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Shaikh HM, Anis A, Poulose AM, Al-Zahrani SM, Madhar NA, Alhamidi A, Aldeligan SH, Alsubaie FS. Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose Triacetate Obtained from Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) Trunk Mesh-Derived Cellulose. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041434. [PMID: 35209224 PMCID: PMC8879401 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Cellulosic polysaccharides have increasingly been recognized as a viable substitute for the depleting petro-based feedstock due to numerous modification options for obtaining a plethora of bio-based materials. In this study, cellulose triacetate was synthesized from pure cellulose obtained from the waste lignocellulosic part of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). To achieve a degree of substitution (DS) of the hydroxyl group of 2.9, a heterogeneous acetylation reaction was carried out with acetic anhydride as an acetyl donor. The obtained cellulose ester was compared with a commercially available derivative and characterized using various analytical methods. This cellulose triacetate contains approximately 43.9% acetyl and has a molecular weight of 205,102 g·mol−1. The maximum thermal decomposition temperature of acetate was found to be 380 °C, similar to that of a reference sample. Thus, the synthesized ester derivate can be suitable for fabricating biodegradable and “all cellulose” biocomposite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid M. Shaikh
- SABIC Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.); (S.H.A.); (F.S.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Arfat Anis
- SABIC Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.); (S.H.A.); (F.S.A.)
| | - Anesh Manjaly Poulose
- SABIC Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.); (S.H.A.); (F.S.A.)
| | - Saeed M. Al-Zahrani
- SABIC Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.); (S.H.A.); (F.S.A.)
| | - Niyaz Ahamad Madhar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Alhamidi
- SABIC Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.); (S.H.A.); (F.S.A.)
| | - Saleh Husam Aldeligan
- SABIC Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.); (S.H.A.); (F.S.A.)
| | - Faisal S. Alsubaie
- SABIC Polymer Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (A.M.P.); (S.M.A.-Z.); (A.A.); (S.H.A.); (F.S.A.)
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Lu S, Ma T, Hu X, Zhao J, Liao X, Song Y, Hu X. Facile extraction and characterization of cellulose nanocrystals from agricultural waste sugarcane straw. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:312-321. [PMID: 34096072 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sugarcane straw is an available but largely ignored lignocellulosic biomass to obtain cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with highly crystalline, tunable surface chemistries and a wide-ranging adaptability. Herein, we utilized sugarcane straw to obtain pure cellulose via purification processes, followed by subsequent preparation of CNCs via sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The properties of the purified fibers and obtained CNCs were assessed by their composition, morphology, chemical structure, crystallinity and thermal stability. RESULTS After the purification process, alkali-treated fibers (ATFs) contained 886.33 ± 1.25 g kg-1 cellulose, and its morphological analysis revealed a smooth and slender fibrous structure. The CNCs obtained by treatment with 64 wt% sulfuric acid at 45 °C for 60 min were isolated in a yield of 21.8%, with a diameter and length of 6 to 10 nm and 160 to 200 nm, respectively. Moreover, crystallinity index of these CNCs reached 62.66%, and thermal stability underwent a two-step degradation. Short-term ultrasonication after hydrolysis was employed to enhance isolation of the CNC particles and improve the anionic charge with higher value -38.00 mV. CONCLUSION Overall, isolation and characterization results indicated the potential for CNCs preparation using sugarcane straw, in addition to offering a fundamental understanding of this material and indicating potential applications. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Lu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xinna Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Song
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosong Hu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
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Al-Mardeai S, Elnajjar E, Hashaikeh R, Kruczek B, Van der Bruggen B, Al-Zuhair S. Simultaneous Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis and Product Separation in a Radial-Flow Membrane Bioreactor. Molecules 2022; 27:288. [PMID: 35011519 PMCID: PMC8746856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis is the heart of the lignocellulose-to-bioethanol conversion process. Using enzymes to catalyze the hydrolysis represents a more environmentally friendly pathway compared to other techniques. However, for the process to be economically feasible, solving the product inhibition problem and enhancing enzyme reusability are essential. Prior research demonstrated that a flat-sheet membrane bioreactor (MBR), using an inverted dead-end filtration system, could achieve 86.7% glucose yield from purified cellulose in 6 h. In this study, the effectiveness of flat-sheet versus radial-flow MBR designs was assessed using real, complex lignocellulose biomass, namely date seeds (DSs). The tubular radial-flow MBR used here had more than a 10-fold higher membrane surface area than the flat-sheet MBR design. With simultaneous product separation using the flat-sheet inverted dead-end filtration MBR, a glucose yield of 10.8% from pretreated DSs was achieved within 8 h of reaction, which was three times higher than the yield without product separation, which was only 3.5% within the same time and under the same conditions. The superiority of the tubular radial-flow MBR to hydrolyze pretreated DSs was confirmed with a glucose yield of 60% within 8 h. The promising results obtained by the novel tubular MBR could pave the way for an economic lignocellulose-to-bioethanol process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleha Al-Mardeai
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Emad Elnajjar
- Mechanical Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Raed Hashaikeh
- Mechanical Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Boguslaw Kruczek
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada;
| | | | - Sulaiman Al-Zuhair
- Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates;
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Arfa Yanti N, Wirdhana Ahmad S, H Muhiddin N, Ahmad Nur Ramadhan LO, Walhidayah T. Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Acetobacter xylinum Strain LKN6 Using Sago Liquid Waste as Nutrient Source. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:335-344. [PMID: 34486318 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.335.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Bacterial Cellulose (BC) is an exopolysaccharide produced by bacteria with unique structural and mechanical properties and is highly pure compared to plant cellulose. This study aimed to produce novel bacterial cellulose using sago liquid waste substrate and evaluate its characteristics as a potential bioplastic.<b>Materials and Methods:</b> Production of BC by static batch fermentation was studied in sago liquid waste substrate usingAcetobacter xylinumLKN6. The BC structure was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Mechanical properties were measured include tensile strength, elongation at break, elasticity (Young's modulus) and Water Holding Capacity (WHC). <b>Results:</b> The BC yield from sago liquid waste as a nutrients source was achieved 12.37 g L<sup>1</sup> and the highest BC yield 14.52 g L<sup>1</sup> in sago liquid waste medium with a sugar concentration of 10% (w/v) after 14 days fermentation period. The existence of bacterial cellulose is proven by FT-IR spectroscopy analysis based on the appearance of absorbance peaks, which are C-C bonding, C-O bonding, C-OH bonding and C-O-C bonding and represents the fingerprints of pure cellulose. The mechanical properties of BC from sago liquid waste were showed a tensile strength of 44.2-87.3 MPa, elongation at break of 4.8-5.8%, Young's Modulus of 0.86-1.64 GPa and water holding capacity of 85.9-98.6 g g<sup>1</sup>. <b>Conclusion:</b> The results suggest that sago liquid waste has great potential to use as a nutrient source in the production of bacterial cellulose and BC's prospect as the bioplastic.
