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Keret R, Schliephack PM, Stangler DF, Seifert T, Kahle HP, Drew DM, Hills PN. An open-source machine-learning approach for obtaining high-quality quantitative wood anatomy data from E. grandis and P. radiata xylem. Plant Sci 2024; 340:111970. [PMID: 38163623 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Quantitative wood anatomy is a subfield in dendrochronology that requires effective open-source image analysis tools. In this research, the bioimage analysis software QuPath (v0.4.4) is introduced as a candidate for accurately quantifying the cellular properties of the xylem in an automated manner. Additionally, the potential of QuPath to detect the transition of early- to latewood tracheids over the growing season was evaluated to assess a potential application in dendroecological studies. Various algorithms in QuPath were optimized to quantify different xylem cell types in Eucalyptus grandis and the transition of early- to latewood tracheids in Pinus radiata. These algorithms were coded into cell detection scripts for automatic quantification of stem microsections and compared to a manually curated method to assess the accuracy of the cell detections. The automatic cell detection approach, using QuPath, has been validated to be reproducible with an acceptable error when assessing fibers, vessels, early- and latewood tracheids. However, further optimization for parenchyma is still required. This proposed method developed in QuPath provides a scalable and accurate approach for quantifying anatomical features in stem microsections. With minor amendments to the detection and classification algorithms, this strategy is likely to be viable in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Keret
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Bosman St, 7599, Stellenbosch central, South Africa
| | - Paul M Schliephack
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dominik F Stangler
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Seifert
- Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Bosman St, 7599, Stellenbosch central, South Africa; Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Kahle
- Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - David M Drew
- Department of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Bosman St, 7599, Stellenbosch central, South Africa.
| | - Paul N Hills
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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2
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Wibowo ES, Park BD. The role of acetone-fractionated Kraft lignin molecular structure on surface adhesion to formaldehyde-based resins. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:1449-1461. [PMID: 36436598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One of the key strategies for valorizing kraft lignin (KL) into value-added products such as bio-based adhesives is to perform solvent fractionation of KL to produce lignin with improved homogeneity. Understanding the structure and properties of fractionated KL will aid in the selection of the best samples for certain applications. In this study, acetone-fractionated KL from softwood and hardwood was characterized to understand its chemical structure, elemental composition, molecular weight, and thermal properties. The results revealed that acetone-insoluble KL (AIKL) fractions from softwood and hardwood have greater molecular weight, polydispersity, glass temperature, carbohydrate content, aliphatic hydroxyl groups, and a variety of native wood lignin side chains. In contrast, acetone-soluble KL (ASKL) fractions have a significantly lower molecular weight and polydispersity, a lower glass-transition temperature, a more condensed structure, more aromatic hydroxyl groups, and fewer native wood lignin side chains. In addition, the ASKL samples demonstrated stronger adhesive force and work of adhesion toward phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins than the AIKL samples, regardless of the lignin source. These findings suggest that ASKL has great potential as a substitute for phenol in PF resins and as a green additive to reinforce UF resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko Setio Wibowo
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Dae Park
- Department of Wood and Paper Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Chen J, Liu S, Yin L, Cao H, Xi G, Zhang Z, Liu J, Luo R, Han L, Yin Y, Guo J. Non-destructive preservation state estimation of waterlogged archaeological wooden artifacts. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2023; 285:121840. [PMID: 36115308 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-destructive preservation state estimation is an essential prerequisite for the preservation and conservation of waterlogged archaeological wooden artifacts. Herein, Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to assess sixty-four waterlogged archaeological woods collected from seven excavation sites in the period range of 2900 BCE-1912 CE, aiming at developing a non-destructive, accurate and rapid preservation state estimation methodology. The role of non-decayed recent wood of relevant species on preservation state estimation was studied in prior, showing the use of non-decayed recent wood could not improve the predictive ability. Besides, the high variability in terms of chemical structure between archaeological softwoods and archaeological hardwoods did affect the preservation state estimation. Thus, a simple OPLS-DA