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Qin Q, Zhang X, Gao B, Liu W, Han L, Sing SL, Liu X. Insight into the effect of different nanocellulose types on protein-based bionanocomposite film properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:127944. [PMID: 37951448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of five different types of nanocellulose on the properties of protein-based bionanocomposite films (PBBFs) and the mechanism of action. The results show that TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (TNC) PBBFs have the smoothest surface structure. This is because some hydroxyl groups in TNC are converted to carboxyl groups, increasing hydrogen bonding and cross-linking with proteins. Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) PBBFs have the highest crystallinity. Filamentous BNC can form an interlocking network with protein, promoting effective stress transfer in the PBBFs with maximum tensile strength. The PBBFs of lignin nanocellulose (LNC) have superior elasticity due to the presence of lignin, which gives them the greatest creep properties. The PBBFs of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have the largest water contact angle. This is because the small particle size of CNC can be uniformly distributed in the protein matrix. The different types of nanocellulose differ in their microscopic morphology and the number of hydroxyl groups and hydrogen bonding sites on their surfaces. Therefore, there are differences in the spatial distribution and the degree of intermolecular cross-linking of different types of nanocellulose in the protein matrix. This is the main reason for the differences in the material properties of PBBFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Qin
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Xinyan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China.
| | - Bing Gao
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wenying Liu
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lujia Han
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Swee Leong Sing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Xian Liu
- Laboratory of Biomass and Bioprocessing Engineering, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Zhang W, Wang T, Jiang Z, Gao X, Sun C, Zhang L. Green Preparation and Functional Properties of Reinforced All-Cellulose Membranes Made from Corn Straw. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:16. [PMID: 38248706 PMCID: PMC10821472 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, all-cellulose nanocomposite (ACNC) was successfully prepared through a green and sustainable approach by using corn stalk as raw material, water as regeneration solvent, and recyclable two-component ionic liquid/DMSO as the solvent to dissolve cellulose. The morphology and structural properties of ACNC were determined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis, indicating homogeneity and good crystallinity. In addition, a comprehensive characterization of ACNC showed that CNF not only improved the thermal stability and mechanical characteristics of ACNC, but also significantly improved the oxygen barrier performance. The ACNC prepared in this work has a good appearance, smooth surface, and good optical transparency, which provides a potential application prospect for converting cellulose wastes such as corn straws into biodegradable packaging materials and electronic device encapsulation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhang
- College of Materials, Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Tianhao Wang
- College of Materials, Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Zeming Jiang
- College of Materials, Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Xin Gao
- College of Materials, Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (T.W.)
| | - Changxia Sun
- College of Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- College of Materials, Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.Z.); (T.W.)
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Li B, Liu G, Tang X, Zhang H, Gao X. Facile preparation of all cellulose composite with excellent mechanical and antibacterial properties via partial dissolution of corn-stalk biomass. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 228:89-98. [PMID: 36565828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
All-cellulose composite (ACC) was directly fabricated by the partial-dissolution welding of cellulose microfibers from agro-residual corn stalks treated with low-concentration ZnCl2 solvent (10-40 %). The solvent infiltrated deeply into nano/micro-scaled pores of cellulose fibers to facilitate the free migration of the disordered chains among the cellulose network while leaving the fiber core undissolved. Then, these disordered chains would entangle and regenerate to serve as a welded layer to bond the undissolved microfibril core in the solvent removal process. Such welding achieved exceptional mechanical (the tensile strength and Young's modulus of 49.9 MPa and 6.6 GPa, respectively), antibacterial (log removal value (LRV) of 4.8 and 3.0 for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively) and biodegradable properties of the multifunctional ACCs. It is worthwhile noting that the excellent antimicrobial effect is attributed to the sufficient contact of these microbes with ZnO NPs that were converted from the residual Zn2+ in ACCs. After five recycling processes, the elimination efficiency could still maintain a high LRV of 2.0-3.8. This high durability of ACC microbicidal activity was originated from strong twining interactions of cellulosic fibrils with in-situ synthesized ZnO NPs. This strategy was proven to be a facile and economical pathway to fabricate functional all-cellulose composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Gaozhe Liu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Tang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Li S, Qiao L, Liang C, Zhao L, Du K. Boronate-immobilized cellulose nanofiber-reinforced cellulose microspheres for pH-dependent adsorption of glycoproteins. