifunctional excipient in tablet formulation using direct compression and wet granulation methods is evaluated. The neutral, acidic, and basic drugs Spironolactone (SPL), ibuprofen (IBU) and metronidazole (MET), respectively, were used as model drugs. Commercial Aldactone, Fleximex and Dumazole tablets containing SPL, IBU and MET, respectively, and tablets made using Avicel 200, were used in the study for comparison purposes. Tablets of acceptable crushing strength (>40 N) were obtained using CMS. The friability values for all tablets were well below the maximum 1% USP tolerance limit. CMS produced superdisintegrating tablets (disintegration time < 1 min) with the three model drugs. Regarding the dissolution rate, the sequence was as follow: CMS > Fleximex > Avicel 200, CMS > Avicel 200 > Dumazole and Aldactone > Avicel 200 > CMS for IBU, MET and SPL, respectively. Compressional properties of formulations were analyzed using density measurements and the compression Kawakita equation as assessment parameters. On the basis of DSC results, CMS co precipitates were found to be compatible with the tested drugs. Conclusively, the CMS co-precipitates have the potential to be used as filler, binder, and superdisintegrant, all-in-one, in the design of tablets by the direct compression as well as wet granulation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Al-Shaikh Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Petra University, Jordan; E-Mails:
(R.A.-S.H.);
(F.A.-A.);
(M.S.)
| | - Faisal Al-Akayleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Petra University, Jordan; E-Mails:
(R.A.-S.H.);
(F.A.-A.);
(M.S.)
| | - Mohammad Shubair
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Petra University, Jordan; E-Mails:
(R.A.-S.H.);
(F.A.-A.);
(M.S.)
| | - Iyad Rashid
- Suwagh Company for Drug Delivery Systems Subsidiary of the Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co. (PLC), Naor, Jordan; E-Mails:
(I.R.);
(M.A.R.)
| | - Mayyas Al Remawi
- Suwagh Company for Drug Delivery Systems Subsidiary of the Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co. (PLC), Naor, Jordan; E-Mails:
(I.R.);
(M.A.R.)
| | - Adnan Badwan
- Suwagh Company for Drug Delivery Systems Subsidiary of the Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co. (PLC), Naor, Jordan; E-Mails:
(I.R.);
(M.A.R.)
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Rashid I, Daraghmeh N, Al-Remawi M, Leharne SA, Chowdhry BZ, Badwan A. Characterization of chitin–metal silicates as binding superdisintegrants. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:4887-901. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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