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Javed S, Hussain A, Akhtar Shah P, Ishtiaq S, Ali E, Abbas N, Bukhari NI. Simultaneous quantification of sumatriptan succinate and prochlorperazine maleate in orodispersible films using two validated UV-spectroscopic methods. Pak J Pharm Sci 2022; 35:183-194. [PMID: 35228176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at simultaneous quantification of sumatriptan succinate (SUM) and prochlorperazine maleate (PCP) in an orodispersible film using two validated spectroscopic methods viz. simultaneous equation (Method I) and the Q-absorption ratio (Method II). The Method I involved measurement of absorbances at λmax of both drugs while in Method II, absorbances were measured at isosbestic wavelength and λmax of one of the two components. Method validation were accomplished as per the ICH guidelines. A 1:1 mixture of the drugs and an orodispersible film (ODF) containing these drugs were assayed by both methods. The absorbance data of SUM and PCP in both methods were linear at respective wavelengths with correlation coefficient values >0.995. Both methods were precise as % RSD in repeatability, interday and intraday precision was less than 2. The estimation of SUM and PCP from the film dosage form by method I was104.74% and 98.34% and by method II was 103.45% and 98.85%, respectively, with a standard deviation <2. The study concluded that both the methods were simple, reliable and robust and can be applied successfully for the simultaneous quantification of SUM and PCP in mixture and orodispersible film dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Javed
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan / Primary and Secondary Health Department, Government of the Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Hussain
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan
| | - Pervaiz Akhtar Shah
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan
| | - Saiqa Ishtiaq
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Ali
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan
| | - Nasir Abbas
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Irfan Bukhari
- Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan
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George B, Wen X, Jaimes EA, Joy MS, Aleksunes LM. In Vitro Inhibition of Renal OCT2 and MATE1 Secretion by Antiemetic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126439. [PMID: 34208557 PMCID: PMC8234231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) mediate the renal secretion of drugs. Recent studies suggest that ondansetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist drug used to prevent nausea and vomiting, can inhibit OCT2- and MATE1-mediated transport. The purpose of this study was to test the ability of five 5-HT3 antagonist drugs to inhibit the OCT2 and MATE1 transporters. The transport of the OCT2/MATE1 probe substrate ASP+ was assessed using two models: (1) HEK293 kidney cells overexpressing human OCT2 or MATE1, and (2) MDCK cells transfected with human OCT2 and MATE1. In HEK293 cells, the inhibition of ASP+ uptake by OCT2 listed in order of potency was palonosetron (IC50: 2.6 μM) > ondansetron > granisetron > tropisetron > dolasetron (IC50: 85.4 μM) and the inhibition of ASP+ uptake by MATE1 in order of potency was ondansetron (IC50: 0.1 μM) > palonosetron = tropisetron > granisetron > dolasetron (IC50: 27.4 μM). Ondansetron (0.5–20 μM) inhibited the basolateral-to-apical transcellular transport of ASP+ up to 64%. Higher concentrations (10 and 20 μM) of palonosetron, tropisetron, and dolasetron similarly reduced the transcellular transport of ASP+. In double-transfected OCT2-MATE1 MDCK cells, ondansetron at concentrations of 0.5 and 2.5 μM caused significant intracellular accumulation of ASP+. Taken together, these data suggest that 5-HT3 antagonist drugs may inhibit the renal secretion of cationic drugs by interfering with OCT2 and/or MATE1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessy George
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (B.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Xia Wen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (B.G.); (X.W.)
| | - Edgar A. Jaimes
- Renal Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Melanie S. Joy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; (B.G.); (X.W.)
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-848-445-5518; Fax: +1-732-445-0119
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Cheng Q, Feng X, Meng Q, Li Y, Chen S, Wang G, Nie K. [6]-Gingerol Ameliorates Cisplatin-Induced Pica by Regulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT 3 Receptor System in Rats. Drug Des Devel Ther 2020; 14:4085-4099. [PMID: 33061309 PMCID: PMC7538004 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s270185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE [6]-gingerol is a bioactive compound extracted from ginger, a traditional anti-emetic herb in Chinese medicine. Previous studies have demonstrated that [6]-gingerol can ameliorate chemotherapy-induced pica in rats, although the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. This study is designed to investigate [6]-gingerol's antiemetic mechanism focusing on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) system by evaluating the synthesis, metabolism and reuptake of 5-HT, as well as the mechanism of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor (5-HT3 receptor), in a cisplatin-induced pica model of rats. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into control group (vehicle + saline, Con), [6]-gingerol control group (50 mg/kg [6]-gingerol + saline, G-con), ondansetron control group (2.6 mg/kg ondansetron + saline, O-con), cisplatin model group (vehicle + cisplatin, Model), ondansetron-treated group (2.6 mg/kg ondansetron + cisplatin, O-treated), high dosage of [6]-gingerol-treated group (100 mg/kg [6]-gingerol + cisplatin, GH-treated), and low dosage of [6]-gingerol-treated group (50 mg/kg [6]-gingerol + cisplatin, GL-treated). The rats were administered with [6]-gingerol, ondansetron, and vehicle (3% Tween-80) by gavage twice (7:00 AM and 7:00 PM). One hour after the first treatment (8:00 AM), rats in groups Model, O-treated, GH-treated and GL-treated were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 6 mg/kg cisplatin, and the other groups were injected i.p. with saline of equal volume. The consumption of kaolin of the rats were measured. All the rats were anesthetized by i.p. injection of pentobarbital sodium at 24 h post-cisplatin. After blood samples were taken, medulla oblongata and ileum were removed. The levels of 5-HT and its metabolite 5-HIAA in ileum, medulla oblongata and serum were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). The mRNA expression levels of 5-HT3 receptor, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) were detected by real-time PCR. The protein expression levels and distribution of 5-HT3 receptor, TPH and MAO-A in the medulla oblongata and ileum were measured by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS [6]-gingerol treatment significantly reduced the kaolin ingestion and the increase in 5-HT concentration in rats induced by cisplatin. TPH, MAO-A, SERT, and 5-HT3 receptor are important in 5-HT metabolism, and cisplatin-induced alterations in the associated protein/mRNA levels were restored when treated with [6]-gingerol. CONCLUSION This suggests that the antiemetic effect of [6]-gingerol against cisplatin-induced emesis may be due to 5-HT attenuation via modulating the TPH/MAO-A/SERT/5-HT/5-HT3 receptor system.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiemetics/administration & dosage
- Antiemetics/chemistry
- Antiemetics/pharmacology
- Catechols/administration & dosage
- Catechols/chemistry
- Catechols/pharmacology
- Cisplatin/administration & dosage
- Cisplatin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fatty Alcohols/administration & dosage
- Fatty Alcohols/chemistry
- Fatty Alcohols/pharmacology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Molecular Conformation
- Monoamine Oxidase/analysis
- Monoamine Oxidase/genetics
- Monoamine Oxidase/metabolism
- Pica/chemically induced
- Pica/drug therapy
- Pica/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Serotonin/analysis
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/analysis
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT3/metabolism
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase/analysis
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase/genetics
- Tryptophan Hydroxylase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Cheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodi Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Meng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, People's Republic of China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province 250355, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Siqi Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoen Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Nie
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510006, People's Republic of China
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Grześkowiak T, Zgoła-Grześkowiak A, Rusińska-Roszak D, Zaporowska-Stachowiak I, Jeszka-Skowron M. Fragmentation studies of selected drugs utilized in palliative care. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2018; 24:420-436. [PMID: 30400754 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718812459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The results of research on selected drugs used in palliative care are presented, including fentanyl, tramadol, metoclopramide, hyoscine butylbromide, midazolam, haloperidol, levomepromazine and clonazepam. Interpretation of their ESI mass spectra obtained by the use of a triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer is given. As a result, fragmentation pathways described in the literature are complemented and presented with more details. On their basis, transitions for quantitative analysis are selected and chromatographic conditions for the determination of the palliative care drugs are proposed as well. These results enable future studies on palliative care drugs in elderly patients including both their quantitation in body fluids and easier identification of their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grześkowiak
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Danuta Rusińska-Roszak
- Institute of Technology and Chemical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Jeszka-Skowron
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