model of non-destructively distinguishing archaeological hardwoods from softwoods, R2Xcum of 0.659, R2Ycum of 0.836 and Q2cum of 0.763, was established to avoid and overcome destructive approach for wood identification. Then, the well-defined three grouped separations of slightly-decayed, moderately-decayed and severely-decayed waterlogged archaeological woods were revealed in OPLS-DA models, providing R2Xcum of 0.793, R2Ycum of 0.738, Q2cum of 0.680, and R2Xcum of 0.780, R2Ycum of 0.901, Q2cum of 0.870, for waterlogged archaeological hardwoods and waterlogged archaeological softwoods respectively. Potential predictive wood spectral bands were screened and tentatively identified as hydroxyls of crystalline cellulose, acetyl groups of hemicelluloses, C-H bands of lignin, which guaranteed the elimination of non-structural compounds, such as water and inorganic components interference. Furthermore, the developed NIR methodology was validated by an extensively used destructive method consisting of anatomical characteristics, maximum water content and basic density analyses. The results indicated that NIR coupled to chemometrics could non-destructively and accurately predict the preservation states of waterlogged archaeological wooden artifacts and avoid the interference of water and inorganic deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Chen
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shoujia Liu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Guanglan Xi
- National Center of Archaeology, Heping Road No. 21, Beijing 100031, China; Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- National Center of Archaeology, Heping Road No. 21, Beijing 100031, China
| | - Jian'an Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Jiaogong Road No.71, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rupeng Luo
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Jiaogong Road No.71, Hangzhou 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liuyang Han
- Institute of Cultural Heritage and History of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Xueyuan Road No.30, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China; Wood Collection of Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing 100091, China.
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4
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Guiao KS, Tzoganakis C, Mekonnen TH. Green mechano-chemical processing of lignocellulosic biomass for lignin recovery. Chemosphere 2022; 293:133647. [PMID: 35063558 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignin extraction from biomass is heavily dependent on chemical processes that are harmful to the environment and the quality of the recovered lignin. Ionic liquid solvents are some of the latest solutions in green processing; however, their implementation for lignin recovery is limited by their high cost, typically high loadings requirements, and long processing times. To overcome these issues, in this study, high loadings of mixed hardwood flour (MHF) were processed with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) in a batch mixer. The rheological behaviour of the biomass and ionic liquid mixture was studied. The mixture had a high complex viscosity (approx. 107 Pa s) at low shear rates and displayed pronounced shear thinning behavior at 50 wt% MHF loading. A 22 factorial design was also implemented to study the effects of MHF solid loading amount and residence time on lignin extraction yield. A maximum yield of 36.6% was obtained at the maximum solid loading amount and residence time (50 wt% and 45 min, respectively). The extracted lignin samples were also characterized in comparison with commercial Kraft lignin and lignosulfonate. The novelty of this study is the successful lignin extraction at high solid loadings and shorter residence times compared to previous biomass pre-treatments with ionic liquids that employs low solid loading and long processing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karelle S Guiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Costas Tzoganakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tizazu H Mekonnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Campano C, Balea A, Tarrés Q, Delgado-Aguilar M, Mutjé P, Blanco A, Negro C. Critical comparison of the properties of cellulose nanofibers produced from softwood and hardwood through enzymatic, chemical and mechanical processes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:220-230. [PMID: 35182566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge on the properties of different types of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) is fragmented. Properties variation is very extensive, depending on raw materials, effectiveness of the treatments to extract the cellulose fraction from the lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatments to facilitate cellulose fibrillation and final mechanical process to separate the microfibrils. Literature offers multiple parameters to characterize the CNFs prepared by different routes. However, there is a lack of an extensive guide to compare the CNFs. In this study, we perform a critical comparison of rheological, compositional, and morphological features of CNFs, produced from the most representative types of woody plants, hardwood and softwood, using different types and intensities of pretreatments, including enzymatic, chemical and mechanical ones, and varying the severity of mechanical treatment focusing on the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic parameters. This structured information will be exceedingly useful to select the most appropriate CNF for a certain application based on the most relevant parameters in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Campano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Mutjé