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Tessaro L, Lourenço RV, Martelli-Tosi M, do Amaral Sobral PJ. Gelatin/chitosan based films loaded with nanocellulose from soybean straw and activated with "Pitanga" (Eugenia uniflora L.) leaf hydroethanolic extract in W/O/W emulsion. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 186:328-340. [PMID: 34246680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of biopolymer films can be a limitation for their application as packaging. Soybean straw crystalline nanocelluloses (NC) can act as reinforcement load to improve these material properties, and W/O/W double emulsion (DE) as encapsulating bioactive agents can contribute to produce active packaging. DE droplets were loaded with pitanga leaf (Eugenia uniflora L.) hydroethanolic extract. The mechanical, physicochemical, and barrier properties, and the microstructure of gelatin and/or chitosan films incorporated with NC or NC/DE were determined by classical methods. Film antioxidant activities were determined by ABTS and DPPH methods. The incorporation of NC/DE in gelatin and/or chitosan films (NC/DE films) changed the morphology of these films, which presented more heterogeneous air-side surfaces and cross-sections. They presented rougher topographies, notably greater resistance and stiffness, higher barrier properties to UV/Vis light and higher antioxidant activity than the NC films. Moisture content, solubility in water and water vapor permeability decreased due to the presence of DE. Overall, the NC/DE films improved all properties, when compared to the properties of NC films or those of films with only DE, from a previously published study. In spite of not having antimicrobial activity against the studied bacteria, NC/DE films did display a great antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Tessaro
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Vinícius Lourenço
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Milena Martelli-Tosi
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo José do Amaral Sobral
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Av Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-900 Pirassununga, SP, Brazil; Food Research Center (FoRC), University of São Paulo, Rua do Lago, 250, Semi-industrial building, block C, 05508-080 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Soo YT, Ng SW, Tang TK, Ab Karim NA, Phuah ET, Lee YY. Preparation of palm (Elaeis oleifera) pressed fibre cellulose nanocrystals via cation exchange resin: characterisation and evaluation as Pickering emulsifier. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:4161-4172. [PMID: 33428211 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palm pressed fibre (PPF) is a cellulose-rich biomass residue produced during palm oil extraction. Its high cellulose content allows the isolation of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC). CNC has attracted scientific interest due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility and low cost. The present study isolated CNC from PPF using a cation exchange resin, which is an environmentally friendly and less harsh hydrolysis method than conventional mineral acid hydrolysis. Isolated CNC was used to stabilise an oil-in-water emulsion and the emulsion stability was evaluated in terms of droplet size, morphology and physical stability. RESULTS PPF was subjected to alkali and bleach treatment prior to hydrolysis, which successfully removed 54% and 75% of non-cellulosic components (hemicellulose and lignin, respectively). Hydrolysis conditions of 5 h, 15:1 (w/w) resin-to-pulp ratio and 50 °C produced CNC particles of 50-100 nm in length. CNC had a crystallinity index of 42% and appeared rod-like morphologically. CNC-stabilised emulsion had better stability when used in combination with soy lecithin (SL), a well-established, commonly used food stabiliser. Emulsion stabilised by the binary mixture of CNC and SL had droplet size, morphology and physical stability comparable to those of emulsion stabilised using SL. CONCLUSIONS CNC was successfully isolated from PPF through a cation exchange resin. This offers an alternative usage for the underutilised PPF to be converted into value-added products. Isolated CNC was also found to have promising potential in the stabilisation of Pickering emulsions. These results provide useful information indicating CNC as a natural and sustainable stabiliser for food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Theng Soo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Shi-Wan Ng
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Teck-Kim Tang
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory (NaturMeds), International Joint Laboratory on Plant Oils Processing and Safety (POPS) JNU-UPM Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azwani Ab Karim
- Sime Darby Research Sdn Bhd, R&D Carey Island-Upstream, Carey Island, Malaysia
| | - Eng-Tong Phuah
- Department and Agriculture and Food Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Ying Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Monash-Industry Palm Oil Education and Research Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
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L. EVDOKIMOVA O, S. ALVES C, M. KRSMANOVIĆ WHIFFEN R, ORTEGA Z, TOMÁS H, RODRIGUES J. Cytocompatible cellulose nanofibers from invasive plant species Agave americana L. and Ricinus communis L.: a renewable green source of highly crystalline nanocellulose. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:450-461. [PMID: 34128369 PMCID: PMC8214947 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the fibers of invasive species Agave americana L. and Ricinus communis L. were successfully used for the first time as new sources to produce cytocompatible and highly crystalline cellulose nanofibers. Cellulose nanofibers were obtained by two methods, based on either alkaline or acid hydrolysis. The morphology, chemical composition, and crystallinity of the obtained materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The crystallinity indexes (CIs) of the cellulose nanofibers extracted from A. americana and R. communis were very high (94.1% and 92.7%, respectively). Biological studies evaluating the cytotoxic effects of the prepared cellulose nanofibers on human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells were also performed. The nanofibers obtained using the two different extraction methods were all shown to be cytocompatible in the concentration range assayed (i.e., 0‒500 µg/mL). Our results showed that the nanocellulose extracted from A. americana and R. communis fibers has high potential as a new renewable green source of highly crystalline cellulose-based cytocompatible nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga L. EVDOKIMOVA
- CQM‒Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105Funchal, Portugal
| | - Carla S. ALVES
- CQM‒Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105Funchal, Portugal
| | - Radenka M. KRSMANOVIĆ WHIFFEN
- CQM‒Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105Funchal, Portugal
- Faculty of Polytechnics, University of Donja Gorica, Oktoih 1, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Zaida ORTEGA
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
- Zaida ORTEGA,
| | - Helena TOMÁS
- CQM‒Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105Funchal, Portugal
| | - João RODRIGUES
- CQM‒Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105Funchal, Portugal
- School of Materials Science and Engineering/Center for Nano Energy Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an710072, China
- João RODRIGUES, ;
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Mantovan J, Giraldo GAG, Marim BM, Kishima JOF, Mali S. Valorization of orange bagasse through one-step physical and chemical combined processes to obtain a cellulose-rich material. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:2362-2370. [PMID: 33006399 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orange bagasse (OB) is an agroindustrial residue of great economic importance that has been little explored for the extraction of cellulose. The present study aimed to investigate different combinations of chemical (sodium hydroxide, peracetic acid and alkaline peroxide) and physical (autoclaving and ultrasonication) treatments performed in one-step processes for cellulose extraction from OB and to characterize the materials obtained according to their composition, morphology, crystallinity and thermal stability. RESULTS The processing yields ranged from 140 to 820 g kg-1 , with a recovery of 720-1000 g kg-1 of the original cellulose. Treatments promoted morphological changes in the fiber structure, resulting in materials with higher porosity, indicating partial removal of the noncellulosic fractions. The use of combined chemical treatments (NaOH and peracetic acid) with autoclaving was more efficient for obtaining samples with the highest cellulose contents. CONCLUSION Therefore, ACSH (processed by autoclaving with NaOH) was the most effective one-step treatment, resulting in 71.1% cellulose, 0% hemicellulose and 19.0% lignin, with a crystallinity index of 42%. The one-step treatments were able to obtain materials with higher cellulose contents and yields, reducing reaction times and the quantity of chemical reagents employed in the overall processes compared to multistep conventional processes. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Mantovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Gina A G Giraldo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Beatriz M Marim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - João O F Kishima
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Suzana Mali
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, CCE, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
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Almeida T, Silvestre AJD, Vilela C, Freire CSR. Bacterial Nanocellulose toward Green Cosmetics: Recent Progresses and Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2836. [PMID: 33799554 PMCID: PMC8000719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the skin care field, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), a versatile polysaccharide produced by non-pathogenic acetic acid bacteria, has received increased attention as a promising candidate to replace synthetic polymers (e.g., nylon, polyethylene, polyacrylamides) commonly used in cosmetics. The applicability of BNC in cosmetics has been mainly investigated as a carrier of active ingredients or as a structuring agent of cosmetic formulations. However, with the sustainability issues that are underway in the highly innovative cosmetic industry and with the growth prospects for the market of bio-based products, a much more prominent role is envisioned for BNC in this field. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent (last 5 years) and relevant developments and challenges in the research of BNC applied to cosmetic, aiming at inspiring future research to go beyond in the applicability of this exceptional biotechnological material in such a promising area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carmen S. R. Freire
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (T.A.); (A.J.D.S.); (C.V.)