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 298:120068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Uusi-Tarkka EK, Levanič J, Heräjärvi H, Kadi N, Skrifvars M, Haapala A. All-Cellulose Composite Laminates Made from Wood-Based Textiles: Effects of Process Conditions and the Addition of TEMPO-Oxidized Nanocellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193959. [PMID: 36235906 PMCID: PMC9572299 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All-cellulose composites (ACCs) are manufactured using only cellulose as a raw material. Biobased materials are more sustainable alternatives to the petroleum-based composites that are used in many technical and life-science applications. In this study, an aquatic NaOH-urea solvent system was used to produce sustainable ACCs from wood-based woven textiles with and without the addition of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose (at 1 wt.-%). This study investigated the effects of dissolution time, temperature during hot press, and the addition of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose on the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites. The results showed a significant change in the tensile properties of the layered textile composite at dissolution times of 30 s and 1 min, while ACC elongation was the highest after 2 and 5 min. Changes in hot press temperature from 70 °C to 150 °C had a significant effect: with an increase in hot press temperature, the tensile strength increased and the elongation at break decreased. Incorporating TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose into the interface of textile layers before partial dissolution improved tensile strength and, even more markedly, the elongation at break. According to thermal analyses, textile-based ACCs have a higher storage modulus (0.6 GPa) and thermal stabilization than ACCs with nanocellulose additives. This study highlights the important roles of process conditions and raw material characteristics on the structure and properties of ACCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija-Katriina Uusi-Tarkka
- School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaka Levanič
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Wood Science and Technology, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Nawar Kadi
- Department of Textile Technology, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, S-50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Mikael Skrifvars
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, Faculty of Textiles, Engineering and Business, University of Borås, S-50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Antti Haapala
- School of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science and Forestry, University of Eastern Finland, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland
- FSCN Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
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Bian H, Yang Y, Tu P, Chen JY. Value-Added Utilization of Wheat Straw: From Cellulose and Cellulose Nanofiber to All-Cellulose Nanocomposite Film. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050475. [PMID: 35629801 PMCID: PMC9146936 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To accelerate the high value-added usage of agricultural residue, cellulose and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were extracted from wheat straw and then formed into all-cellulose nanocomposite films. The acid–alkali method (AM) and the extraction method (EM) were respectively adopted to prepare wheat straw cellulose (WSC), and the TEMPO oxidation method was used to extract CNFs. The nanocomposite films were fabricated by dissolving WSC and adding different CNF contents of 0.0, 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0%. There was a better miscibility for the all-cellulose nanocomposite film prepared by EM (Composite-E) compared to that for the all-cellulose nanocomposite film prepared by AM (Composite-A). Composite-E also showed a better optical transparency than Composite-A. The thermal stability of the two RWSCs presented contrary results when the CNFs were added, indicating a higher thermal stability for Composite-E than for Composite-A. This should have determined the properties of the films in which Cellulose I and Cellulose II coexisted for the all-cellulose nanocomposite films, and the forming mechanism of Cellulose II and crystallinity were determined by the cellulose-extracting method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy also showed that there was more Cellulose I in Composite-E than in Composite-A. The results are expected to enrich the data for deep processing of agricultural residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Bian
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yanyan Yang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.B.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Peng Tu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (H.B.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jonathan Y. Chen
- School of Human Ecology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (J.Y.C.)