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Morya R, Kumar M, Shekhar Thakur I. Bioconversion of syringyl lignin into malic acid by Burkholderia sp. ISTR5. Bioresour Technol 2021; 330:124981. [PMID: 33756182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Syringyl monomeric units are the most common intermediates encountered during hardwood lignin degradation. In the present study, efficient utilization of syringaldehyde (SAld), syringic acid (SAc) by Burkholderia sp. ISTR5 (R5) has been shown. The proteogenomic analysis of Burkholderia sp. ISTR5 was done to understand the enzymes involved in the degradation of syringaldehyde and syringic acid. Various proteins such as aldehyde dehydrogenase, laccase, and oxidoreductases were highly upregulated during growth on syringaldehyde and syringic acid. R5 completely transformed both the substrates SAld and SAc to other hydrocarbons in 48 h and 24 h, respectively. Moreover, bioconversion of syringyl lignins followed an unusual pathway and accumulated a considerable amount of industrially valuable chemical malic acid in the reaction titer. This study shows the robust chassis of R5 to cope with the aromatic aldehydic stress and simultaneous bioconversion into valuable products for an efficient biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Morya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Madan Kumar
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Indu Shekhar Thakur
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India; Amity School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
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7
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Tang X, Liu G, Zhang H, Gao X, Li M, Zhang S. Facile preparation of all-cellulose composites from softwood, hardwood, and agricultural straw cellulose by a simple route of partial dissolution. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 256:117591. [PMID: 33483077 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a novel, facile, and green method that was used for creating a new all-cellulose composite (ACC) based on inorganic molten salt solvent. Three representatively native fibers from softwood (Pinus kesiya), hardwood (Eucalyptus globulus), and agricultural straw (Zea mays) were selected to verify the effect of the method. The welded sheets were thoroughly characterized and compared. Cellulose sheets from the pine exhibited excellent mechanical properties (σb 16.94 MPa) and thermal stability (Tmax 265 °C) after the welding process, while the corn stalk sheets displayed more robust and thermostable features than the eucalyptus. The welding technique using inorganic metal salt hydrate provides a promising and convenient route to obtain firm sheet-materials with micro- or nano-structures from nature fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Tang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Gaozhe Liu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xin Gao
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China.
| | - Meng Li
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Shumei Zhang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
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8
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Verma C, Chhajed M, Gupta P, Roy S, Maji PK. Isolation of cellulose nanocrystals from different waste bio-mass collating their liquid crystal ordering with morphological exploration. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:242-253. [PMID: 33561456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have been recognized as one of the most promising nanofillers in modern science and technology owing to their outstanding characteristics of renewability, biodegradability, excellent mechanical strength, and liquid crystalline behavior. Interestingly, these properties are dependent on their genetic and also on the isolation process. Therefore, this research aimed to unveil how the biological variations of cellulose can influence on the physical properties of the extracted CNCs. A standard optimized extraction process was adopted to isolate the CNCs from different sources. Extracted CNCs were compared through characterization tools, including Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Polarized Optical Microscopy (POM). Different self-assembly patterns were observed for different CNCs, owing to their biological variations. The resultant nanocrystals displayed variable morphologies such as spherical, rod, and needle shape. The hydrodynamic diameter, crystallinity index, decomposition temperature, liquid crystallinity, and storage modulus were varied. Nanocrystals isolated from non-wood feedstock have shown a higher degree of polymerization of 108.2 and a high Crystllinity Index (C·I.) of 55.1%. The rod-like morphology with the liquid crystalline pattern was obtained at 3 wt% concentration for SCNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Verma
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monika Chhajed
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pragya Gupta
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunanda Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, 100, Inha-Ro, Nam Gu, Incheon 22212, South Korea.