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Verma C, Chhajed M, Gupta P, Roy S, Maji PK. Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from different waste bio-mass collating their liquid crystal ordering with morphological exploration. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:242-253. [PMID: 33561456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been recognized as one of the most promising nanofillers in modern science and technology owing to their outstanding characteristics of renewability, biodegradability, excellent mechanical strength, and liquid crystalline behavior. Interestingly, these properties are dependent on their genetic and also on the isolation process. Therefore, this research aimed to unveil how the biological variations of cellulose can influence on the physical properties of the extracted CNCs. A standard optimized extraction process was adopted to isolate the CNCs from different sources. Extracted CNCs were compared through characterization tools, including Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM). Different self-assembly patterns were observed for different CNCs, owing to their biological variations. The resultant nanocrystals displayed variable morphologies such as spherical, rod, and needle shape. The hydrodynamic diameter, crystallinity index, decomposition temperature, liquid crystallinity, and storage modulus were varied. Nanocrystals isolated from non-wood feedstock have shown a higher degree of polymerization of 108.2 and a high Crystllinity Index (C·I.) of 55.1%. The rod-like morphology with the liquid crystalline pattern was obtained at 3 wt% concentration for SCNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Verma
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monika Chhajed
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pragya Gupta
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunanda Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-Ro, Nam Gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE The paper present findings from an in vitro experimental study of a stentless human aortic bioprosthesis (HAB) made of bacterial cellulose (BC). Three variants of the basic model were designed and tested to identify the valve prosthesis with the best performance parameters. The modified models were made of BC, and the basic model of pericardium. METHODS Each model (named V1, V2 and V3) was implanted into a 90 mm porcine aorta. Effective Orifice Area (EOA), rapid valve opening time (RVOT) and rapid valve closing time (RVCT) were determined. The flow resistance of each bioprosthesis model during the simulated heart systole, i.e. for the mean differential pressure (ΔP) at the time of full valve opening was measured. All experimental specimens were exposed to a mean blood pressure (MBP) of 90.5 ± 2.3 mmHg. RESULTS The V3 model demonstrated the best performance. The index defining the maximum opening of the bioprosthesis during systole for models V1, V2 and V3 was 2.67 ± 0.59, 2.04 ± 0.23 and 2.85 ± 0.59 cm2, respectively. The mean flow rate through the V3 valve was 5.7 ± 1, 6.9 ± 0.7 and 8.9 ± 1.4 l/min for stroke volume (SV) of 65, 90 and 110 mL, respectively. The phase of immediate opening and closure for models V1, V2 and V3 was 8, 7 and 5% of the cycle duration, respectively. The mean flow resistance of the models was: 4.07 ± 2.1, 4.28 ± 2.51 and 5.6 ± 2.32 mmHg. CONCLUSIONS The V3 model of the aortic valve prosthesis is the most effective. In vivo tests using BC as a structural material for this model are recommended. The response time of the V3 model to changed work conditions is comparable to that of a healthy human heart. The model functions as an aortic valve prosthesis in in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Dawidowska
- Medical Engineering Division, Maritime Advanced Research Centre, Szczecińska 65, 80-392, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Piotr Siondalski
- Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Department, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kołaczkowska
- Cardiac and Vascular Surgery Department, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
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12
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Tarchoun AF, Trache D, Klapötke TM. Microcrystalline cellulose from Posidonia oceanica brown algae: Extraction and characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:837-845. [PMID: 31356946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Posidonia oceanica brown algae (POBA) represent an abundant and renewable biomass in Algerian seas. In the present study, the POBA were chemically treated through delignification and alkali treatment followed by acid hydrolysis to produce pure microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). FTIR analysis indicates that most lignin and hemicellulose were eliminated during the chemical treatments. The XRD measurements revealed that the obtained cellulose and MCC belong to cellulose I polymorph, with crystallinity index of 60.50% and 74.23%, respectively. SEM micrographs of the produced MCC showed a non-uniform micro sized rod-like shape morphology with an average diameter of 8.4 ± 2.1 μm. The thermal analysis results exhibited that the decomposition temperature of the prepared MCC shifted to higher temperature compared to that of the respective cellulose and raw POBA. The authenticity of the prepared MCC was also examined by comparing its physicochemical properties with those of commercial MCC. Based on these analyses, POBA-MCC showed tremendous potential to be used in several applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, 16046 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Djalal Trache
- UER Procédés Energétiques, Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El-Bahri, 16046 Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Butenandtstrasse 5-13(D), 81377 Munich, Germany
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13
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Zhai Q, Hse CY, Long F, Shupe TF, Wang F, Jiang J, Xu J. Methanolysis Fractionation and Catalytic Conversion of Poplar Wood toward Methyl Levulinate, Phenolics, and Glucose. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:9840-9850. [PMID: 31424924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, methanolysis of poplar biomass was conducted for the selective transformation of hemicellulose and lignin, which leads to methyl glycosides (mainly C5 glycosides) and lignin fragments in the liquefied products that can be separated according to their difference in hydrophilicity. The distribution of methyl glycosides and delignification was dependent on the presence of acid catalysts and reaction temperatures. The obtained lignin fraction was separated into solid lignin fragments and liquid lignin oil according to their molecular weight distribution. Subsequently, directional conversion of methyl C5 glycosides into methyl levulinate was performed with dimethoxymethane/methanol as the cosolvent. A yield of 12-30% of methyl levulinate yield (based on the methyl glycoside) was achieved under these conditions. The remaining cellulose-rich substrate showed enhanced susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in a yield of glucose of above 70%. Overall, the described strategy shows practical implications for the effective valorization of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolong Zhai
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab. on Forest Chemical Engineering , SFA, Nanjing 210042 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chung-Yun Hse
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service , Southern Research Station , Pineville , Louisiana 71360 , United States
| | - Feng Long
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab. on Forest Chemical Engineering , SFA, Nanjing 210042 , People's Republic of China
| | - Todd F Shupe
- Wood Science Consulting, LLC , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70816 , United States
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab. on Forest Chemical Engineering , SFA, Nanjing 210042 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab. on Forest Chemical Engineering , SFA, Nanjing 210042 , People's Republic of China
| | - Junming Xu
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry , Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material, Jiangsu Province, National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab. on Forest Chemical Engineering , SFA, Nanjing 210042 , People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources , Nanjing Forestry University , Nanjing , 210037 , People's Republic of China
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14
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Abstract
A simple process for extracting cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is proposed that only uses high-pressure homogenization (HPH) controlling a process temperature. The proposed process was assessed and compared with normal production through acidic hydrolysis. Temperature-controlled HPH produced CNCs with high crystallinity, which linearly increased with increasing process temperature over 20 passes. The CNCs had uniform widths and lengths in the ranges of 4-14 nm and 60-320 nm, respectively. Undesirable chemical reaction can be avoided with the proposed process because no chemical was used to promote the CNC extraction. This method is an efficient and sustainable green approach to CNC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nae-Man Park
- Materials and Components Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea; ETRI School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sukyung Choi
- Materials and Components Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Oh
- ETRI School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Youn Hwang
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, 50463, Republic of Korea
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15
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Tang S, Dong Q, Fang Z, Miao ZD. Complete recovery of cellulose from rice straw pretreated with ethylene glycol and aluminum chloride for enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol 2019; 284:98-104. [PMID: 30927653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rice straw was pretreated with ethylene glycol (EG) and AlCl3 for enzymatic hydrolysis. EG-AlCl3 pretreatment had an extremely good selectivity for component fractionation, resulting in 88% delignification and 90% hemicellulose removal, with 100% cellulose recovered or 76% (w/w) cellulose content in solid residue at 150 °C with 0.055 mol/L AlCl3. The pretreated residue (5%, w/v) presented a higher enzymatic hydrolysis rate (glucose yield increased 2 times to 94%) for 24 h at cellulase loading of 10 FPU/g. The hydrolysis behavior was correlated with the composition and structure of substrates characterized by SEM, FT-IR, BET, XRD and TGA. The enzyme adsorption ability of pretreated straw was 12-folds that for the original sample. EG-AlCl3 solution was further cycled for 3 times with 100% cellulose recovery but only 29% lignin removal due to the loss of AlCl3. EG-AlCl3 pretreatment is an efficient method with little loss of cellulose for lignocelluloses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Tang
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210031, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210031, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210031, China.
| | - Zheng-Diao Miao
- Biomass Group, College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, 40 Dianjiangtai Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210031, China
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16
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Kumar V, Sharma DK, Bansal V, Mehta D, Sangwan RS, Yadav SK. Efficient and economic process for the production of bacterial cellulose from isolated strain of Acetobacter pasteurianus of RSV-4 bacterium. Bioresour Technol 2019; 275:430-433. [PMID: 30579775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present investigation, several residues from agro-forestry industries such as rice straw acid hydrolysate, corn cob acid hydrolysate, tomato juice, cane molasses and orange pulp were evaluated as the economical source for the production of bacterial cellulose. The bacterial cellulose attained the significant yield of 7.8 g/L using tomato juice, followed by 3.6 g/L using cane molasses and 2.8 g/L using orange pulp after 7 days of incubation. Furthermore, the optimum pH and temperature of fermentation for maximum production of bacterial cellulose was 4.5 and 30 ± 1 °C. The identified bacterium Acetobacter pasteurianus RSV-4 has been deposited at repository under the accession number MTCC 25117. The produced bacterial cellulose was characterized through FTIR, SEM, TGA and DSC and found to be of very good quality. The bacterial cellulose produced by identified strain on these various agro-waste residues could be a cost effective technology for commercial its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Sharma