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Aleem A, Janbaz KH. Dual mechanisms of anti-muscarinic and Ca ++ antagonistic activities to validate the folkloric uses of Cyperus niveus Retz. as antispasmodic and antidiarrheal. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 213:138-148. [PMID: 29122673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cyperus species are famous for their traditional uses and very commonly used for their anti-spasmodic and anti-diarrheal activities. Cyperus niveus Retz. is used in local traditional system of medicine in Pakistan to treat diarrhea and emesis. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to validate the traditional uses and to provide the possible mechanisms for the medicinal use of Cyperus niveus Retz. as anti-spasmodic, anti-diarrheal and anti emetic. MATERIALS AND METHODS The in-vivo studies of anti-diarrheal, charcoal meal GI transit test and anti-emetic activities were conducted in rats, mice and chicks respectively, while isolated tissues of rabbit's jejunum and rat's ileum were used for in-vitro experiments. Phytochemical analysis was also undertaken. RESULTS The phytochemical study of hydro-ethanolic extract of Cyperus niveus Retz. showed the presence of flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and glycosides. Cn. Cr caused significant inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats (300,500 & 700mg/kg) using loperamide (10mg/kg, p.o) as standard. Cn. Cr also significantly decreased the motility in charcoal meal GI transit test at 100-200mg/kg in mice, using atropine (3.0mg/kg) as positive control. In jejunum tissue, Cn. Cr relaxed carbachol(1µM) and K+(80mM)-induced contractions, similar to the effect of dicyclomine. Pre-incubation of isolated rat ileum tissues with Cn. Cr (0.1mg/mL) caused the corresponding shift of CCh concentration response curve (CRC) to right without decrease in max. response whereas at the concentration of 0.3mg/mL caused the rightward nonparallel shift with max. response suppression, similar to dicyclomine. Antimuscarinic effect was further confirmed when prior administration of Cn. Cr (0.1, 0.3 and 1mg/mL) caused concentration dependent inhibition of induced contractions of carbachol, comparable to atropine (1µM). To confirm the Ca2+ channel blocking (CCB), the rabbit jejunum was pre-incubated with Cn. Cr (0.3 & 1.0mg/mL), produced a shift in CRCs of calcium toward right with decrease in the maximum response at next concentration, similar to that of dicyclomine. The organic fraction of Cyperus niveus Retz. (Cn. Dcm) showed Ca2+ antagonist and anticholinergic activities with higher potency against K+(80mM) induced contractions, like verapamil, while aqueous fraction (Cn. Aq) relaxed only carbachol(1µM) induced contractions with no prominent effect on K+ (80mM)-contractions even at the higher concentration of 10mg/mL, similar to atropine. Cn. Cr also showed significant anti-emetic effect in Chick emesis model using chlorpromazine as standard. CONCLUSION This study shows the presence of antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities in Cyperus niveus Retz. extract, mediated by dual blocking mechanisms of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels. The results further indicate the presence of anti-emetic activity in Cn. Cr, which may be because of its anti-muscarinic potential. This study provides the scientific bases to the traditional use of Cn. Cr in diarrhea and emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambreen Aleem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
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In brief: Severe hypersensitivity reactions with rolapitant IV emulsion (Varubi). Med Lett Drugs Ther 2018; 60:24. [PMID: 29431950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Wu G, Powers D, Yeung S, Chen F, Neelon K. Compatibility and Stability of VARUBI (Rolapitant) Injectable Emulsion Admixed with Intravenous Granisetron Hydrochloride. Int J Pharm Compd 2018; 22:86-94. [PMID: 29385389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prophylaxis or therapy with a combination of a neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist (RA), a 5-hydroxytryptamine- 3 (5-HT3) RA, and dexamethasone is recommended by international antiemesis guidelines for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting for patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy and for select patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. VARUBI (rolapitant) is a substance P/NK-1 RA that was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as an injectable emulsion in combination with other antiemetic agents in adults for the prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including, but not limited to, highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Granisetron Hydrochloride Injection USP is one of the 5-HT3 RAs indicated for the prevention of nausea and/or vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer therapy, including high-dose cisplatin. Herein, we describe the physical and chemical compatibility and stability of VARUBI (rolapitant) injectable emulsion (166.5 mg/92.5 mL [1.8 mg/mL], equivalent to 185 mg of rolapitant hydrochloride) admixed with Granisetron Hydrochloride Injection USP (1.0 mg/mL, equivalent to 1.12 mg/mL hydrochloride). Binary admixtures of VARUBI injectable emulsion and Granisetron Hydrochloride Injection USP were prepared and stored in VARUBI ready-to-use glass vials and in four types of commonly used intravenous administration (tubing) sets. Evaluation of the physical and chemical compatibility and stability of the admixtures in the VARUBI ready-to-use vials stored at room temperature (20°C to 25°C) under fluorescent light and under refrigeration (2°C to 8°C protected from light) was conducted at 0, 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours, and that of the admixtures in the intravenous tubing sets was evaluated at 0, 2, and 6 hours of storage at 20°C to 25°C. Physical stability was evaluated by visual examination of the container contents under normal room light, and measurement of turbidity, globule size, and particulate matter. Chemical stability was assessed by measuring the pH of the admixture and determining drug concentrations (potency) and impurity levels by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The pH, turbidity, globule size, and particulate matter of all samples remained within narrow and acceptable ranges at all study time points, indicating that combining the two formulations into a binary admixture is physically and chemically compatible and stable. VARUBI injectable emulsion admixed with Granisetron Hydrochloride Injection USP demonstrated compatibility and stability in a ready-to-use glass vial for at least 24 hours at room temperature and 48 hours under refrigeration, as well as in the four intravenous tubing sets for at least 6 hours at 20°C to 25°C. No decrease of drug concentration (or potency) of any admixed components occurred in the samples stored at the two conditions and time periods studied based on high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The levels of impurities stayed below the safety limits set by International Conference on Harmonisation during the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Wu
- TESARO, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts.
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Wu G, Powers D, Yeung S, Chen F. Compatibility and Stability of VARUBI (Rolapitant) Injectable Emulsion Admixed with Intravenous Palonosetron Hydrochloride Injection and Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Injection. Int J Pharm Compd 2018; 22:76-85. [PMID: 29385388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prophylaxis or therapy with a combination of a neurokinin 1 (NK-1) receptor antagonist (RA), a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) RA, and dexamethasone is recommended by international antiemesis guidelines for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting for patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy and for selected patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. VARUBI (rolapitant) is a substance P/NK-1 RA that was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as an injectable emulsion in combination with other antiemetic agents in adults for the prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer chemotherapy, including, but not limited to, highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Palonosetron is one of the 5-HT3 RAs indicated for the prevention of nausea and/or vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of emetogenic cancer therapy, including high-dose cisplatin. Herein, we describe the physical and chemical compatibility and stability of VARUBI injectable emulsion (166.5 mg/92.5 mL [1.8 mg/mL, free base], equivalent to 185 mg of rolapitant hydrochloride) admixed with palonosetron injection 0.25 mg free base in 5 mL (equivalent to 0.28 mg hydrochloride salt) and with either 5 mL (20 mg) or 2.5 mL (10 mg) of dexamethasone sodium phosphate. Admixtures were prepared and stored in VARUBI injectable emulsion ready-to-use glass vials as supplied by the rolapitant manufacturer and in four types of commonly used intravenous administration (tubing) sets. Assessment of the physical and chemical compatibility and stability of the admixtures in the VARUBI ready-to-use vials stored at room temperature (20°C to 25°C) under fluorescent light and under refrigeration (2°C to 8°C protected from light) was conducted at 0, 1, 6, 24, and 48 hours, and that of the admixtures in the intravenous tubing sets was evaluated at 0, 2, and 6 hours of storage at 20°C to 25°C. Physical stability was evaluated by visual examination of the container contents under normal room light, and measurement of turbidity, globule size, and particulate matter. Chemical stability was assessed by measuring the pH of the admixture and determining drug concentrations (potency) and impurity levels by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. All samples were physically and chemically compatible throughout the study duration. The pH, turbidity, globule size, and particulate matter of the admixture stayed within narrow and acceptable ranges. VARUBI injectable emulsion admixed with intravenous palonosetron and dexamethasone was chemically and physically stable in the ready-to-use glass vials for at least 24 hours at room temperature and 48 hours under refrigeration, as well as in the four selected intravenous tubing sets for at least 6 hours at room temperature. No decrease of drug concentration (or potency) of any admixed components occurred in the samples stored at the two temperature ranges and time periods studied as measured by high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Wu
- TESARO, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts.