| | - Pradip K Maji
- Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur 247001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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9
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Tao J, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Huang D, Wu Y. Quantifying the relative importance of major tracers for fine particles released from biofuel combustion in households in the rural North China Plain. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115764. [PMID: 33139102 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning tracers have been widely used to identify biomass burning types, but such tools can sometimes cause large uncertainties in the source attribution studies of PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of smaller than 2.5 μm). To quantify the relative importance of the major biomass burning tracers in PM2.5 released from biofuels combusted in the North China Plain, combustion experiments under the smoldering and flaming combustion conditions were conducted using nine types of typical household biofuels including two types of agricultural wastes, five types of hardwoods, one softwood, and one mixed wood briquette. PM2.5 samples were collected from the combustion experiments and source profiles of PM2.5 were thus determined for various biofuels under the two different combustion conditions. Carbonaceous species including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were the major chemical components of the PM2.5 released from combustion of all the tested biofuels, with mass fractions of 37-45% and 4-7% under the smoldering condition and 11-25% and 7-29% under the flaming condition, respectively. Higher mass fractions of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs, e.g., K+ and Cl-) in PM2.5 were observed under the flaming than smoldering combustion condition, while anhydrosugars (levoglucosan (LG) and mannosan (MN)) presented in an opposite pattern. The average LG/MN ratio in PM2.5 changed significantly with biofuel type (20-55 for agricultural wastes, 10-22 for hardwoods (except elm) and 3-6 for softwood), but varied little with combustion condition. In contrast, the K+/LG ratio in PM2.5 varied significantly between smoldering (<0.2) and flaming (>0.6) combustion conditions for all the biofuel types except softwood. Results from this study suggested that the ratio LG/MN was the best tracer for identifying the biofuel types and the ratio K+/LG is suitable for identifying the combustion conditions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, Guangzhou, China; The Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daojian Huang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environmental, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Matsakas L, Sarkar O, Jansson S, Rova U, Christakopoulos P. A novel hybrid organosolv-steam explosion pretreatment and fractionation method delivers solids with superior thermophilic digestibility to methane. Bioresour Technol 2020; 316:123973. [PMID: 32799045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rising environmental concerns and the imminent depletion of fossil resources have sparked a strong interest towards the production of renewable energy such as biomethane. Inclusion of alternative feedstock's such as lignocellulosic biomass could further expand the production of biomethane. The present study evaluated the potential of a novel hybrid organosolv-steam explosion fractionation for delivering highly digestible pretreated solids from birch and spruce woodchips. The highest methane production yield was 176.5 mLCH4 gVS-1 for spruce and 327.2 mL CH4 gVS-1 for birch. High methane production rates of 1.0-6.3 mL min-1 (spruce) and 6.0-35.5 mL min-1 (birch) were obtained, leading to a rapid digestion, with 92% of total methane from spruce being generated in 80 h and 95% of that from birch in 120 h. These results demonstrate the elevated potential of the novel method to fractionate spruce and birch biomass and deliver cellulose-rich pretreated solids with superior digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971‑87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Omprakash Sarkar
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971‑87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Stina Jansson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971‑87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971‑87 Luleå, Sweden
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11
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Werdin J, Fletcher TD, Rayner JP, Williams NSG, Farrell C. Biochar made from low density wood has greater plant available water than biochar made from high density wood. Sci Total Environ 2020; 705:135856. [PMID: 31831248 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil water limitations often restrict plant growth in unirrigated agricultural, forestry and urban systems. Biochar amendment to soils can increase water retention, but not all of this additional water is necessarily available to plants. Differences in the effectiveness of biochar in ameliorating soil water limitations may be a result of differences in feedstock cell structure. Previous research has shown that feedstock cell structure influences the pore structure of biochar and consequently the volume available for water storage. The availability of this water for plant uptake will be determined by biochar pore diameters, given its role in determining capillary forces which plants must overcome to access pore water. Therefore, we hypothesized that differences in hardwood feedstock cell structure would result in differences in the plant available water holding capacity of biochar. Before pyrolysis, we measured the wood morphology of 18 Eucalyptus species on three replicates of equal age on a gradient of wood density (572-960 kg m-3). Wood samples were then pyrolysed (550 °C) and the resulting biochars were sieved and their particle size distribution was standardised before their physical properties, including water holding capacity, plant available water and bulk density were measured. Our results show that biochar made from lower density eucalypt wood had up to 35% greater water holding capacity and up to 45% greater plant available water than biochar made from higher density eucalypt wood. Further, feedstock wood density related well to fibre cell wall thickness and fibre lumen diameter. Therefore, wood density could be used as a proxy for wood cell structure, which can in turn be used to predict plant available water in biochar. The simple measure of feedstock wood density can inform feedstock choices for producing biochars with greater plant available water, optimal for the use as soil amendment in water limited environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Werdin