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Vasudha Bansal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Deepak Mehta
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Rajender S Sangwan
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali 140306, Punjab, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Sudesh Kumar Yadav
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
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17
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Zhang R, Liu Y. High energy oxidation and organosolv solubilization for high yield isolation of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) from Eucalyptus hardwood. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16505. [PMID: 30405163 PMCID: PMC6220251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) have been widely used as responsive materials, chiral templates, and tough nano-composites due to its unparalleled properties. Acid and enzyme hydrolyses are extensively employed to prepare CNC. These traditional approaches exhibit inherent limitations of corrosion hazards, time-consuming process, and/or low yield. Herein, irradiation oxidation and organosolv solubilization are conducted to cause rapid degradation with simultaneous crystallization of cellulose to achieve approx. 87% yield of CNC. The morphology, spectroscopic, and stability properties of the as-prepared CNC are characterized through UV-vis spectroscopy, zetal potential, XRD, TEM, DLS, GPC, FT-IR and TGA techniques. The resultant CNC suspension presents unique property with high stability after 9 months storage at 4 °C. Moreover, CNC liquid crystal phase is successfully generated by addition of anions or cations solution to the CNC aqueous dispersion without stirring. The innovative approach in this work opens an avenue to obtain CNC directly from lignocellulosic biomass through irradiation oxidation and organosolv solubilization without acid hydrolysis and washing procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renli Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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18
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Ragab TIM, Shalaby ASG, El Awdan SA, Refaat A, Helmy WA. New applied pharmacological approach/trend on utilization of agro-industrial wastes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:26446-26460. [PMID: 29987463 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to transform the locally available lignocellulosic residual palm frond (PF) and rice straw (RS) wastes into multifunction added products like methylated cellulose and sulfated and phosphorylated hemicelluloses by simple processes. Hydrolysis with 2 N sulfuric acid was the most suitable reaction for microcrystalline cellulose production. The characteristics of the prepared products were studied to obtain the optimum reaction conditions. Palm frond hemicellulose (PFHC) recorded the highest antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans (22, 22, 26 mm), respectively, and phosphorylated palm frond hemicellulose (PPFHC) exhibited the highest potential antioxidant activity of approximately 60%, suggesting a possible correlation between the two bioactivities. Most of extracted celluloses and their derivatives had a variety of promising probiotic activities which are expected to reduce the side effects of the gastric mucosa and possibly play a role in curing the gastric ulcer. Accordingly, the determination of anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activity results revealed that methylcellulose, sulfated and phosphorylated hemicelluloses showed anti-inflammatory and gastroprotective activities and the capability of all tested compounds to ameliorate the ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats' stomach. All results recommended PF and RS and their derivatives to be used as a medicinal food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer I M Ragab
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Al Shimaa Gamal Shalaby
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Sally A El Awdan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Refaat
- Spectroscopy Department, National Research Centre, 12311 Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A Helmy
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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19
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Liu Y, Sun B, Zheng X, Yu L, Li J. Integrated microwave and alkaline treatment for the separation between hemicelluloses and cellulose from cellulosic fibers. Bioresour Technol 2018; 247:859-863. [PMID: 30060423 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the microwave was employed during the alkaline treatment process, in order to separate the hemicelluloses and cellulose from a delignified hardwood kraft pulp. In relation to hemicelluloses yield, the integrated microwave and alkaline treatment resulted in 9.25% and 12.05% at 50°C and 80°C, respectively. Correspondingly, the resultant pulp fibers presented the increased cellulose content, which was desirable for manufacturing dissolving pulp. Additionally, the effect from mechanical refining pretreatment followed microwave and alkaline treatment, on the separation of hemicelluloses and cellulose, was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Liu
- Faculty of Chemical and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Faculty of Chemical and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Xuefan Zheng
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lingfang Yu
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
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20
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Carrier M, Windt M, Ziegler B, Appelt J, Saake B, Meier D, Bridgwater A. Quantitative Insights into the Fast Pyrolysis of Extracted Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin. ChemSusChem 2017; 10. [PMID: 28644517 PMCID: PMC5582602 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into bio-based commodity chemicals is technically possible. Among thermochemical processes, fast pyrolysis, a relatively mature technology that has now reached a commercial level, produces a high yield of an organic-rich liquid stream. Despite recent efforts to elucidate the degradation paths of biomass during pyrolysis, the selectivity and recovery rates of bio-compounds remain low. In an attempt to clarify the general degradation scheme of biomass fast pyrolysis and provide a quantitative insight, the use of fast pyrolysis microreactors is combined with spectroscopic techniques (i.e., mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy) and mixtures of unlabeled and 13 C-enriched materials. The first stage of the work aimed to select the type of reactor to use to ensure control of the pyrolysis regime. A comparison of the chemical fragmentation patterns of "primary" fast pyrolysis volatiles detected by using GC-MS between two small-scale microreactors showed the inevitable occurrence of secondary reactions. In the second stage, liquid fractions that are also made of primary fast pyrolysis condensates were analyzed by using quantitative liquid-state 13 C NMR spectroscopy to provide a quantitative distribution of functional groups. The compilation of these results into a map that displays the distribution of functional groups according to the individual and main constituents of biomass (i.e., hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin) confirmed the origin of individual chemicals within the fast pyrolysis liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Carrier
- European Bioenergy Research InstituteAston UniversityBirminghamB4 7ETUK
| | - Michael Windt
- Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchBio-based Resources and MaterialsLeuschnerstr. 9121031HamburgGermany
| | - Bernhard Ziegler
- Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchBio-based Resources and MaterialsLeuschnerstr. 9121031HamburgGermany
| | - Jörn Appelt
- Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchBio-based Resources and MaterialsLeuschnerstr. 9121031HamburgGermany
| | - Bodo Saake
- University of HamburgChemical Wood TechnologyLeuschnerstr 9121031HamburgGermany
| | - Dietrich Meier
- Thünen Institute of Wood ResearchBio-based Resources and MaterialsLeuschnerstr. 9121031HamburgGermany
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Chen BY, Zhao BC, Li MF, Liu QY, Sun RC. Fractionation of rapeseed straw by hydrothermal/dilute acid pretreatment combined with alkali post-treatment for improving its enzymatic hydrolysis. Bioresour Technol 2017; 225:127-133. [PMID: 27888729 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of combined treatments on fermentable sugar production from rapeseed straw. An optimum condition was found to be the combination of hydrothermal pretreatment at 180°C for 45min and post-treatment by 2% NaOH at 100°C for 2h, which was based on the quantity of monosaccharides released during enzymatic hydrolysis. As compared with the raw material without treatment, the combination of hydrothermal pretreatment and alkali post-treatment resulted in a significant increase of the saccharification rate by 5.9times. This process potentially turned rapeseed straw into value added products in accordance with the biorefinery concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yang Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Cheng Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Fei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Yun Liu
- The BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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22
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Rohaizu R, Wanrosli WD. Sono-assisted TEMPO oxidation of oil palm lignocellulosic biomass for isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose. Ultrason Sonochem 2017; 34:631-639. [PMID: 27773290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Highly stable and dispersible nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was successfully isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch microcrystalline cellulose (OPEFB-MCC), with yields of 93% via a sono-assisted TEMPO-oxidation and a subsequent sonication process. The sono-assisted treatment has a remarkable effect, resulting in an increase of more than 100% in the carboxylate content and a significant increase of approximately 39% in yield compared with the non-assisted process. TEM images reveal the OPEFB-NCC to have rod-like crystalline morphology with an average length and width of 122 and 6nm, respectively. FTIR and solid-state 13C-NMR analyses suggest that oxidation of cellulose chain hydroxyl groups occurs at C6. XRD analysis shows that OPEFB-NCC consists primarily of a crystalline cellulose I structure. Both XRD and 13C-NMR indicate that the OPEFB-NCC has a lower crystallinity than the OPEFB-MCC starting material. Thermogravimetric analysis illustrates that OPEFB-NCC is less thermally stable than OPEFB-MCC but has a char content of 46% compared with 7% for the latter, which signifies that the carboxylate functionality acts as a flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rohaizu
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - W D Wanrosli
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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23