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Marx W, Ried K, McCarthy AL, Vitetta L, Sali A, McKavanagh D, Isenring L. Ginger-Mechanism of action in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:141-146. [PMID: 25848702 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.865590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in antiemetic therapy, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) still poses a significant burden to patients undergoing chemotherapy. Nausea, in particular, is still highly prevalent in this population. Ginger has been traditionally used as a folk remedy for gastrointestinal complaints and has been suggested as a viable adjuvant treatment for nausea and vomiting in the cancer context. Substantial research has revealed ginger to possess properties that could exert multiple beneficial effects on chemotherapy patients who experience nausea and vomiting. Bioactive compounds within the rhizome of ginger, particularly the gingerol and shogaol class of compounds, interact with several pathways that are directly implicated in CINV in addition to pathways that could play secondary roles by exacerbating symptoms. These properties include 5-HT3, substance P, and acetylcholine receptor antagonism; antiinflammatory properties; and modulation of cellular redox signaling, vasopressin release, gastrointestinal motility, and gastric emptying rate. This review outlines these proposed mechanisms by discussing the results of clinical, in vitro, and animal studies both within the chemotherapy context and in other relevant fields. The evidence presented in this review indicates that ginger possesses multiple properties that could be beneficial in reducing CINV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Marx
- a Centre of Dietetics Research, University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland , Australia
- b National Institute of Integrative Medicine , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Karin Ried
- b National Institute of Integrative Medicine , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Alexandra L McCarthy
- c Division of Cancer Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
| | - Luis Vitetta
- d Centre for Integrative Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Queensland , Australia
| | - Avni Sali
- b National Institute of Integrative Medicine , Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Daniel McKavanagh
- e Oncology & Haematology Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital , Queensland , Australia
| | - Liz Isenring
- a Centre of Dietetics Research, University of Queensland , St. Lucia , Queensland , Australia
- f Department of Nutrition & Dietetics , Princess Alexandra Hospital , Queensland , Australia
- g Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University , Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia
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10
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Wu G, Yeung S, Chen F. Compatibility and Stability of Rolapitant Injectable Emulsion Admixed with Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate. Int J Pharm Compd 2017; 21:66-75. [PMID: 28346199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist, and dexamethasone combination therapy is the standard of care for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Herein, we describe the physical and chemical stability of an injectable emulsion of the Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist rolapitant 185 mg in 92.5 mL (free base, 166.5 mg in 92.5 mL) admixed with either 2.5 mL of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (10 mg) or 5 mL of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (20 mg). Admixtures were prepared and stored in two types of container closures (glass and Crystal Zenith plastic bottles) and four types of intravenous administration tubing sets (or intravenous tubing sets). The assessment of the physical and chemical stability was conducted on admixtures packaged in bottled samples stored at room temperature (20°C to 25°C under fluorescent light) and evaluated at 0, 1, and 6 hours. For admixtures in intravenous tubing sets, the assessment of physicochemical stability was performed after 0 and 7 hours of storage at 20°C to 25°C, and then after 20 hours (total 27 hours) under refrigeration (2°C to 8°C) and protected from light. Physical stability was assessed by visually examining the bottle contents under normal room light and measuring turbidity and particulate matter. Chemical stability was assessed by measuring the pH of the admixture and determining drug concentrations through high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Results showed that all samples were physically compatible throughout the duration of the study. The admixtures stayed within narrow and acceptable ranges in pH, turbidity, and particulate matter. Admixtures of rolapitant and dexamethasone were chemically stable when stored in glass and Crystal Zenith bottles for at least 6 hours at room temperature, as well as in the four selected intravenous tubing sets for 7 hours at 20°C to 25°C and then for 20 (total 27 hours) hours at 2°C to 8°C. No loss of potency of any admixed component occurred in the samples stored at the temperature ranges studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Wu
- TESARO Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts.
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Wu G, Yeung S, Chen F. Compatibility and Stability of Rolapitant Injectable Emulsion Admixed with Intravenous Palonosetron Hydrochloride. Int J Pharm Compd 2017; 21:76-82. [PMID: 28346200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 RA, and dexamethasone combination therapy is standard of care for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Herein we describe the physical and chemical stability of rolapitant injectable emulsion 166.5 mg in 92.5 mL (185 mg hydrochloride salt) admixed with palonosetron injection 0.25 mg in 5 mL (0.28 mg hydrochloride salt). Admixtures were prepared and stored in two types of container closures (110-mL Crystal Zenith plastic and glass bottles) and four types of intravenous administration sets (or intravenous tubing sets). Assessment of the physical and chemical stability was conducted on the admixtures in the ready-to-use container closure systems as supplied by the manufacturer, stored at room temperature (20°C to 25°C under fluorescent light), and evaluated at 0, 1, and 6 hours; 1 and 2 days; and under refrigeration (2°C to 8°C protected from light) after 1, 3, and 7 days. For admixtures in intravenous tubing sets, the assessment of physicochemical stability was performed after 0 and 7 hours of storage at 20°C to 25°C initially, and then after 20 hours (total 27 hours) at 2°C to 8°C protected from light. Physical stability was assessed by visual examination of the container contents under normal room light, and measuring turbidity and particulate matter. Chemical stability was assessed by measuring the pH of the admixture and determining drug concentrations and impurity levels with high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The results indicated that all samples were physically compatible throughout the duration of the study. The pH, turbidity, and particulate matter of the admixture stayed within narrow and acceptable ranges. Rolapitant admixed with palonosetron was chemically stable when admixed in glass and Crystal Zenith bottles for at least 48 hours at room temperature and for 7 days under refrigeration, as well as in the four selected intravenous tubing sets for 7 hours at 20°C to 25°C and then for 20 hours at 2°C to 8°C. No loss of potency of any admixed components occurred in the samples stored at the two temperature ranges and time period studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Wu
- TESARO Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts.
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Bossi P, Cortinovis D, Cossu Rocca M, Roila F, Seminara P, Fabi A, Canova S, Verri E, Fatigoni S, Iannace A, Macchi F, Ripamonti C. Searching for Evidence to Support the Use of Ginger in the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. J Altern Complement Med 2016; 22:486-8. [PMID: 27115042 PMCID: PMC4921900 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2015.0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer frequently use dietary supplementation and herbal therapies to control symptoms of disease and adverse effects of cancer therapy. Despite the widespread use of dietary supplementation and herbal therapies in oncology, robust scientific evidence in this area is lacking. Not only do these products need to be tested in large and well-designed observational or randomized studies, but their manufacturing process must be improved to achieve higher levels of standardization in product quality. Ginger is frequently used to counteract chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), and some suggestions that it might be effective against CINV come from randomized and/or crossover clinical trials. However, several limitations in the methods of these studies limit their power and generalizability. The authors are conducting a randomized, double-blind study with a large sample size and homogeneous inclusion criteria in order to evaluate the efficacy of a well-standardized ginger extract in reducing nausea in patients with cancer. The widespread use of standardized herbal therapies and natural components among patients requires that scientific and rigorous research strategies are applied in this field to guide the physicians and the patients in safer use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bossi
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena Verri
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Carla Ripamonti
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milano, Italy
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13
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Hu XX, Liu X, Chu Y, Chen WX, Zhang KW, Wu H. [Antiemetic activity of effective extract and bioactive compounds in ginger]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2016; 41:904-909. [PMID: 28875647 DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20160524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the antiemetic effect of the active extract (ginger ether extract, GEE) and its bioactive compounds in ginger, the pica vomiting model in rats and the gastric emptying model in mice were used to observe the antiemetic effect of GEE in cisplatin-induced pica and gastric emptying, and the main components in GEE were detected by RP-HPLC; in vitro, the antagonist effect of GEE and the four components in it were explored by the contraction of guinea-pig ileum induced by SR57227A and carbachol. The results showed that the amount of Kaolin ingested by rats were declined significantly in all the three groups of GEE (25,50,100 mg•kg⁻¹) (P<0.01), while cisplatin-induced gastric emptying in mice was also suppressed in all the three groups (P<0.01), and 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol,10-gingerol and 6-shogaol were found mainly in GEE by RP-HPLC; the maximum contraction of isolated guinea-pig ileum could be reduced by addition of GEE (2.3, 4.6, 11.5 mg•L⁻¹), 6-gingerol,8-gingerol,10-gingerol or 6-shogaol (1, 2, 5 μmol•L⁻¹) when the concentration of SR5727A was 1×10⁻⁵ mol•L⁻¹ and that of carbachol was 1×10⁻⁴ mol•L⁻¹ (P<0.05, P<0.01). In conclusion, 5-HT3 and M3 receptors could be antagonized by GEE and its bioactive compounds 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol, which may be correlated with the antiemetic mechanism of ginger maybe related to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Xin Hu
- College of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yu Chu
- College of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Xing Chen
- College of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke-Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
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Huvelle S, Godet M, Gillet P, Jamart J, Galanti L, Hecq JD. [Physical compatibility of a mixture of alizapride and dexamethasone in flexible infusion bags of 100 ml of 0.9% NaCl]. J Pharm Belg 2015:38-39. [PMID: 26466508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Daraghmeh N, Chowdhry BZ, Leharne SA, Al Omari MMH, Badwan AA. Co-processed chitin-mannitol as a new excipient for Oro-dispersible tablets. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:1739-64. [PMID: 25830680 PMCID: PMC4413185 DOI: 10.3390/md13041739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the preparation, characterization and performance of a novel excipient for use in oro-dispersible tablets (ODT). The excipient (Cop–CM) consists of chitin and mannitol. The excipient with optimal physicochemical properties was obtained at a chitin: mannitol ratio of 2:8 (w/w) and produced by roll compaction (RC). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform-Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were used to characterize Cop–CM, in addition to characterization of its powder and ODT dosage form. The effect of particle size distribution of Cop–CM was investigated and found to have no significant influence on the overall tablet physical properties. The compressibility parameter (a) for Cop–CM was calculated from a Kawakita plot and found to be higher (0.661) than that of mannitol (0.576) due to the presence of the highly compressible chitin (0.818). Montelukast sodium and domperidone ODTs produced, using Cop–CM, displayed excellent physicochemical properties. The exceptional binding, fast wetting and superdisintegration properties of Cop–CM, in comparison with commercially available co-processed ODT excipients, results in a unique multifunctional base which can successfully be used in the formulation of oro-dispersible and fast immediate release tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Daraghmeh
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., PO Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
- Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime Kent ME44TB, UK.
| | - Babur Z Chowdhry
- Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime Kent ME44TB, UK.
| | - Stephen A Leharne
- Faculty of Engineering & Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham Maritime Kent ME44TB, UK.
| | | | - Adnan A Badwan
- The Jordanian Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Co., PO Box 94, Naor 11710, Jordan.