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond 3121, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tim D Fletcher
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond 3121, Victoria, Australia
| | - John P Rayner
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond 3121, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas S G Williams
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond 3121, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire Farrell
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond 3121, Victoria, Australia
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Olsson J, Novy V, Nielsen F, Wallberg O, Galbe M. Sequential fractionation of the lignocellulosic components in hardwood based on steam explosion and hydrotropic extraction. Biotechnol Biofuels 2019; 12:1. [PMID: 30622643 PMCID: PMC6318938 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The forest biorefinery plays an important part in the evolving circular bioeconomy due to its capacity to produce a portfolio of bio-based and sustainable fuels, chemicals, and materials. To tap into its true potential, more efficient and environmentally benign methods are needed to fractionate woody biomass into its main components (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) without reducing their potential for valorization. This work presents a sequential fractionation method for hardwood based on steam pretreatment (STEX) and hydrotropic extraction (HEX) with sodium xylene sulfonate. By prehydrolyzing the hemicellulose (STEX) and subsequently extract the lignin from the cellulose fraction (HEX), the major wood components can be recovered in separate process streams and be further valorized. RESULTS Using autocatalyzed STEX and HEX, hemicellulose (> 70%) and lignin (~ 50%) were successfully fractionated and recovered in separate liquid streams and cellulose preserved (99%) and enriched (~ twofold) in the retained solids. Investigation of pretreatment conditions during HEX showed only incremental effects of temperature (150-190 °C) and hold-up time (2-8 h) variations on the fractionation efficiency. The hydrolyzability of the cellulose-rich solids was analyzed and showed higher cellulose conversion when treated with the combined process (47%) than with HEX alone (29%), but was inferior to STEX alone (75%). Protein adsorption and surface structure analysis suggested decreased accessibility due to the collapse of the fibrillose cellulose structure and an increasingly hydrophobic lignin as potential reasons. CONCLUSION This work shows the potential of sequential STEX and HEX to fractionate and isolate cellulose, hemicellulose, and a sulfur-free lignin in separate product streams, in an efficient, sustainable, and scalable process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Olsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Vera Novy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Nielsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola Wallberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Galbe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Xu J, Fu Y, Tian G, Li Q, Liu N, Qin M, Wang Z. Mild and efficient extraction of hardwood hemicellulose using recyclable formic acid/water binary solvent. Bioresour Technol 2018; 254:353-356. [PMID: 29395743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Formic acid/water binary solvent extraction with formic acid fraction lower than 77.5% (w/w) of azeotrope was used to extract hemicellulose-derived saccharides from poplar wood at various levels of severity. The highest xylose yield of 77.8% and arabinose yield of 93.5% were obtained at 120 °C and 1 h. To reduce cellulose hydrolysis and facilitate downstream xylose crystallization, mild conditions at 90 °C and 4 h was chosen as optimum severity, which led to the highest xylose fraction of 81.7% in all saccharides extracted, with a remarkable xylose yield of 73.1%. Mass balance analysis showed that 5.84% of xylan was degraded, but only 0.25% of xylan ended up as furfural at optimum severity. The proposed extraction process has high feasibility for industrial application since the low formic acid fraction in solvent allows simple recovery and concentration of used solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yingjuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guoyu Tian
- College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Qun Li
- College of Papermaking Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Menghua Qin
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Taishan University, Taian 271021, China
| | - Zhaojiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
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Barton N, Horbal L, Starck S, Kohlstedt M, Luzhetskyy A, Wittmann C. Enabling the valorization of guaiacol-based lignin: Integrated chemical and biochemical production of cis,cis-muconic acid using metabolically engineered Amycolatopsis sp ATCC 39116. Metab Eng 2018; 45:200-10. [PMID: 29246517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is nature's second most abundant polymer and displays a largely unexploited renewable resource for value-added bio-production. None of the lignin-based fermentation processes so far managed to use guaiacol (2-methoxy phenol), the predominant aromatic monomer in depolymerized lignin. In this work, we describe metabolic engineering of Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 to produce cis,cis-muconic acid (MA), a precursor of recognized industrial value for commercial plastics, from guaiacol. The microbe utilized a very broad spectrum of lignin-based aromatics, such as catechol, guaiacol, phenol, toluene, p-coumarate, and benzoate, tolerated them in elevated amounts and even preferred them over sugars. As a next step, we developed a novel approach for genomic engineering of this challenging, GC-rich actinomycete. The successful introduction of conjugation and blue-white screening, using β-glucuronidase, enabled tailored genomic modifications within ten days. Successive deletion of two putative muconate cycloisomerases from the genome provided the mutant Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 MA-2, which accumulated 3.1gL-1 MA from guaiacol within 24h, achieving a yield of 96%. The mutant was found also capable to produce MA from a guaiacol-rich true lignin hydrolysate, obtained from pine through hydrothermal conversion. This provides an important proof-of-concept to successfully coupling chemical and biochemical process steps into a value chain from the lignin polymer to an industrial chemical. In addition, Amycolatopsis sp. ATCC 39116 MA-2 was able to produce 2-methyl MA from o-cresol (2-methyl phenol), which opens possibilities towards polymers with novel architecture and properties.