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de Oliveira HFN, Clough MT, Rinaldi R. Thermally Triggered Phase Separation of Organic Electrolyte-Cellulose Solutions. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:3324-3329. [PMID: 27783453 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrolyte solutions (OES)-binary mixtures of an ionic liquid (IL) with a neutral polar aprotic co-solvent-are being recognized as excellent candidate solvents for the dissolution, derivatization, and sustainable processing of cellulose. These solutions exhibit the beneficially combined properties of rapid-to-instantaneous cellulose dissolution, raised thermal stability, and reduced viscosity, compared to cellulose solutions in the parent ILs. Herein, we report the reversible, thermally triggered phase separation of cellulose solutions in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate with 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone. In these solutions, cellulose drives the process of phase separation, resulting in a lower, IL-rich layer in which the biopolymer is segregated. In turn, the upper phase is enriched in the neutral co-solvent. We show that the temperature of phase separation can be fine-tuned by modification of mole fractions of IL, co-solvent, and cellulose. This finding holds promise for the design of strategies for separation and solvent recycling in cellulose chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor F N de Oliveira
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim-an-der-Ruhr, Germany
| | - Matthew T Clough
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim-an-der-Ruhr, Germany
| | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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24
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Galkin MV, Smit AT, Subbotina E, Artemenko KA, Bergquist J, Huijgen WJJ, Samec JSM. Hydrogen-free catalytic fractionation of woody biomass. ChemSusChem 2016; 9:3280-3287. [PMID: 27860308 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The pulping industry could become a biorefinery if the lignin and hemicellulose components of the lignocellulose are valorized. Conversion of lignin into well-defined aromatic chemicals is still a major challenge. Lignin depolymerization reactions often occur in parallel with irreversible condensation reactions of the formed fragments. Here, we describe a strategy that markedly suppresses the undesired condensation pathways and allows to selectively transform lignin into a few aromatic compounds. Notably, applying this strategy to woody biomass at organosolv pulping conditions, the hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin were separated and in parallel the lignin was transformed into aromatic monomers. In addition, we were able to utilize a part of the lignocellulose as an internal source of hydrogen for the reductive lignin transformations. We hope that the presented methodology will inspire researchers in the field of lignin valorization as well as pulp producers to develop more efficient biomass fractionation processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Galkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arjan T Smit
- Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Biomass & Energy Efficiency, Westerduinweg 3, 1755, LE, Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Subbotina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin A Artemenko
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wouter J J Huijgen
- Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Biomass & Energy Efficiency, Westerduinweg 3, 1755, LE, Petten, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Michelin M, Teixeira JA. Liquid hot water pretreatment of multi feedstocks and enzymatic hydrolysis of solids obtained thereof. Bioresour Technol 2016; 216:862-9. [PMID: 27318165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural feedstocks (brewers' spent grain - BSG, corncob - CC, corn husk - CH, wheat straw - WS and Luffa sponge - LS) were pretreated by liquid hot water (LHW) in order to increase cellulose recovery and enzymatic saccharification. LHW-pretreatment resulted in hemicellulose solubilization, and solids enriched in cellulose. Chemical analysis showed different susceptibilities of the feedstocks to LHW-pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. Pretreated feedstocks presented higher crystallinity (determined through X-ray diffraction) and thermal stability (determined through thermogravimetric analysis) than untreated feedstocks. SEM images confirmed the effect of LHW-pretreatment on structural changes. Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis and cellulose conversion to glucose (CCG) were improved for pretreated feedstocks, with exception of LS. CCG (in relation to glucose potential on solids) followed the order: BSG>CH>WS>CC>LS. LHW-pretreatment showed to be a good technology to pretreat multi feedstocks and for improving the enzymatic hydrolysis of recalcitrant agricultural feedstocks to sugars, which can be further converted to ethanol-fuel and other value-added chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Michelin
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - José António Teixeira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Santos ASF, Pereira-da-Silva MA, Oliveira JE, Mattoso LHC, Medeiros ES. Accelerated Sonochemical Extraction of Cellulose Nanowhiskers. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2016; 16:6535-6539. [PMID: 27427748 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2016.11039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies on sonochemical hydrolysis of cellulose have been suggested as an alternative route to obtaining cellulose nanoparticles. In this work, the potential use of acid hydrolysis assisted by sonication to obtain cellulose whiskers was studied. Parameters such as acid concentration, hydrolysis time and temperature were investigated to evaluate their effect on the morphological properties of the nanowhiskers, as compared to the conventional extraction process by acid hydrolysis with mechanical stirring. Morphology and degree of crystallinity of the nanowhiskers were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results indicated that the extraction time was reduced from about 45 min to less than 3 min using the same acid concentration and temperature used in conventional acid hydrolysis treatment. Likewise, it was possible, within the range of 30 min, to extract whiskers at room temperature or using half the concentration of acid by raising the temperature to about 80 degrees C. These are promising results towards a more economically viable and ecologically friendly extraction procedure used to obtain cellulose nanowhiskers, since both extraction time and acid concentration, used in nanowhisker extraction, were significantly reduced by replacing mechanical with sonochemical stirring.
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Gonçalves S, Rodrigues IP, Padrão J, Silva JP, Sencadas V, Lanceros-Mendez S, Girão H, Gama FM, Dourado F, Rodrigues LR. Acetylated bacterial cellulose coated with urinary bladder matrix as a substrate for retinal pigment epithelium. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 139:1-9. [PMID: 26689643 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluated the effect of acetylated bacterial cellulose (ABC) substrates coated with urinary bladder matrix (UBM) on the behavior of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as assessed by cell adhesion, proliferation and development of cell polarity exhibiting transepithelial resistance and polygonal shaped-cells with microvilli. Acetylation of bacterial cellulose (BC) generated a moderate hydrophobic surface (around 65°) while the adsorption of UBM onto these acetylated substrates did not affect significantly the surface hydrophobicity. The ABS substrates coated with UBM enabled the development of a cell phenotype closer to that of native RPE cells. These cells were able to express proteins essential for their cytoskeletal organization and metabolic function (ZO-1 and RPE65), while showing a polygonal shaped morphology with microvilli and a monolayer configuration. The coated ABC substrates were also characterized, exhibiting low swelling effect (between 1.5-2.0 swelling/mm(3)), high mechanical strength (2048MPa) and non-pyrogenicity (2.12EU/L). Therefore, the ABC substrates coated with UBM exhibit interesting features as potential cell carriers in RPE transplantation that ought to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gonçalves
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Inês Patrício Rodrigues
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Padrão
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Vitor Sencadas
- Center/Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Henrique Girão
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco M Gama
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernando Dourado
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Lígia R Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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Moran-Salazar RG, Marino-Marmolejo EN, Rodriguez-Campos J, Davila-Vazquez G, Contreras-Ramos SM. Use of agave bagasse for production of an organic fertilizer by pretreatment with Bjerkandera adusta and vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida. Environ Technol 2015; 37:1220-1231. [PMID: 26508073 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Agave tequilana Weber is used in tequila and fructans production, with agave bagasse generated as a solid waste. The main use of bagasse is to produce compost in tequila factories with a long traditional composting that lasts 6-8 months. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degradation of agave bagasse by combining a pretreatment with fungi and vermicomposting. Experiments were carried out with fractionated or whole bagasse, sterilized or not, subjecting it to a pretreatment with Bjerkandera adusta alone or combined with native fungi, or only with native bagasse fungi (non-sterilized), for 45 days. This was followed by a vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida and sewage sludge, for another 45 days. Physicochemical parameters, lignocellulose degradation, stability and maturity changes were measured. The results indicated that up to 90% of the residual sugars in bagasse were eliminated after 30 days in all treatments. The highest degradation rate in pretreatment was observed in non-sterilized, fractionated bagasse with native fungi plus B. adusta (BNFns) (71% hemicellulose, 43% cellulose and 71% lignin) at 45 days. The highest total degradation rates after vermicomposting were in fractionated bagasse pre-treated with native fungi (94% hemicellulose, 86% cellulose and 91% lignin). However, the treatment BNFns showed better maturity and stability parameters compared to that reported for traditional composts. Thus, it seems that a process involving vermicomposting and pretreatment with B. adusta could reduce the degradation time of bagasse to 3 months, compared to the traditional composting process, which requires from 6 to 8 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene G Moran-Salazar
- a Tecnología Ambiental , Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ) , Av. Normalistas 800 Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | | | | | - Gustavo Davila-Vazquez
- a Tecnología Ambiental , Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ) , Av. Normalistas 800 Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
| | - Silvia M Contreras-Ramos
- a Tecnología Ambiental , Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. (CIATEJ) , Av. Normalistas 800 Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270 Guadalajara , Jalisco , Mexico
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Wiegand C, Moritz S, Hessler N, Kralisch D, Wesarg F, Müller FA, Fischer D, Hipler UC. Antimicrobial functionalization of bacterial nanocellulose by loading with polihexanide and povidone-iodine. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2015; 26:245. [PMID: 26411441 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is chemically identical with plant cellulose but free of byproducts like lignin, pectin, and hemicelluloses, featuring a unique reticulate network of fine fibers. BNC sheets are mostly obtained by static cultivation. Now, a Horizontal Lift Reactor may provide a cost efficient method for mass production. This is of particular interest as BNC features several properties of an ideal wound dressing although it exhibits no bactericidal activity. Therefore, BNC was functionalized with the antiseptics povidone-iodine (PI) and polihexanide (PHMB). Drug loading and release, mechanical characteristics, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial efficacy were investigated. Antiseptics release was based on diffusion and swelling according to Ritger-Peppas equation. PI-loaded BNC demonstrated a delayed release compared to PHMB due to a high molar drug mass and structural changes induced by PI insertion into BNC that also increased the compressive strength of BNC samples. Biological assays demonstrated high biocompatibility of PI-loaded BNC in human keratinocytes but a distinctly lower antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus compared to PHMB-loaded BNC. Overall, BNC loaded with PHMB demonstrated a better therapeutic window. Moreover, compressive and tensile strength were not changed by incorporation of PHMB into BNC, and solidity during loading and release could be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Center Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Moritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Hessler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Kralisch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Falko Wesarg