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Anrys P, Magnette A, Jamart J, Galanti L, Hecq JD. [Physical compatibility of a mixture of alizapride and clorazepate in flexible infusion bags of 100 ml of 5% glucose]. J Pharm Belg 2014:38-39. [PMID: 25226762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Kusakabe A, Nonaka T, Sekino Y, Iida H, Endo H, Koide T, Takahashi H, Fujita K, Yoneda M, Goto A, Gotoh E, Maeda S, Nakajima A, Nosaka C, Inamori M. Effects of ramosetron oral disintegrating tablets on gastric emptying: crossover study using the 13C-acetic acid breath test. Hepatogastroenterology 2014; 61:1279-1282. [PMID: 25436296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Ramosetron is a new selective 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist that reportedly has more potent antiemetic effects than other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ramosetron pretreatment on gastric emptying using the 13C-acetic acid breath test. METHODOLOGY Ten healthy male and female volunteers participated in this randomized, twoway crossover study. After they had fasted overnight, the subjects were randomly assigned to receive 0.1 mg ramosetron 1 hour before ingestion of a test meal (200 kcal per 200 mL, containing 100 mg 13C acetate) or to receive the test meal alone. Under both conditions, breath samples were collected for 150 min following ingestion of the meal. Statistical comparison of the parameters between the two test conditions was performed. RESULTS No significant differences in the calculated parameters, including T 1/2, T lag, GEC or β and κ, were observed between the two test conditions. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that 0.1 mg ramosetron had no significant effect on the rate of gastric emptying. Thus, our results suggest that ramosetron can be administered safely, without gastrointestinal adverse effects, even to terminal cancer patients with delayed or accelerated gastric emptying abnormality.
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Peacock GF, Sauvageot J. Evaluation of the stability of promethazine hydrochloride in pluronic lecithin organogel and the determination of an appropriate beyond-use date. Int J Pharm Compd 2014; 18:345-347. [PMID: 25474864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports indicate that pharmacists are assigning a wide variety of beyond-use dates to extemporaneously compounded medications in topical Pluronic lecithin organogel. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of promethazine in Pluronic lecithin organogel over a period of six months and to determine an appropriate beyond-use date. A stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method for promethazine in Pluronic lecithin organogel was validated in our laboratory. Samples of each formulation were analyzed by high- performance liquid chromatography at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 45, 60, 90, and 180 days. At each time point, the average concentration and average percent of initial concentration were calculated. The beyond-use date was determined at the time period that the samples were physically stable and maintained at least 90% of the initial concentration. Promethazine hydrochloride was chemically stable in Pluronic lecithin organogel for the period of six months. However, the formulation was physically stable only up to 60 days, and the gel matrix showed signs of physical instability at 90 days, therefore, a 60-day beyond-use date is appropriate for this formulation.
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Ahmed S, El-Setouhy DA, El-Latif Badawi AA, El-Nabarawi MA. Provesicular granisetron hydrochloride buccal formulations: in vitro evaluation and preliminary investigation of in vivo performance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 60:10-23. [PMID: 24793896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Granisetron hydrochloride (granisetron) is a potent antiemetic that has been proven to be effective in acute and delayed emesis in cancer chemotherapy. Granisetron suffers from reduced oral bioavailability (≈60%) due to hepatic metabolism. In this study the combined advantage of provesicular carriers and buccal drug delivery has been explored aiming to sustain effect and improve bioavailability of granisetron via development of granisetron provesicular buccoadhesive tablets with suitable quality characteristics (hardness, drug content, in vitro release pattern, exvivo bioadhesion and in vivo bioadhesion behavior). Composition of the reconstituted niosomes from different prepared provesicular carriers regarding type of surfactant used and cholesterol concentration significantly affected both entrapment efficiency (%EE) and vesicle size. Span 80 proniosome-derived niosomes exhibited higher encapsulation efficiency and smaller particle size than those derived from span 20. Also, the effect of %EE and bioadhesive polymer type on in vitro drug release and in vivo performance of buccoadhesive tablets was investigated. Based on achievement of required in vitro release pattern (20-30% at 2h, 40-65% at 6h and 80-95% at 12h), in vivo swelling behavior, and in vivo adhesion time (>14 h) granisetron formulation (F19, 1.4 mg) comprising HPMC:carbopol 974P (7:3) and maltodextrin coated with the vesicular precursors span 80 and cholesterol (9:1) was chosen for in vivo study. In vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed higher bioavailability of buccal formulation relative to conventional oral formulation of granisetron (AUC0-∞ is 89.97 and 38.18 ng h/ml for buccal and oral formulation, respectively). A significantly lower and delayed Cmax (12.09±4.47 ng/ml, at 8h) was observed after buccal application compared to conventional oral tablet (31.66±10.15 ng/ml, at 0.5 h). The prepared provesicular buccoadhesive tablet of granisetron (F19) might help bypass hepatic first-pass metabolism and improve bioavailability of granisetron with the possibility of reducing reported daily dose (2mg) and reducing dosing frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ahmed El-Setouhy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Alia Abd El-Latif Badawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Egypt
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El-Habeeb AA, Al-Saif FA, Refat MS. Charge-transfer interactions of metoclopramide nausea drug against six kind of π-acceptors: spectral and thermal discussions. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 123:455-466. [PMID: 24434200 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The target of this paper is aimed to discuss the fast and newly techniques in order to assessment the metoclopramide (Mcp) nausea drug in pure form in solid and solution shape with different kind of π-acceptors upon charge transfer interactions. Charge-transfer complexes (CTC) of metoclopramide with picric acid (PA), 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinon (DDQ), tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), m-dinitrobenzene (DNB), p-nitrobenzoic acid (p-NBA) and tetrachloro-p-quinon (p-CL) have been studied spectrophotometrically in absolute methanol at room temperature. The stoichiometries of the complexes were found to be 1:1 ratio by the spectrophotometric titration between metoclopramide and represented π-acceptors. The equilibrium constants, molar extinction coefficient (εCT) and spectroscopic-physical parameters (standard free energy (ΔG°), oscillator strength (ƒ), transition dipole moment (μ), resonance energy (RN) and ionization potential (ID)) of the complexes were determined upon the modified Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The results indicate that the formation constants for the complexes depend on the nature of electron acceptors and configuration of drug donor, and also the spectral studies of the complexes were determined by (infrared, Raman, and (1)H NMR) spectra and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The charge-transfer complexes are formed during the interaction of electron-acceptors and electron-donors as result of partial or complete transfer of a negative charge from (D(+)-A(-)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A El-Habeeb
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Princess Nora Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Foziah A Al-Saif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Princess Nora Bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moamen S Refat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Port Said, Port Said University, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, 888 Taif, Saudi Arabia.