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Wang Z, Gräsvik J, Jönsson LJ, Winestrand S. Comparison of [HSO 4] -, [Cl] - and [MeCO 2] - as anions in pretreatment of aspen and spruce with imidazolium-based ionic liquids. BMC Biotechnol 2017; 17:82. [PMID: 29141617 PMCID: PMC5688671 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-017-0403-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ionic liquids (ILs) draw attention as green solvents for pretreatment of lignocellulose before enzymatic saccharification. Imidazolium-based ILs with different anionic constituents ([HSO4]−, [Cl]−, [MeCO2]−) were compared with regard to pretreatment of wood from aspen and spruce. The objective was to elucidate how the choice of anionic constituent affected the suitability of using the IL for pretreatment of hardwood, such as aspen, and softwood, such as spruce. The investigation covered a thorough analysis of the mass balance of the IL pretreatments, the effects of pretreatment on the cell wall structure as assessed by fluorescence microscopy, and the effects of pretreatment on the susceptibility to enzymatic saccharification. Torrefied aspen and spruce were included in the comparison for assessing how shifting contents of hemicelluloses and Klason lignin affected the susceptibility of the wood to IL pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification. Results The glucose yield after IL pretreatment increased in the order [Cl]− < [HSO4]− < [MeCO2]− for aspen, but in the order [HSO4]− < [Cl]− < [MeCO2]− for spruce. For both aspen and spruce, removal of hemicelluloses and lignin increased in the order [Cl]− < [MeCO2]− < [HSO4]−. Fluorescence microscopy indicated increasingly disordered cell wall structure following the order [HSO4]− < [Cl]− < [MeCO2]−. Torrefaction of aspen converted xylan to pseudo-lignin and changed the glucose yield order to [HSO4]− < [Cl]− < [MeCO2]−. Conclusions The acidity of [HSO4]− caused extensive hydrolysis of xylan, which facilitated pretreatment of xylan-rich hardwood. Apart from that, the degree of removal of hemicelluloses and lignin did not correspond well with the improvement of the enzymatic saccharification. Taken together, the saccharification results were found to mainly reflect (i) the different capacities of the ILs to disorder the cell wall structure, (ii) the recalcitrance caused by high xylan content, and (iii) the capacity of the [HSO4]−-based IL to hydrolyze xylan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12896-017-0403-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - John Gräsvik
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,Present address: Iggesund Paperboard, SE-825 80, Iggesund, Sweden
| | - Leif J Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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16
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He L, Han Q, Jameel H, Chang HM, Phillips R, Wang Z. Comparison of One-Stage Batch and Fed-Batch Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Pretreated Hardwood for the Production of Biosugar. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 184:1441-52. [PMID: 29064030 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-017-2633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fed-batch method has shown a great promise in debottlenecking the high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis for the commercialization of cellulosic biosugar conversion for biofuel/biochemical production. To further improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency at high solid loading, fed-batch methods of green liquor-pretreated hardwood were performed to evaluate their effects on sugar recovery by comparing with one-stage batch method in this study. Among all the explored conditions, the fed-batch at 15% consistency gave higher sugar recovery on green liquor-pretreated hardwood compared to that of one-stage batch. By using general linear model analysis, the percentage of enzymatic sugar recovery in fed-batch consistency method (increasing consistency from the initial 10.7 to 15% at intervals of 24 and 48 h) was higher than that of batch hydrolysis at higher density of 15% consistency. Under that best fed-batch condition, the total sugar recovery of pretreated hardwood in enzymatic hydrolysate reached approximately 48.41% at Cellic® enzyme loading of 5 filter-paper unit (FPU)/g and 58.83% at Cellic® enzyme loading of 10 FPU/g with a hydrolysis time of 96 h.