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank A Müller
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta-Christina Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Center Jena, Erfurter Str. 35, 07740, Jena, Germany
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Evans BR, Bali G, Foston M, Ragauskas AJ, O'Neill HM, Shah R, McGaughey J, Reeves D, Rempe CS, Davison BH. Production of deuterated switchgrass by hydroponic cultivation. Planta 2015; 242:215-222. [PMID: 25896375 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The bioenergy crop switchgrass was grown hydroponically from tiller cuttings in 50 % D 2 O to obtain biomass with 34 % deuterium substitution and physicochemical properties similar to those of H 2 O-grown switchgrass controls. Deuterium enrichment of biological materials can potentially enable expanded experimental use of small angle neutron scattering (SANS) to investigate molecular structural transitions of complex systems such as plant cell walls. Two key advances have been made that facilitate cultivation of switchgrass, an important forage and biofuel crop, for controlled isotopic enrichment: (1) perfusion system with individual chambers and (2) hydroponic growth from tiller cuttings. Plants were grown and maintained for several months with periodic harvest. Photosynthetic activity was monitored by measurement of CO2 in outflow from the growth chambers. Plant morphology and composition appeared normal compared to matched controls grown with H2O. Using this improved method, gram quantities of switchgrass leaves and stems were produced by continuous hydroponic cultivation using growth medium consisting of basal mineral salts in 50 % D2O. Deuterium incorporation was confirmed by detection of the O-D and C-D stretching peaks with FTIR and quantified by (1)H- and (2)H-NMR. This capability to produce deuterated lignocellulosic biomass under controlled conditions will enhance investigation of cell wall structure and its deconstruction by neutron scattering and NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara R Evans
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA,
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Xu C, Zhu S, Xing C, Li D, Zhu N, Zhou H. Isolation and properties of cellulose nanofibrils from coconut palm petioles by different mechanical process. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122123. [PMID: 25875280 PMCID: PMC4397095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were successfully isolated from coconut palm petiole residues falling off naturally with chemical pretreatments and mechanical treatments by a grinder and a homogenizor. FTIR spectra analysis showed that most of hemicellulose and lignin were removed from the fiber after chemical pretreatments. The compositions of CNFS indicated that high purity of nanofibrils with cellulose contain more than 95% was obtained. X-ray diffractogram demonstrated that chemical pretreatments significantly increased the crystallinity of CNFs from 38.00% to 70.36%; however, 10-15 times of grinding operation followed by homogenizing treatment after the chemical pretreatments did not significantly improve the crystallinity of CNFs. On the contrary, further grinding operation could destroy crystalline regions of the cellulose. SEM image indicated that high quality of CNFs could be isolated from coconut palm petiole residues with chemical treatments in combination of 15 times of grinding followed by 10 times of homogenization and the aspect ratio of the obtained CNFs ranged from 320 to 640. The result of TGA-DTG revealed that the chemical-mechanical treatments improved thermal stability of fiber samples, and the CNFs with 15 grinding passing times had the best thermal stability. This work suggests that the CNFs can be successfully extracted from coconut palm petiole residues and it may be a potential feedstock for nanofiber reinforced composites due to its high aspect ratio and crystallinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Xu
- Packaging Engineering Department, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sailing Zhu
- Packaging Engineering Department, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Xing
- School of Packaging, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dagang Li
- Packaging Engineering Department, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nanfeng Zhu
- Packaging Engineering Department, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Handong Zhou
- Packaging Engineering Department, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Deng Y, Nagachar N, Fang L, Luan X, Catchmark JM, Tien M, Kao TH. Isolation and characterization of two cellulose morphology mutants of Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC23769 producing cellulose with lower crystallinity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119504. [PMID: 25790428 PMCID: PMC4366249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluconacetobacter hansenii, a Gram-negative bacterium, produces and secrets highly crystalline cellulose into growth medium, and has long been used as a model system for studying cellulose synthesis in higher plants. Cellulose synthesis involves the formation of β-1,4 glucan chains via the polymerization of glucose units by a multi-enzyme cellulose synthase complex (CSC). These glucan chains assemble into ordered structures including crystalline microfibrils. AcsA is the catalytic subunit of the cellulose synthase enzymes in the CSC, and AcsC is required for the secretion of cellulose. However, little is known about other proteins required for the assembly of crystalline cellulose. To address this question, we visually examined cellulose pellicles formed in growth media of 763 individual colonies of G. hansenii generated via Tn5 transposon insertion mutagenesis, and identified 85 that produced cellulose with altered morphologies. X-ray diffraction analysis of these 85 mutants identified two that produced cellulose with significantly lower crystallinity than wild type. The gene disrupted in one of these two mutants encoded a lysine decarboxylase and that in the other encoded an alanine racemase. Solid-state NMR analysis revealed that cellulose produced by these two mutants contained increased amounts of non-crystalline cellulose and monosaccharides associated with non-cellulosic polysaccharides as compared to the wild type. Monosaccharide analysis detected higher percentages of galactose and mannose in cellulose produced by both mutants. Field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that cellulose produced by the mutants was unevenly distributed, with some regions appearing to contain deposition of non-cellulosic polysaccharides; however, the width of the ribbon was comparable to that of normal cellulose. As both lysine decarboxylase and alanine racemase are required for the integrity of peptidoglycan, we propose a model for the role of peptidoglycan in the assembly of crystalline cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nivedita Nagachar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xin Luan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Catchmark
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Teh-hui Kao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Trajano HL, Pattathil S, Tomkins BA, Tschaplinski TJ, Hahn MG, Van Berkel GJ, Wyman CE. Xylan hydrolysis in Populus trichocarpa × P. deltoides and model substrates during hydrothermal pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 2015; 179:202-210. [PMID: 25545089 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies defined easy and difficult to hydrolyze fractions of hemicellulose that may result from bonds among cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. To understand how such bonds affect hydrolysis, Populus trichocarpa × Populus deltoides, holocellulose isolated from P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides and birchwood xylan were subjected to hydrothermal flow-through pretreatment. Samples were characterized by glycome profiling, HPLC, and UPLC-MS. Glycome profiling revealed steady fragmentation and removal of glycans from solids during hydrolysis. The extent of polysaccharide fragmentation, hydrolysis rate, and total xylose yield were lowest for P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides and greatest for birchwood xylan. Comparison of results from P. trichocarpa × P. deltoides and holocellulose suggested that lignin-carbohydrate complexes reduce hydrolysis rates and limit release of large xylooligomers. Smaller differences between results with holocellulose and birchwood xylan suggest xylan-cellulose hydrogen bonds limited hydrolysis, but to a lesser extent. These findings imply cell wall structure strongly influences hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Trajano
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada(1); BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA; BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Bruce A Tomkins
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Timothy J Tschaplinski
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602, USA; BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Gary J Van Berkel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Charles E Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, 1084 Columbia Ave, Riverside, CA 92507, USA; BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008 MS6341, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
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Fang W, Sixta H. Advanced biorefinery based on the fractionation of biomass in γ-valerolactone and water. ChemSusChem 2015; 8:73-76. [PMID: 25370304 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We suggest for the first time the use of γ-valerolactone (GVL)/H2 O as solvent and reaction medium for the fractionation of wood to recover pure cellulose, uniform sugar components from hemicellulose, and a pure lignin fraction. The yield of the pulp residue could reach 40.3 % with a high cellulose purity of 90.3 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Fang
- Department of Forest Products Technology, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 00076 Espoo (Finland)
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Rodríguez-Gutiérrez G, Rubio-Senent F, Lama-Muñoz A, García A, Fernández-Bolaños J. Properties of lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses isolated from olive cake and olive stones: binding of water, oil, bile acids, and glucose. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:8973-8981. [PMID: 25140731 DOI: 10.1021/jf502062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A process based on a steam explosion pretreatment and alkali solution post-treatment was applied to fractionate olive stones (whole and fragmented, without seeds) and olive cake into their main constitutive polymers of cellulose (C), hemicelluloses (H), and lignin (L) under optimal conditions for each fraction according to earlier works. The chemical characterization (chromatographic method and UV and IR spectroscopy) and the functional properties (water- and oil-holding capacities, bile acid binding, and glucose retardation index) of each fraction were analyzed. The in vitro studies showed a substantial bile acid binding activity in the fraction containing lignin from olive stones (L) and the alkaline extractable fraction from olive cake (Lp). Lignin bound significantly more bile acid than any other fraction and an amount similar to that bound by cholestyramine (a cholesterol-lowering, bile acid-binding drug), especially when cholic acid (CA) was tested. These results highlight the health-promoting potential of lignin from olive stones and olive cake extracted from olive byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Rodríguez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Padre García Tejero 4, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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Yu H, Xing Y, Lei F, Liu Z, Liu Z, Jiang J. Improvement of the enzymatic hydrolysis of furfural residues by pretreatment with combined green liquor and ethanol organosolv. Bioresour Technol 2014; 167:46-52. [PMID: 24968111 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.05.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Furfural residues (FRs) were pretreated with ethanol and a green liquor (GL) catalyst to produce fermentable sugar. Anthraquinone (AQ) was used as an auxiliary reagent to improve delignification and reduce cellulose decomposition. The results showed that 42.7% of lignin was removed and 96.5% of cellulose was recovered from substrates pretreated with 1.0 mL GL/g of dry substrate and 0.4% (w/w) AQ at 140°C for 1h. Compared with raw material, ethanol-GL pretreatment of FRs increased the glucose yield from 69.0% to 85.9% after 96 h hydrolysis with 18 FPU/g-cellulose for cellulase, 27 CBU/g-cellulose for β-glucosidase. The Brauner-Emmett-Teller surface area was reduced during pretreatment, which did not inhibit the enzymatic hydrolysis. Owing to the reduced surface area, the unproductive binding of cellulase to lignin was decreased, thus improving the enzymatic hydrolysis. The degree of polymerization of cellulose from FRs was too low to be a key factor for improving enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Xing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fuhou Lei