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Haniadka R, Saldanha E, Sunita V, Palatty PL, Fayad R, Baliga MS. A review of the gastroprotective effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Food Funct 2013; 4:845-55. [PMID: 23612703 DOI: 10.1039/c3fo30337c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as ginger is an important kitchen spice and also possess a myriad health benefits. The rhizomes have been used since antiquity in the various traditional systems of medicine to treat arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, sore throats, cramps, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases, catarrh, nervous diseases, gingivitis, toothache, asthma, stroke and diabetes. Ginger is also used as home remedy and is of immense value in treating various gastric ailments like constipation, dyspepsia, belching, bloating, gastritis, epigastric discomfort, gastric ulcerations, indigestion, nausea and vomiting and scientific studies have validated the ethnomedicinal uses. Ginger is also shown to be effective in preventing gastric ulcers induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs like indomethacin, aspirin], reserpine, ethanol, stress (hypothermic and swimming), acetic acid and Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric ulcerations in laboratory animals. Various preclinical and clinical studies have also shown ginger to possess anti-emetic effects against different emetogenic stimuli. However, conflicting reports especially in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and motion sickness prevent us from drawing any firm conclusion on its effectiveness as a broad spectrum anti-emetic. Ginger has been shown to possess free radical scavenging, antioxidant; inhibition of lipid peroxidation and that these properties might have contributed to the observed gastroprotective effects. This review summarizes the various gastroprotective effects of ginger and also emphasizes on aspects that warranty future research to establish its activity and utility as a gastroprotective agent in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavendra Haniadka
- Department of Research, Research and Development, Father Muller Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Malik K, Rana V, Singh I. Gum Ghatti--a pharmaceutical excipient: development, evaluation and optimization of sustained release mucoadhesive matrix tablets of domperidone. Acta Pol Pharm 2012; 69:725-737. [PMID: 22876617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to extend the GI residence time of the dosage form and to control the release of domperidone using directly compressible sustained release mucoadhesive matrix (SRMM) tablets. A 2-factor centre composite design (CCD) was employed to study the influence of independent variables like gum ghatti (GG) (X1) and hydroxylpropylmethyl cellulose K 15M (HPMC K 15M) (X2) on dependent variable like mucoadhesive strength, tensile strength, release exponent (n), t50 (time for 50% drug release), rel(10 h) (release after 10 h) and rel(18 h) (release after 18 h). Tablets were prepared by direct compression technology and evaluated for tablet parametric test (drug assay, diameter, thickness, hardness and tensile strength), mucoadhesive strength (using texture analyzer) and in vitro drug release studies. The tensile strength and mucoadhesive strength were found to be increased from 0.665 +/- 0.1 to 1.591 +/- 0.1 MN/cm2 (Z1 to Z9) and 10.789 +/- 0.985 to 50.924 +/- 1.150 N (Z1 to Z9), respectively. The release kinetics follows first order and Hixson Crowell equation indicating drug release following combination of diffusion and erosion. The n varies between 0.834 and 1.273, indicating release mechanism shifts from non fickian (anomalous release) to super case II, which depict that drug follows multiple drug release mechanism. The t50 time was found to increase from 5 +/- 0.12 to 11.4 +/- 0.14 h (Z1 to Z9) and release after 10 and 18 h decreases with increasing concentration of both polymers concluding with release controlling potential of polymers. The accelerated stability studies were performed on optimized formulation as per ICH guideline and the result showed that there was no significant change in tensile strength, mucoadhesive strength and drug assay.
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Baliga MS, Haniadka R, Pereira MM, D'Souza JJ, Pallaty PL, Bhat HP, Popuri S. Update on the chemopreventive effects of ginger and its phytochemicals. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2011; 51:499-523. [PMID: 21929329 DOI: 10.1080/10408391003698669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as ginger, is one of the most widely used spice and condiment. It is also an integral part of many traditional medicines and has been extensively used in Chinese, Ayurvedic, Tibb-Unani, Srilankan, Arabic, and African traditional medicines, since antiquity, for many unrelated human ailments including common colds, fever, sore throats, vomiting, motion sickness, gastrointestinal complications, indigestion, constipation, arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, cramps, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases, and helminthiasis. The putative active compounds are nonvolatile pungent principles, namely gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone. These compounds are some of the extensively studied phytochemicals and account for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, and gastroprotective activities. A number of preclinical investigations with a wide variety of assay systems and carcinogens have shown that ginger and its compounds possess chemopreventive and antineoplastic effects. A number of mechanisms have been observed to be involved in the chemopreventive effects of ginger. The cancer preventive activities of ginger are supposed to be mainly due to free radical scavenging, antioxidant pathways, alteration of gene expressions, and induction of apoptosis, all of which contribute towards decrease in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. This review provides concise information from preclinical studies with both cell culture models and relevant animal studies by focusing on the mechanisms responsible for the chemopreventive action. The conclusion describes directions for future research to establish its activity and utility as a human cancer preventive and therapeutic drug. The above-mentioned mechanisms of ginger seem to be promising for cancer prevention; however, further clinical studies are warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga
- Research and Development, Father Muller Medical College, Father Muller Hospital Road, Kankanady, Mangalore, 575002, Karnataka, India.
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Gavini E, Rassu G, Sanna V, Cossu M, Giunchedi P. Mucoadhesive microspheres for nasal administration of an antiemetic drug, metoclopramide: in-vitro/ex-vivo studies. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 57:287-94. [PMID: 15807983 DOI: 10.1211/0022357055623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microparticulate delivery systems designed for the nasal administration of an antiemetic drug, metoclopramide hydrochloride, were prepared. Microspheres composed of sodium alginate, chitosan hydrochloride, or both, were obtained using a spray-drying method; some batches of drug-free microparticles were prepared as a comparison. The morphology, in-vitro swelling behaviour, mucoadhesive properties and drug release from microparticles were evaluated. Ex-vivo drug permeation tests were carried out using sheep nasal mucosa; permeation test of the drug solution was peformed as comparison. During ex-vivo permeation tests, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were carried out on the nasal mucosa to study the morphological changes of epithelial cells and tight junctions, while the change in microsphere morphology was examined using photostereo microscopy (PM). Spray-dried microparticles had a mean diameter (dvs) in the range of about 3–10 μm. They showed good in-vitro mucoadhesive properties. In-vitro release profiles and swelling behaviour depended on their composition: the drug release occurred in 1–3 h. Ex-vivo studies showed that drug permeation through the mucosa from microparticles based on chitosan was higher than from those consisting of alginate alone. This can be related to the penetration enhancing properties of chitosan. Complexation of chitosan with alginate led to a control of the drug release. Microscopy observation of microspheres during the permeation tests revealed that microparticles swelled and gelled, maintaining their shape. TEM analyses of the mucosa after exposure to the microparticles consisting of alginate/chitosan showed opened tight junctions. This preliminary study shows that alginate/chitosan spray-dried microspheres have promising properties for use as mucoadhesive nasal carriers of an antiemetic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gavini
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Gallardo Lara V, Gallardo MLV, Morales Hernandez ME, Ruiz Martinez MA. Ondansetron: design and development of oral pharmaceutical suspensions. Pharmazie 2009; 64:90-93. [PMID: 19320280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ondansetron is a carbazol with antiemetic properties that acts as a competitive and selective antagonist for the 5 HT3 serotonin receptors. It is used primarily to control nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as in postoperative vomiting in gynecological surgery. The main aim of this work was to obtain a stable, long-acting oral suspension of ondansetron. To prolong the action, latexes are used as transport vehicles, specifically we tested, Aquateric, which comprises mainly cellulose acetophthalate. We prepared a complex drug-polymer, and the release profile of ondansetron was evaluated at acid, basic and acid-basic pH. This complex is additioned to a vehicle with xanthan gum and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa) as thickeners to retard as much as possible particle sedimentation and thus increase physical stability of the suspension. The results obtained for sediment volume and degree of flocculation suggest that xanthan gum provides the best results, with better organolepticcharacteristics, appearance, physical stability and easy redispersability.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gallardo Lara
- Dept. Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
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Late SG, Banga AK. Thermal and non-thermal methods to evaluate compatibility of granisetron hydrochloride with tablet excipients. Pharmazie 2008; 63:453-458. [PMID: 18604989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Compatibility of granisetron hydrochloride with selected excipients was assessed using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) as a thermal screening technique. Non-thermal methods like Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Thin Layer Chromatography were used as complementary techniques to adequately support and assist in interpretation of DSC results. Some drug-excipient interaction was observed with beta-cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin, mannitol, and magnesium stearate in DSC studies. However, further evaluation of these incompatible excipients with non-thermal methods showed that these excipients were compatible with granisetron hydrochloride. Non-thermal methods were, thus, of help in interpreting DSC results and excluding all relevant pharmaceutical incompatibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Late
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Genazzani AA, Billington RA. [Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic features of palonosetron]. Tumori 2008; 94:6-13. [PMID: 18564620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Abstract
Aprepitant, a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors, is the active ingredient of EMEND® which has recently been approved by the FDA for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Aprepitant undergoes extensive metabolism, primarily via CYP3A4 mediated oxidation. It is eliminated primarily by metabolism and is not renally excreted. The apparent terminal half-life in humans ranged from 9 to 13 hours. Early development studies led to the development of a nanoparticle formulation to enhance exposure and minimize food effects. Two large randomized trials accruing 1099 patients studied the effect in patients receiving cisplatin of adding aprepitant to ondansetron and dexamethasone on day 1 then to dexamethasone on days 2 and 3 to control delayed emesis. The complete response of no vomiting and no rescue medication overall from days 1 to 5 improved from 48% to 68% (p < 0.001), a 13% improvement in acute emesis but a 21% improvement in delayed emesis with the improvement from 51% to 72% (p < 0.001). Similarly, 866 patients treated with cyclophosphamide plus either doxorubicin or epirubicin, received either ondansetron, dexamethasone, and aprepitant on day 1 followed by aprepitant on days 2 and 3 or ondansetron and dexamethasone on day 1 and dexamethasone on days 2 and 3. The overall complete response rate over 5 days was better for the aprepitant group 50.8% vs 42.5% (p=0.015). Complete responses were reported in more patients taking aprepitant in both the acute (76% vs 69%, p=0.034) and delayed (55% vs 49%, p=0.064) phases of vomiting. There were no clinically relevant differences in toxicity by adding aprepitant and improvements in the quality of life of patients on chemotherapy were recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Olver
- The Cancer Council Australia, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.