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Lu S, Ma T, Hu X, Zhao J, Liao X, Song Y, Hu X. Facile extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from agricultural waste sugarcane straw. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:312-321. [PMID: 34096072 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane straw is an available but largely ignored lignocellulosic biomass to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with highly crystalline, tunable surface chemistries and a wide-ranging adaptability. Herein, we utilized sugarcane straw to obtain pure cellulose via purification processes, followed by subsequent preparation of CNCs via sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The properties of the purified fibers and obtained CNCs were assessed by their composition, morphology, chemical structure, crystallinity and thermal stability. RESULTS After the purification process, alkali-treated fibers (ATFs) contained 886.33 ± 1.25 g kg-1 cellulose, and its morphological analysis revealed a smooth and slender fibrous structure. The CNCs obtained by treatment with 64 wt% sulfuric acid at 45 °C for 60 min were isolated in a yield of 21.8%, with a diameter and length of 6 to 10 nm and 160 to 200 nm, respectively. Moreover, crystallinity index of these CNCs reached 62.66%, and thermal stability underwent a two-step degradation. Short-term ultrasonication after hydrolysis was employed to enhance isolation of the CNC particles and improve the anionic charge with higher value -38.00 mV. CONCLUSION Overall, isolation and characterization results indicated the potential for CNCs preparation using sugarcane straw, in addition to offering a fundamental understanding of this material and indicating potential applications. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xinna Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Climate change, waste disposal challenges, and emissions generated by the manufacture of non-renewable materials are driving forces behind the production of more sustainable composite materials. All-cellulose composites (ACCs) originate from renewable biomass, such as trees and other plants, and are considered fully biodegradable. Dissolving cellulose is a common part of manufacturing ACCs, and currently there is a lot of research focused on effective, but also more environmentally friendly cellulose solvents. There are several beneficial properties of ACC materials that make them competitive: light weight, recyclability, low toxicity, good optical, mechanical, and gas barrier properties, and abundance of renewable plant-based raw material. The most prominent ACC applications are currently found in the food packing, medical, technical and vehicle industries. All-cellulose nanocomposites (ACNCs) expand the current research field and can offer a variety of more specific and functional applications. This review provides an overview of the manufacture of sustainable ACCs from lignocellulose, purified cellulose, and cellulosic textiles. There is an introduction of the cellulose dissolution practices of creating ACCs that are currently researched, the structure of cellulose during complete or partial dissolution is discussed, and a brief overview of factors which influence composite properties is presented.
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Zainul Armir NA, Zulkifli A, Gunaseelan S, Palanivelu SD, Salleh KM, Che Othman MH, Zakaria S. Regenerated Cellulose Products for Agricultural and Their Potential: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3586. [PMID: 34685346 PMCID: PMC8537589 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant natural polymers with excellent biocompatibility, non-toxicity, flexibility, and renewable source. Regenerated cellulose (RC) products result from the dissolution-regeneration process risen from solvent and anti-solvent reagents, respectively. The regeneration process changes the cellulose chain conformation from cellulose I to cellulose II, leads the structure to have more amorphous regions with improved crystallinity, and inclines towards extensive modification on the RC products such as hydrogel, aerogel, cryogel, xerogel, fibers, membrane, and thin film. Recently, RC products are accentuated to be used in the agriculture field to develop future sustainable agriculture as alternatives to conventional agriculture systems. However, different solvent types and production techniques have great influences on the end properties of RC products. Besides, the fabrication of RC products from solely RC lacks excellent mechanical characteristics. Thus, the flexibility of RC has allowed it to be homogenously blended with other materials to enhance the final products' properties. This review will summarize the properties and preparation of potential RC-based products that reflect its application to replace soil the plantation medium, govern the release of the fertilizer, provide protection on crops and act as biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amira Zainul Armir
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.Z.A.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Amalia Zulkifli
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.Z.A.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Shamini Gunaseelan
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.Z.A.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Swarna Devi Palanivelu
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.Z.A.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (S.D.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Kushairi Mohd Salleh
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.Z.A.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (S.D.P.)
| | - Muhamad Hafiz Che Othman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sarani Zakaria
- Bioresources and Biorefinery Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.Z.A.); (A.Z.); (S.G.); (S.D.P.)
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Driving Mechanism of Farmers’ Utilization Behaviors of Straw Resources—An Empirical Study in Jilin Province, the Main Grain Producing Region in the Northeast Part of China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13052506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the unsustainable behaviors of straw utilization have led to waste straw being one of the sources of agricultural non-point source pollution. Studying the resource utilization of crop straw is conducive to expediate the development of ecological and green agriculture. More importantly, it has long-term significance for the recycling of agricultural waste, improving the quality of rural life, and the employment of farmers. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), taking the representative survey questionnaire of farmers in Jilin Province, China as the sample, the structural equation model (SEM) was constructed to study the main factors that drive the utilization behaviors of straw resources of farmers and to explore the driving mechanism of the farmers behaviors in Jilin Province. The results show that the behavioral attitude and subjective norms of farmers in Jilin Province not only indirectly affect their actual behaviors through behavioral willingness, but also has significant direct effects on their behaviors. The most critical factors that affect the willingness of farmers to utilize the straw resources in Jilin Province are subjective norms and moral responsibilities. The subjective norms of farmers have a direct and significant positive impact on their willingness and behaviors. Behavioral attitude and perceived behavior control have a significant positive impact on their willingness. The behavioral willingness has a significant positive impact on their actual behaviors. This study provides guidance for the utilization of straw resources policy implications.
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