- GuangXi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Chunlei Industrial Group Company, Xingtai 054001, China
| | - Zuguang Liu
- GuangXi Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Nanning 530006, China
| | - Jianxin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
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Boysen BMM, Evans MN, Baker PJ. δ18O in the tropical conifer Agathis robusta records ENSO-related precipitation variations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102336. [PMID: 25062034 PMCID: PMC4111296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lived trees from tropical Australasia are a potential source of information about internal variability of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), because they occur in a region where precipitation variability is closely associated with ENSO activity. We measured tree-ring width and oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) of α-cellulose from Agathis robusta (Queensland Kauri) samples collected in the Atherton Tablelands, Queensland, Australia. Standard ring-width chronologies yielded low internal consistency due to the frequent presence of false ring-like anatomical features. However, in a detailed examination of the most recent 15 years of growth (1995-2010), we found significant correlation between δ18O and local precipitation, the latter associated with ENSO activity. The results are consistent with process-based forward modeling of the oxygen isotopic composition of α-cellulose. The δ18O record also enabled us to confirm the presence of a false growth ring in one of the three samples in the composite record, and to determine that it occurred as a consequence of anomalously low rainfall in the middle of the 2004/5 rainy season. The combination of incremental growth and isotopic measures may be a powerful approach to development of long-term (150+ year) ENSO reconstructions from the terrestrial tropics of Australasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn M. M. Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Primary Resources, State of Victoria, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael N. Evans
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick J. Baker
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, Melbourne School of Land and Environment, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Song SH, Kim JE, Lee YJ, Kwak MH, Sung GY, Kwon SH, Son HJ, Lee HS, Jung YJ, Hwang DY. Cellulose film regenerated from Styela clava tunics have biodegradability, toxicity and biocompatibility in the skin of SD rats. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2014; 25:1519-1530. [PMID: 24577945 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-014-5182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most widespread biomolecules in nature and has been exploited in various applications including scaffolding, tissue engineering, and tissue formation. To evaluate the biocompatibility of cellulose film manufactured from Styela clava tunics (SCT-CF), these films were implanted in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for various lengths of time, after which they were subjected to mechanical and biological analyses. The cellulose powders (12-268 m) obtained from SCT was converted into films via casting methods without adding any additives. SCT-CF contained about 98 % α-cellulose and very low concentrations of ββ-cellulose. Additionally, the crystallinity index (CrI) of SCT-CF was lower (10.71 %) than that of wood pulp-cellulose films (WP-CF) (33.78 %). After implantation for 90 days, the weight loss and formation of surface corrugations were greater in SCT-CF than that of WP-CF, while the surface roughness was significantly higher in WP-CF than SCT-CF. However, there were no differences in the number of white blood cells between SCT-CF implanted rats and vehicle implanted rats. The level of metabolic enzymes representing liver and kidney toxicity in the serum of SCT-CF implanted rats was maintained at levels consistent with vehicle implanted rats. Moreover, no significant alteration of the epidermal hyperplasia, inflammatory cell infiltration, redness, and edema were observed in SD rats implanted with SCT-CF. Taken together, these results indicate that SCT-CF showed good degradability and non-toxicity without inducing an immune response in SD rats. Further, the data presented here constitute strong evidence that SCT-CF has the potential for use as a powerful biomaterial for medical applications including stitching fiber, wound dressing, scaffolding, absorbable hemostats and hemodialysis membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hwa Song
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, 50 Cheonghak-ri, Samnangjin-eup Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Miryang, 627-706, Korea
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Ma XJ, Cao SL, Lin L, Luo XL, Hu HC, Chen LH, Huang LL. Hydrothermal pretreatment of bamboo and cellulose degradation. Bioresour Technol 2013; 148:408-13. [PMID: 24077149 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A systematic hydrothermal pretreatment of bamboo chips had been conducted with an aim to trace the cellulose degradation. The results showed that cellulose chain cleavage basically occurred when the temperature exceeded 150°C. A slightly higher DP (degree of polymerization) than starting material had been observed at low temperature pretreatment. Treatment at higher temperature (≥ 170°C) caused severe cleavage of cellulose and therefore gave rise to low DP with more soluble species. DP of cellulose declined drastically without additional hemicelluloses dissolution when hemicelluloses removal reached to the limit level. Cellulose degradation under hydrothermal pretreatment generally followed the zero reaction kinetics with the activity energy of 121.0 kJ/mol. Besides, the increase of cellulose crystalline index and the conversion of Iα-Iβ had also observed at the hydrothermal pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Ma
- College of Material Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
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Myint AA, Kim DS, Lee HW, Yoon J, Choi IG, Choi JW, Lee YW. Impact of bleaching on subcritical water- and Formosolv-pretreated tulip tree to enhance enzyme accessibility. Bioresour Technol 2013; 145:128-132. [PMID: 23566470 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel method was developed for fractionating cellulose microfibrils from forest residue (tulip tree sawdust) to enhance cellulose digestibility, particularly at minimum enzyme loadings. This method involved three main stages: selective hemicellulose solubilization by subcritical water (SCW) pretreatment, delignification of the SCW-pretreated solids using the Formosolv process, and deformylation/bleaching of the cellulose pulp with alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution. This process produced nearly 98% white cellulose microfibrils with 23-fold higher conversion to glucose as compared to the raw substrate after 72 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. This study showed that cellulose swelling had the greatest effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of delignified pulp obtained by the Formosolv process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Aye Myint
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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41
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Henrique MA, Silvério HA, Flauzino Neto WP, Pasquini D. Valorization of an agro-industrial waste, mango seed, by the extraction and characterization of its cellulose nanocrystals. J Environ Manage 2013; 121:202-209. [PMID: 23542530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mango seeds are lignocellulosic agro-industrial residues available in large quantities in tropical countries and are simply discarded or used as animal feed. They are a natural and renewable resource, and were used to generate new polymeric materials in this work. This new materials can be used as alternatives to fossil resources such as petroleum. This work aimed to extract and characterize cellulose nanocrystals (CN) from mango seed by acid hydrolysis to obtain a material suitable as a reinforcing agent in the manufacturing of nanocomposites. The fibers of mango seeds were ground in mills and purified mainly to remove lignin. The raw mango seed (MS) and the purified mango seed (PMS) were analyzed for chemical composition and characterized by infrared and X-rays. Cellulose nanocrystals from the mango seed (CNM) were isolated by acid hydrolysis at 40 °C for 10 min, with 20 ml of H2SO4 (11.21 M) used for every gram of cellulose. The yield at this step was 22.8%. CNM were needle-shaped, with high crystallinity (90.6%), good thermal stability (around 248 °C), a medium length (L) of 123.4 ± 22.1 nm and a diameter (D) of 4.59 ± 2.22 nm, giving an aspect ratio (L/D) of about 34.1 ± 18.6. The diameter measurements of CNM were also confirmed by Scherrer's equation. This work also aimed to reuse mango seed produced as industrial waste, giving it a useful application and preventing its role as an environmental pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alves Henrique
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Santa Mônica, Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121, 38400-902 Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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42
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Shen F, Xiao W, Lin L, Yang G, Zhang Y, Deng S. Enzymatic saccharification coupling with polyester recovery from cotton-based waste textiles by phosphoric acid pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 2013; 130:248-255. [PMID: 23313669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to recycle the cotton-based waste textiles, a novel process was designed for pretreating waste textiles with phosphoric acid to recover polyester and fermentable sugar. The effects of pretreatment conditions including, phosphoric acid concentration, pretreatment temperature, time, and ratio of textiles and phosphoric acid were thoroughly investigated. Results indicated the mentioned four factors had significant influences on sugar and polyester recovery. Almost complete polyester recovery was achieved by enhancing phosphoric acid concentration, temperature and pretreatment time or reducing the ratio of textiles and phosphoric acid. However, these behaviors decreased the sugar recovery seriously. 100% polyester recovery with a maximum sugar recovery of 79.2% was achieved at the optimized conditions (85% phosphoric acid, 50°C, 7h, and the ratio of 1:15). According to the technical and cost-benefit analysis, it was technically feasible and potentially profitable to recover polyester and sugar from waste textiles by phosphoric acid pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Resource and Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University-Chengdu Campus, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, PR China.