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Alvaro G, Di Fabio R. Neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists--current prospects. Curr Opin Drug Discov Devel 2007; 10:613-21. [PMID: 17786860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of substance P (SP) in 1931, and the later discovery of its preferred neurokinin (NK)1 receptor, led to an intense research effort aimed at elucidating the biological role of SP, particularly within the central nervous system. There is now a large body of evidence to support the hypothesis that SP is one of the most important neurotransmitters and neuromodulators present in the brain. Its pharmacology has been intimately linked to the pathophysiology of several relevant neurological and psychiatric disorders, namely nociception, migraine, asthma, nausea, inflammatory bowel syndrome, urinary incontinence, anxiety and depression. This wide therapeutic potential triggered an unprecedented research effort, both preclinically and clinically, to identify appropriate NK1 receptor antagonists and transform them into effective drugs. To date, despite huge investments made by some of the largest pharmaceutical groups worldwide, aprepitant (MK-869, an anti-emetic agent) remains the only NK1 receptor antagonist on the market. Nevertheless, the 'NK1 receptor antagonist race' is not over, as witnessed by the significant number of patents and scientific publications claiming the discovery of new NK1 receptor antagonists issued in recent years. This review describes the most relevant results obtained in this field in the period 2005 to 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Alvaro
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicine Research Centre, Via Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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Cho E, Gwak H, Chun I. Formulation and evaluation of ondansetron nasal delivery systems. Int J Pharm 2007; 349:101-7. [PMID: 17822864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to formulate and evaluate nasal delivery systems containing ondansetron hydrochloride. In the in vitro study, the permeation rate with the addition of 10% polyethylene glycol 300 (PEG 300) to aqueous solution containing 0.01% benzalkonium chloride (BC) and 10% sulfobutylether beta-cyclodextrin sodium salt (SBCD) was somewhat more rapid up to 1.5h compared to the addition of 10% PG. The permeation flux increased as the drug concentration increased regardless of the vehicles used. The addition of nicotinamide or chitosan to aqueous drug solution (40 mg/ml) with 10% PEG 300 and 0.01% BC rather decreased permeation rate and delayed lag time. Even though cyclodextrins including SBCD or dimethyl-ss-cyclodextrin failed to show permeation enhancing effects of ondansetron hydrochloride, the addition of 10% SBCD to aqueous solution containing 10% PEG 300 and 0.01% BC could be a good candidate for ondansetron nasal delivery systems because of its safety profile, stable storage in refrigerator and solubilizing effect. With the above formulation, the nasal delivery system increased AUC0-2h and Cmax by 2.1 and 1.7 times compared to those of oral delivery, respectively while there was no difference found in AUC0-2h with intravenous administration. Therefore, the nasal delivery system of ondansetron hydrochloride formulated in this study was feasible for nasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 136-714, South Korea
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Trissel LA, Trusley C, Ben M, Kupiec TC. Physical and chemical stability of palonosetron hydrochloride with five opiate agonists during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64:1209-13. [PMID: 17519464 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp060355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The physical and chemical compatibility of palonosetron hydrochloride with fentanyl citrate, hydromorphone hydrochloride, meperidine hydrochloride, morphine sulfate, and sufentanil citrate during simulated Y-site administration was studied. METHODS Test samples were prepared in triplicate by mixing 7.5-mL samples of undiluted palonosetron 50 microg/mL (of palonosetron) with 7.5-mL samples of fentanyl citrate 50 microg/mL, morphine sulfate 15 mg/mL, hydromorphone hydrochloride 0.5 mg/mL, meperidine hydrochloride 10 mg/mL, and sufentanil citrate 12.5 microg/mL (of sufentanil) per milliliter individually in colorless 15-mL borosilicate glass screw-cap culture tubes with polypropylene caps. Physical stability of the admixtures was assessed by visual examination and by measuring turbidity and particle size and content. Chemical stability was assessed by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. Evaluations were performed immediately and one and four hours after mixing. RESULTS All of the admixtures were initially clear and colorless in normal fluorescent room light and when viewed with a high-intensity monodirectional light (Tyndall beam) and were essentially without haze. Changes in turbidity were minor throughout the study. Particulates measuring 10 microm or larger were few in all samples throughout the observation period. The admixtures remained colorless throughout the study. No loss of palonosetron hydrochloride occurred with any of the opiate agonists tested over the four-hour period. Similarly, little or no loss of the opiate agonists occurred over the four-hour period. CONCLUSION Palonosetron hydrochloride was physically and chemically stable with fentanyl citrate, hydromorphone hydrochloride, meperidine hydrochloride, morphine sulfate, and sufentanil citrate during simulated Y-site administration.
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Prakash C, O'Donnell J, Khojasteh-Bakht SC. Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Excretion of a Nonpeptidic Substance P Receptor Antagonist, Ezlopitant, in Normal Healthy Male Volunteers: Characterization of Polar Metabolites by Chemical Derivatization with Dansyl Chloride. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1071-80. [PMID: 17431029 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.015362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The excretion, biotransformation, and pharmacokinetics of ezlopitant [(2-benzhydryl-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)-(5-isopropyl-2-methoxy-benzyl)-amine], a substance P receptor antagonist, were investigated in healthy male volunteers after oral administration of a single 200-mg (approximately 93 microCi/subject) dose of [(14)C]ezlopitant. The total recovery of administered radioactive dose was 82.8 +/- 5.1, with 32.0 +/- 4.2% in the urine and 50.8 +/- 1.4% in the feces. Mean observed maximal serum concentrations for ezlopitant and total radioactivity were achieved at approximately 2 h after oral administration; thus, ezlopitant was rapidly absorbed. Ezlopitant was extensively metabolized in humans, since no unchanged drug was detected in urine and feces. The major pathway of ezlopitant in humans was the result of the oxidation of the isopropyl side chain to form the omega-hydroxy and omega-1-hydroxy (M16) metabolites. M16 and omega,omega-1-dihydroxy (1,2-dihydroxy, M12) were identified as the major circulating metabolites accounting for 64.6 and 15.4% of total circulating radioactivity, respectively. In feces, the major metabolite M14 was characterized as the propionic acid metabolite and formed by further oxidation of the omega-hydroxy metabolite. The urinary metabolites were the result of cleaved metabolites caused by oxidative dealkylation of the 2-benzhydryl-1-aza-bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl moiety. The metabolites (M1A, M1B, and M4), approximately 34% of the total radioactivity in urine, were identified as benzyl amine derivatives. These were polar metabolites that were further characterized using the reaction with dansyl chloride to derivatize the primary amines and phenol moieties to less polar analytes. The other metabolites were the result of O-demethylation, dehydrogenation of the isopropyl group, and oxidation on the quinuclidine moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Prakash
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Cao SL, Zhang QZ, Jiang XG. Preparation of ion-activated in situ gel systems of scopolamine hydrobromide and evaluation of its antimotion sickness efficacy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:584-90. [PMID: 17376300 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop a novel, in situ gel system for nasal delivery of scopolamine hydrobromide (SCOP) and study its efficacy on motion sickness. METHODS SCOP in situ gels at 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1.0% gellan gum concentration (w/v) were prepared, respectively, and characterized in terms of viscosity, in vitro release, and nasal ciliotoxicity. Single photon emission computing tomography technique was used to evaluate the nasal residence time of gel containing (99m)Tc tracer. The antimotion sickness efficacy produced by the in situ gel formulation was investigated in rats and compared with those achieved after subcutaneous and oral administration. RESULTS The viscosity of the gellan gum formulations either in solution or in gel increased with increasing concentrations of gellan gum. Its release in vitro was moderate in artificial nasal fluid. The micrographic results showed that in situ gels were safe, without nasal ciliotoxicity. In comparison with phosphate buffer saline, a prolonged radioactivity of (99m)Tc in the rabbit nasal cavity was observed after administration of the gellan gum formulation. Intranasal SCOP in situ gel at a dose of 100 microg/kg decreased symptoms of motion sickness significantly in comparison with subcutaneous and oral administration (P<0.01). CONCLUSION SCOP nasal in situ gel is a safe and promising therapeutic alternative to existing medications for motion sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-lei Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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Costantino HR, Illum L, Brandt G, Johnson PH, Quay SC. Intranasal delivery: physicochemical and therapeutic aspects. Int J Pharm 2007; 337:1-24. [PMID: 17475423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interest in intranasal (IN) administration as a non-invasive route for drug delivery continues to grow rapidly. The nasal mucosa offers numerous benefits as a target issue for drug delivery, such as a large surface area for delivery, rapid drug onset, potential for central nervous system delivery, and no first-pass metabolism. A wide variety of therapeutic compounds can be delivered IN, including relatively large molecules such as peptides and proteins, particularly in the presence of permeation enhancers. The current review provides an in-depth discussion of therapeutic aspects of IN delivery including consideration of the intended indication, regimen, and patient population, as well as physicochemical properties of the drug itself. Case examples are provided to illustrate the utility of IN dosing. It is anticipated that the present review will prove useful for formulation scientists considering IN delivery as a delivery route.