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17
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Lovato A, Staffieri C, Ottaviano G, Cappellesso R, Giacomelli L, Bartolucci GB, Scapellato ML, Marioni G. Woodworkers and the inflammatory effects of softwood/ hardwood dust: evidence from nasal cytology. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 273:3195-200. [PMID: 27001257 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-3989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Our primary aim was to use nasal cytology to compare a group of woodworkers with a group of unexposed subjects to see whether wood dust exposure correlates with specific patterns of inflammatory or infectious rhinitis. A secondary aim was to seek any differences in nasal symptoms or nasal cytology between workers exposed to softwood vs hardwood dust, thereby comparing the inflammatory harmful potential of the two woods. Among 117 woodworkers at factories in the Veneto region (Italy), 40 exposed to either softwood or hardwood dust were assessed by means of a questionnaire, nasal cytology, and personal wood dust sampling, and compared with 40 unexposed controls. Woodworkers reported significantly more nasal symptoms than controls (p = 0.0007). The woodworker group's nasal smears contained significantly more neutrophils (p < 0.00001) and lymphocytes (p = 0.02) than the control group's. The softwood workers had significantly lower levels of personal exposure to wood dust than the hardwood workers (p = 0.04); there were no significant differences in age, history of cigarette smoking, or period of exposure between these two sub-cohorts of woodworkers. A statistical trend indicated that softwood workers had more eosinophils (p = 0.05) and lymphocytes (p = 0.05) in their rhinocytograms. Nasal cytology revealed chronic inflammatory rhinitis in a significant proportion of woodworkers' enroled in this study. It also suggested a different harmful potential for softwood and hardwood dust. Nasal cytology could prove useful in screening woodworkers for chronic inflammatory rhinitis. Further investigations are needed to examine the role of different types of wood dust in nasal inflammation.
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18
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Asada C, Sasaki C, Hirano T, Nakamura Y. Chemical characteristics and enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass treated using high-temperature saturated steam: comparison of softwood and hardwood. Bioresour Technol 2015; 182:245-250. [PMID: 25704097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of high-temperature saturated steam treatments on the chemical characteristics and enzymatic saccharification of softwood and hardwood. The weight loss and chemical modification of cedar and beech wood pieces treated at 25, 35, and 45 atm for 5 min were determined. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that solubilization and removal of hemicellulose and lignin occurred by the steam treatment. The milling treatment of steam-treated wood enhanced its enzymatic saccharification. Maximum enzymatic saccharification (i.e., 94% saccharification rate of cellulose) was obtained using steam-treated beech at 35 atm for 5 min followed by milling treatment for 1 min. However, the necessity of the milling treatment for efficient enzymatic saccharification is dependent on the wood species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Asada
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Chizuru Sasaki
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirano
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Life System, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
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Bezerra-Silva PC, Santos JC, Santos GKN, Dutra KA, Santana ALBD, Maranhão CA, Nascimento MS, Navarro DMAF, Bieber LW. Extract of Bowdichia virgilioides and maackiain as larvicidal agent against Aedes aegypti mosquito. Exp Parasitol 2015; 153:160-4. [PMID: 25819294 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The larvicidal activities of extracts of three hardwood species (Hymenaea stigonorcapa, Anadenanthera colubrina and Bowdichia virgilioides) against 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti were evaluated using WHO guidelines. Extracts of H. stignocarpa and A. colubrina showed weak activity. The highest larvicidal effect was obtained with the cyclohexane extract of the heartwood of B. virgilioides, which caused 100% mortality at concentrations at 50 and 100 µg/mL. Fraction toluene/EtOAc (8:2) from this extract showed larvicidal activity (LC₅₀ = 34.90 ± 1.27 µg/mL). A mixture of two compounds identified as medicarpin and maackiain exhibited a very good larvicidal activity (sub-fraction 2, LC₅₀ = 17.5 ± 1.87 µg/mL) and maackiain showed to be a strong larvicidal compound (LC₅₀ = 21.95 ± 1.34 µg/mL). This result can be of value in the search for new natural larvicidal compounds from other hardwood plant extracts and presents the first report of B. virgilioides being used to control a mosquito vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia C Bezerra-Silva
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Jefferson C Santos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Geanne K N Santos
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Kamilla A Dutra
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andrea L B D Santana
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Claudia A Maranhão
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Márcia S Nascimento
- Departamento de Antibióticos, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Daniela M A F Navarro
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Lothar W Bieber
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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