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Moniruzzaman M, Ono T. Separation and characterization of cellulose fibers from cypress wood treated with ionic liquid prior to laccase treatment. Bioresour Technol 2013; 127:132-137. [PMID: 23131633 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Separation of cellulose fibers (CFs) from woody biomass with minimal structural alteration using a "green" and efficient method was achieved by treatment with the ionic liquid (IL), [emim][OAc] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate) at 80 °C for 1h. The IL was recovered by rinsing with water-acetone mixture prior to treatment of the wood with Trametes sp. laccase in the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole as a mediator. IL pretreatment did not significantly change the chemical composition of the wood, but did alter its structure and rendered its surface more accessible to the enzyme. Treated and untreated samples were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, and chemical methods. The cellulose content of the produced fibers was approximately 73.1% and the lignin content was 9.8%, much lower than the lignin content of 29.3% of the untreated wood. The cellulose fibers exhibited higher cellulose crystallinity and better thermal stability compared to untreated wood materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Moniruzzaman
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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44
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Kuzhim AA, Drozd NN, Torlopov MA, Il'ina AV. [Relationship between the anticoagulant activity of sulfated plant polysaccharides and the area of their precipitation with polycations during biospecific electrophoresis]. Eksp Klin Farmakol 2013; 76:20-24. [PMID: 24400384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyanions (in an amount within 1.5 - 6.0 mg), including cellulose sulfates (excreted from Gossipium hirsutum L., molecular weight 22.0 kDa, degree of sulfation within 0.8 - 1.8), inulin sulfates (excreted from Helianthus tuberosus, molecular weight 8.0 kDa, degree of sulfation within 0.6 - 1.6), pectin sulfates (excreted from Abies sibirica L., molecular weight 24.0 kDa, degree of sulfation within 0.8 - 1.1), give rise to peaks of precipitation with polycations of protamine sulfate. Only cellulose sulfates (in amount within 0.38 - 6.00 mg) give the peaks of precipitation with chitosan polycations (molecular weight 10 kDa, degree of deacetylation 85%) during horizontal biospecific electrophoresis. The height of the peak of precipitation with protamin sulfate was found to grow with increasing antithrombin activity of cellulose sulfates and pectin sulfate (for polyanions in an amount within 1.5 - 6 mg). The size of the area of precipitation with chitosan was found to decrease with increasing antithrombin activity of cellulose sulfates.
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45
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Chen WH, Tsai CC, Lin CF, Tsai PY, Hwang WS. Pilot-scale study on the acid-catalyzed steam explosion of rice straw using a continuous pretreatment system. Bioresour Technol 2013. [PMID: 23201511 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A continuous acid-catalyzed steam explosion pretreatment process and system to produce cellulosic ethanol was developed at the pilot-scale. The effects of the following parameters on the pretreatment efficiency of rice straw feedstocks were investigated: the acid concentration, the reaction temperature, the residence time, the feedstock size, the explosion pressure and the screw speed. The optimal presteaming horizontal reactor conditions for the pretreatment process are as follows: 1.7 rpm and 100-110 °C with an acid concentration of 1.3% (w/w). An acid-catalyzed steam explosion is then performed in the vertical reactor at 185 °C for 2 min. Approximately 73% of the total saccharification yield was obtained after the rice straw was pretreated under optimal conditions and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis at a combined severity factor of 0.4-0.7. Moreover, good long-term stability and durability of the pretreatment system under continuous operation was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Chen
- Chemistry Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.
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46
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Mao L, Zhang L, Gao N, Li A. FeCl3 and acetic acid co-catalyzed hydrolysis of corncob for improving furfural production and lignin removal from residue. Bioresour Technol 2012; 123:324-31. [PMID: 22940337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to increase furfural yield and lignin removal, both FeCl(3) and acetic acid were used to co-catalyze the hydrolysis of corncob. A series of experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of acetic acid, FeCl(3) concentrations and temperatures on furfural production and residue characteristics. The results showed that high FeCl(3) concentrations caused serious cellulose degradation while acetic acid was more effective for lignin removal. A maximum furfural yield of 67.89% (35.74% higher than that in conventional sulfuric acid-catalyzed process) was obtained at 180°C in the presence of 20mM of FeCl(3) and 3% of acetic acid. Simultaneously, lignin removal reached 54.79%, and 74.29% of the cellulose was remained for further utilization. Acetic acid and FeCl(3) co-catalyzed hydrolysis was not only a high efficiency and environmental friendly technique, but also provided a possibility to utilize the furfural residue for ethanol production and other industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liaoyuan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, PR China
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Ji G, Wu Y, Wang C. Analysis of microbial characterization in an upflow anaerobic sludge bed/biological aerated filter system for treating microcrystalline cellulose wastewater. Bioresour Technol 2012; 120:60-69. [PMID: 22784954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A two-stage UASB and 2-stage BAF series bioreactor was used for treating the microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) wastewater. The treating efficiency, dominant microbes, eubacterial and archaebacterial composition and cel5A, cel6B and bglC gene expression levels were examined using combined PCR-DGGE and real-time PCR technology. The results showed that under three MCC loads (1000, 2000 and 3000 mg L(-1)), the total MCC degradation efficiency of the UASB-BAF system was 82.0%, 83.5% and 70.5%, respectively. In different MCC load cases, the first stage UASB and BAF formed an approximate full-value cellulase system where cellulolytic microorganisms were the dominant flora, while the second stage UASB and BAF formed a low-value cellulase system where non-cellulolytic microorganisms were the dominant flora. Eubacteria were dominant in every UASB-BAF unit. The rate-limiting enzyme gene for MCC degradation in every unit was cel6B. These results will support the development of high efficiency bio-reactors for the degradation of MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Saska S, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Teixeira LN, Franchi LP, Dos Santos RA, Gaspar AMM, de Oliveira PT, Rosa AL, Takahashi CS, Messaddeq Y, Ribeiro SJL, Marchetto R. Characterization and in vitro evaluation of bacterial cellulose membranes functionalized with osteogenic growth peptide for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2012; 23:2253-2266. [PMID: 22622695 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4676-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the physicochemical properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) membranes functionalized with osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) and its C-terminal pentapeptide OGP[10-14], and to evaluate in vitro osteoinductive potential in early osteogenesis, besides, to evaluate cytotoxic, genotoxic and/or mutagenic effects. Peptide incorporation into the BC membranes did not change the morphology of BC nanofibers and BC crystallinity pattern. The characterization was complemented by Raman scattering, swelling ratio and mechanical tests. In vitro assays demonstrated no cytotoxic, genotoxic or mutagenic effects for any of the studied BC membranes. Culture with osteogenic cells revealed no difference in cell morphology among all the membranes tested. Cell viability/proliferation, total protein content, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization assays indicated that BC-OGP membranes enabled the highest development of the osteoblastic phenotype in vitro. In conclusion, the negative results of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and mutagenicity indicated that all the membranes can be employed for medical supplies, mainly in bone tissue engineering/regeneration, due to their osteoinductive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybele Saska
- Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista, (UNESP), Rua Francisco Degni 55, Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil.
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Stoica-Guzun A, Stroescu M, Jinga S, Jipa I, Dobre T, Dobre L. Ultrasound influence upon calcium carbonate precipitation on bacterial cellulose membranes. Ultrason Sonochem 2012; 19:909-915. [PMID: 22227555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultrasonic irradiation (40 kHz) on the calcium carbonate deposition on bacterial cellulose membranes was investigated using calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) and sodium carbonate (Na(2)CO(3)) as starting reactants. The composite materials containing bacterial cellulose-calcium carbonate were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and color measurements. The polymorphs of calcium carbonate that were deposited on bacterial cellulose membranes in the presence or in the absence of ultrasonic irradiation were calcite and vaterite. The morphology of the obtained crystals was influenced by the concentration of starting solutions and by the presence of ultrasonic irradiation. In the presence of ultrasonic irradiation the obtained crystals were bigger and in a larger variety of shapes than in the absence of ultrasounds: from cubes of calcite to spherical and flower-like vaterite particles. Bacterial cellulose could be a good matrix for obtaining different types of calcium carbonate crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anicuta Stoica-Guzun
- University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Polizu 1-3, Bucharest 011061, Romania
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Bicu I, Mustata F. Cellulose extraction from orange peel using sulfite digestion reagents. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102:10013-10019. [PMID: 21893413 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Orange peel (OP) was used as raw material for cellulose extraction. Two different pulping reagents were used, sodium sulfite and sodium metabisulfite. The effect of the main process parameters, sulfite agent dosage and reaction duration, on cellulose yield was investigated. A central composite rotatable design involving two variables at five levels and response surface methodology were used for the optimization of cellulose recovery. Other two invariable parameters were reaction temperature and hydromodulus. The optimum yields, referred to the weight of double extracted OP, were 40.4% and 45.2% for sodium sulfite and sodium metabisulfite digestions, respectively. The crude celluloses were bleached with hypochlorite and oxygen. The physicochemical characterization data of these cellulose materials indicate good levels of purity, low crystallinities, good whitenesses, good water retention and moderate molecular weights. According to these specific properties the recovered celluloses could be used as fillers, water absorbents, or as raw materials for cellulose derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan Bicu
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda Nr. 41A, Iasi 700487, Romania.
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