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Gazy AA, Hassan EM, Abdel-Hay MH, Belal TS. Differential pulse cathodic voltammetric determination of floctafenine and metopimazine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 43:1535-9. [PMID: 17161576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2006] [Revised: 11/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and sensitive voltammetric method for the determination of floctafenine (FFN) and metopimazine (MPZ) was developed. Well-defined cathodic waves were obtained for both drugs in Britton-Robinson buffer pH 9.0 using the differential-pulse mode at the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE). The current-concentration relationship was found to be linear over the ranges 0.4-3.6 and 0.4-2.4 microg ml(-1) for FFN and MPZ, respectively. The quantification of the two drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations was carried out using the proposed voltammetric method and compared with spectrophotometric analysis data. The mechanisms of the electrode reactions for the two drugs were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A Gazy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Elmessalah 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Crockett SL, Schühly W, Bauer R. [Contents, molecular action mechanism and clinical evidence. Plant derived antiemetics]. Pharm Unserer Zeit 2007; 36:381-8. [PMID: 17722145 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200700235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Crockett
- Bereich Pharmakognosie, Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Universitätsplatz 4/1, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, A-8010 Graz, Osterreich.
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Zettl H, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Siebert CD. [From cocaine to innovative antiemetics. The medicinal chemistry of 5-ht3 receptor antagonists]. Pharm Unserer Zeit 2007; 36:354-61. [PMID: 17722162 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.200700231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Zettl
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Zentrum für Arzneimittelforschung, Entwicklung und Sicherheit, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt
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Zaki NM, Awad GAS, Mortada ND, Abd ElHady SS. Rapid-onset intranasal delivery of metoclopramide hydrochloride. Part I. Influence of formulation variables on drug absorption in anesthetized rats. Int J Pharm 2006; 327:89-96. [PMID: 16942844 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intranasal (IN) administration is a promising approach for rapid-onset delivery of medications and to circumvent their first-pass elimination when taken orally. Metoclopramide (MCP) is a potent antiemetic, effective even for preventing emesis induced by cancer chemotherapy. The feasibility of developing an efficacious intranasal formulation of metoclopramide has been undertaken in this study. The nasal absorption of MCP was studied in anesthetized rats over 60min using the in vivo in situ technique. The influence of several formulation variables, vis., pH and the addition of preservative, viscosity and absorption enhancing agents on the nasal MCP absorption was examined. The data obtained showed that MCP was well absorbed nasally where almost 90% of the drug was absorbed after 60min from the rat nasal cavity. The MCP absorption was pH-dependant such that the apparent first-order rate constant of absorption (K(app)) was almost tripled when the pH of the solution was increased from 5 to 8. However, deviation from the classical pH-partition theory was observed pointing to the role of aqueous pore pathway in MCP nasal absorption. The K(app) was significantly increased (P<0.05) by incorporation of 0.01% of the preservative benzalkonium chloride. Conversely, increasing the solution viscosity by the use of hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose adversely affected the rate of absorption. The use of enhancers namely sodium deoxycholate, sodium cholate, chitosan low and high molecular weight, protamine sulphate and poly-l-arginine resulted in significant increase in MCP absorption. The highest promoting effect was observed with the bile salt sodium deoxycholate where about 92% of the drug was absorbed in 25min from the rat nasal cavity and the K(app) showed more than two-fold increase as compared to control (from 0.0452 to 0.1017min(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Zaki
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
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Maquille A, Slegers C, Habib JL, Tilquin B. Electron Beam and Gamma Radiolysis of Solid-State Metoclopramide. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1343-9. [PMID: 16741660 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Study the radiolysis of solid-state metoclopramide hydrochloride at various absorbed doses. Elucidate the structure of the degradation products to gain information on the radiolysis mechanisms. METHODS Solid-state metoclopramide samples were irradiated at several doses with gamma rays and high-energy electrons to evaluate the influence of the dose rate. High-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector was used to measure the chemical potency as a function of the absorbed dose and to quantify the degradation products. The characterization of degradation products was performed by liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS The degradation of solid-state metoclopramide after irradiation was negligible. No qualitative or quantitative differences were observed between gamma and electron beam irradiations (no dose rate effect). Four degradation products that were similar to metoclopramide were detected in trace levels (below 0.1% of the drug concentration) and were not unique to irradiation because they were found in lower amounts in unirradiated metoclopramide. The major degradation product formed after radiation was due to the loss of the chlorine atom from the metoclopramide molecule. CONCLUSION Solid-state metoclopramide is radioresistant from a chemical point of view and therefore could be a suitable candidate for radiosterilization studies by either gamma rays or high-energy electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubert Maquille
- Unité d'Analyse Chimique et Physico-chimique des Médicaments CHAM 7230, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 72, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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Negro S, Reyes R, Azuara ML, Sánchez Y, Barcia E. Morphine, haloperidol and hyoscine N-butyl bromide combined in s.c. infusion solutions: Compatibility and stability. Int J Pharm 2006; 307:278-84. [PMID: 16297583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The administration of drugs by subcutaneous infusion is routinely practiced in palliative medicine for the management of patients who are no longer able to take oral medication. It is common for two or more drugs to be combined in subcutaneous solutions. The combination of an opioid with other drugs (haloperiol lactate and hyoscine N-butyl bromide) can be very valuable. Unfortunately, the compatibility and stability of morphine hydrochloride, haloperidol lactate and hyoscine N-butyl bromide combined in the same solution has not yet been determined. Therefore, this study examined the stability of ternary solutions containing morphine HCl, haloperidol lactate and hyoscine N-butyl bromide at different dose ranges. Twelve different solutions were assessed for 15 days after preparation in polypropylene syringes using 0.9% saline as diluent. Triplicate syringes were stored at 25 degrees C. HPLC was the analytical technique used to measure morphine HCl, haloperidol lactate and hyoscine N-butyl bromide. Initial concentration ranges were 1.67-10.0 mg/ml for morphine HCl, 0.417-0.625 mg/ml for haloperidol lactate and, 5.0-6.67 mg/ml for hyoscine N-butyl bromide. All three drugs were very stable (>92.5%) when stored at 25 degrees C. The clinical performance of the admixture was retrospectively assessed in 21 terminal oncology patients. Total symptom control was achieved in 17 out of 21 patients with very good local tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Negro
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Hollingworth GJ, Carlson EJ, Castro JL, Chicchi GG, Clark N, Cooper LC, Dirat O, Salvo JD, Elliott JM, Kilburn R, Kurtz MM, Rycroft W, Tattersall FD, Tsao KL, Swain CJ. Novel lactam NK1 antagonists with anti-emetic activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 16:1197-201. [PMID: 16384700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4,4-disubstituted cyclohexylamine NK(1) antagonists containing a lactam ring is described. The compounds are brain penetrant and activity is demonstrated in a ferret emesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Hollingworth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, The Neuroscience Research Centre, Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.
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Zheng HS, Bi DZ. [Preparation of ondansetron hydrochloride osmotic pump tablets and their in vitro drug release]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2005; 40:1080-4. [PMID: 16496669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To prepare ondansetron hydrochloride osmotic pump tablets (OND-OPT) and investigate their in vitro drug release behavior. METHODS OND-OPT were prepared with a single punch press and pan coating technique. Osmotic active agents and plasticizer of coating film were chosen by drug release tests. The effects of the number, position and direction of drug release orifice on release behavior were investigated. The relation between drug release duration and thickness of coating film, PEG content of coating film and size of drug release orifice was established by uniform design experiment. The surface morphological change of coating film before and after drug release test was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The osmotic pumping release mechanism of OND-OPT was confirmed by drug release test with high osmotic pressure medium. RESULTS Lactose-mannitol (1:2) was chosen as osmotic active agents and PEG400 as plasticizer of coating film. The direction of drug release orifice had great effect on the drug release of OND-OPT without HPMC, and had no effect on the drug release of OND-OPT with HPMC. The OND-OPT with one drug release orifice at the centre of the coating film on one surface of tablet released their drug with little fluctuation. The drug release duration of OND-OPT correlated with thickness of coating film and PEG content of coating film, and didn't correlate significantly with the size of drug release orifice. OND-OPT released their drug with osmotic pumping mechanism predominantly. CONCLUSION OND-OPT are able to realize ideal controlled drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-sheng Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Bougouin C, Thelcide C, Crespin-Maillard F, Maillard C, Kinowski JM, Favier M. Compatibility of ondansetron hydrochloride and methylprednisolone sodium succinate in multilayer polyolefin containers. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005; 62:2001-5. [PMID: 16174836 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp040446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The compatibility of ondansetron hydrochloride and methylprednisolone sodium succinate in 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection was studied. METHODS Test solutions of ondansetron hydrochloride 0.16 mg/mL and methylprednisolone sodium succinate 2.4 mg/mL were prepared in triplicate and tested in duplicate. Total volumes of 4 and 2 mL of ondansetron hydrochloride solution and methylprednisolone sodium succinate solution, respectively, were added to 50-mL multilayer polyolefin bags containing 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Bags were stored for 24 hours at 20-25 degrees C and for 48 hours at 4-8 degrees C. Chemical compatibility was measured with high-performance liquid chromatography, and physical compatibility was determined visually. RESULTS Ondansetron hydrochloride was stable for up to 24 hours at 20-25 degrees C and up to 48 hours at 4-8 degrees C. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate was stable for up to 48 hours at 4-8 degrees C. When stored at 20-25 degrees C, methylprednisolone sodium succinate was stable for up to 7 hours in 5% dextrose injection and up to 24 hours in 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Compatibility data for solutions containing ondansetron hydrochloride plus methylprednisolone sodium succinate revealed that each drug was stable for up to 24 hours at 20-25 degrees C and up to 48 hours at 4-8 degrees C. CONCLUSION Ondansetron 0.16 mg/mL (as the hydrochloride) and methylprednisolone 2.4 mg/mL (as the sodium succinate) mixed in 50-mL multilayer polyolefin bags were stable in both 5% dextrose injection and 0.9% sodium chloride injection for up to 24 hours at 20-25 degrees C and up to 48 hours at 4-8 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bougouin
- Pharmacy Service, Caremeau Hospital Medical Center, Place du Professeur Debré, 3000 Nîmes, France
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Li X, Blondino FE, Hindle M, Soine WH, Byron PR. Stability and characterization of perphenazine aerosols generated using the capillary aerosol generator. Int J Pharm 2005; 303:113-24. [PMID: 16139453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Perphenazine (a potent antiemetic) was aerosolized using capillary aerosol generator to generate respirable condensation aerosols from drug in propylene glycol (PG) solutions, by pumping the liquids through a heated capillary tube. The study characterized the stability of perphenazine during and following aerosol generation. The stability-indicating HPLC method (C-8 column with a mobile phase of 52% 0.01 M pH 3.0 acetate buffer+48% acetonitrile) also enabled the study of perphenazine stability in solution under acidic, basic, oxidizing and photolysing conditions. An LC-MS (ESI+) method was used to characterize the degradation products. Perphenazine was found to be stable in acidic and basic conditions, while perphenazine sulfoxide was the major product formed in dilute peroxide solutions. Two photo-degradation products were formed in PG that were tentatively identified by LC-MS; one of these was synthesized and confirmed to be 2-[4-(3-phenothiazin-10-yl-propyl)-piperazino]-ethanol. Both photolysis products showed that aromatic dechlorination had occurred and one appeared to also result from interaction with the solvent. Within an aerosolization energy window of 84-95 J, fine particle aerosols were generated from perphenazine PG formulations with no significant degradation. Small amounts of degradation products were produced in all samples during aerosolization at elevated (non-optimal) energies. These were largely consistent with those seen to result from oxidation and photolysis in solution, showing that oxidation and dehalogenation appeared to be the main degradation pathways followed when the CAG system was overheated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Li
- Aerosol Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980533, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Wahdan T, El-Ghany NA. “Determination of domperidone in tablet dosage form by anodic differential pulse voltammetry”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:830-3. [PMID: 16139278 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A differential pulse voltammetric method was described for the determination of domperidone. The method was based on the anodic oxidation of domperidone on a glassy carbon electrode at +0.64 V vs. SCE in Britton-Robinson buffer solution of pH 2.3. The reversibility of the oxidation was tested by cyclic voltammetry; the electrode process is irreversible and diffusion-adsorption controlled. Calibrations are linear over the range 1.0 x 10(-6)-2.0 x 10(-5) M of domperidone with a detection limit of 4.0 x 10(-7) M. The method was applied, without any interference from the excipients, to the determination of the drug in a tablet dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Wahdan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Suez Canal University, 45111 Al-Arish, Egypt.
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Xu QA, Trissel LA. Compatibility of palonosetron with cyclophosphamide and with ifosfamide during simulated Y-site administration. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2005; 62:1998-2000. [PMID: 16174835 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The physical and chemical compatibility of palonosetron with cyclophosphamide and with ifosfamide during simulated Y-site administration was studied. METHODS Test samples were prepared in triplicate by mixing 7.5 mL of palonosetron hydrochloride 50 microg (of palonosetron) per milliliter with 7.5 mL of cyclophosphamide 10 mg/mL and with ifosfamide 20 mg/mL. Physical stability was assessed by turbidimetry, particle sizing, and visual inspection. Chemical stability was assessed by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. Evaluations were performed immediately and one and four hours after mixing. RESULTS The samples were clear and colorless when viewed in normal fluorescent room light and when viewed with a high-intensity monodirectional light. Turbidity remained unchanged, and particulate content was low and exhibited little change. Palonosetron, cyclophosphamide, and ifosfamide remained chemically stable throughout the four-hour test period. CONCLUSION Palonosetron hydrochloride was physically compatible with cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide during simulated Y-site administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanyun A Xu
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Grimling B, Pluta J. Study on interaction of gastrointestinal agents in the presence of cytoprotective drugs. Part III. In vitro study on the adsorption of selected prokinetic drugs on sucralfate. Acta Pol Pharm 2005; 62:69-73. [PMID: 16022497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Adsorbance of certain prokinetic drugs, regulating the motility of the digestive tract, on a cytoprotective drug--sucralfate was investigated. The evaluation of adsorbance capability was carried out by means of a statistical method in in vitro conditions, taking into account environmental pH, concentration of the investigated drugs as well as the form of sucralfate. Obtained results prove that the analyzed active agents are adsorbed on sucralfate at all the investigated pH ranges and the capability of sucralfate binding depends on its form and environmental pH. The highest binding capability was revealed by samples with pH = 3.6 in the presence of sucralfate in the form of suspension, while the lowest binding capability was observed at pH = 1.5 in the presence of sucralfate in the form of paste. The adsorbance capacity of sucralfate (k) at pH = 3.6 is the highest for cisaprid (k = 8.5) and it is significantly lower for metoclopramide (k = 1.5)
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozena Grimling
- Department of Applied Pharmacy, Medical University of Wrocław, 38 Szewska Str., 50-139 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract
The effects of vehicles and penetration enhancers on the in vitro permeation of ondansetron hydrochloride (OS) across dorsal hairless mouse skins were investigated. Various types of vehicles, including ester, alcohol, and ether and their mixtures were used, and then a series of fatty acids and fatty alcohols were employed as enhancers. Among pure vehicles used, water and ethanol showed high permeation fluxes, which were 48.2+/-23.7 and 41.9+/-17.9 microg/cm2 per h, respectively. Even though propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC) alone did not show a high permeation rate, the skin permeability of OS was increased by the addition of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DGME); the highest flux was achieved at 40% of DGME. Also, the combination of PGMC and ethanol (80:20) or PGMC and propylene glycol (PG) (60:40) increased the permeation flux by six- and two-fold, respectively, compared to PGMC alone. The synergistic enhancement was also obtained by using PG-oleyl alcohol (OAl) cosolvent. The greatest flux was attained by the addition of unsaturated fatty acids at 3% concentration to PG. The enhancement factors with the addition of oleic acid or linoleic acid to PG were about 1250 and 450, respectively. But saturated fatty acids failed to show a significant enhancing effect. When the PGMC-DGME (60:40) cosolvent system was used as a vehicle, all fatty acids, including unsaturated fatty acids, failed to show significant enhancing effects. The results indicate that the combinations of oleic acid, linoleic acid, or oleyl alcohol with PG, or PGMC-DGME (60:40) cosolvent could be used for the design of the OS transdermal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sun Gwak
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
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