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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Xu H, Balea A, Blanco A, Negro C. Enhancement of the production of TEMPO-mediated oxidation cellulose nanofibrils by kneading. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129612. [PMID: 38272426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The industrial use of TEMPO-mediated oxidation (TMO) reaction to produce highly fibrillated cellulose nanofibrils has been hindered by high catalyst costs, long reaction times and high reaction volumes. The hypothesis that cellulose concentration during TMO process is key to increase the process of efficiency has been confirmed. The novelty of this research is the proof-of-concept for a significant enhancement of the TMO reaction by kneading the cellulose to work in concentrations above 120 g/L. Results show that the increase of the cellulose concentration in the TMO reaction, from the traditional 10 g/L to 120 g/L, increase not only the production for the same reaction volume (1200 %) but also the pulp recovery (up to 94 %). Moreover, the oxidation time can be reduced from 42 min to only 4 min while properties of both the oxidized pulps and the final nanocellulose are similar. On the other hand, the use of buffers in the TMO reaction allows us to keep the pH constant without using NaOH, and to improve the selectivity of the carboxyl groups production. The proposed process also minimizes the final environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hongyu Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Wang W, Liu J, Xu H, Zhang Y, Mao X, Huang WC. Characterization and comparison of carboxymethylation and TEMPO-mediated oxidation for polysaccharides modification. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128322. [PMID: 38000579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, carboxymethylation and TEMPO-mediated oxidation were compared for their ability to introduce carboxyl groups to polysaccharides, using cellulose and chitin as model polysaccharides. The carboxyl group contents and changes in the molecular weight of carboxymethylated and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose/chitin were measured. The results revealed that carboxymethylation achieved higher carboxyl group contents, with values of 4.99 mmol/g for cellulose and 4.46 mmol/g for chitin, whereas for TEMPO-oxidized cellulose and chitin, the values were 1.64 mmol/g and 1.12 mmol/g, respectively. As a consequence of TEMPO-mediated oxidation, polysaccharides underwent degradation, leading to a decrease in the molecular weight of 42.46 % for oxidized cellulose and 64.5 % for oxidized chitin. Additionally, the crystallinity of carboxymethylated polysaccharides decreased with an increase in the carboxyl group contents, whereas that of TEMPO-oxidized polysaccharides remained unchanged. Furthermore, TEMPO-mediated oxidation selectively oxidized C6 primary hydroxyls, while carboxylmethylation converted all the hydroxyl groups on the polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Jiayuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Huiwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, China
| | - Wen-Can Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, China.
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3
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Xu H, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Blanco A, Balea A, Negro C. Recycling of TEMPO-mediated oxidation medium and its effect on nanocellulose properties. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121168. [PMID: 37567710 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy)-mediated oxidation (TMO) to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) is hindered using costly and environmentally harmful catalysts, limiting its large-scale implementation. To promote sustainability, the TMO medium should be reused but there is a lack of knowledge on this process. The novelty of this research is the identification of the key parameters that affect the recirculation of the TMO medium, and their impact on the quality of the oxidized pulps and CNF products. Contrary to previous hypothesis, results show that the accumulation of salts is not a key parameter; instead, the pulp consistency during oxidation plays a vital role since concentrations higher than 10 g/L led to better CNF quality. Thus, reusing 75 % of the reaction medium, when high pulp consistency is used, does not alter the CNF properties. By reusing the reaction medium up to six times, the catalyst dose is dramatically reduced by >90 % for TEMPO and 80 % for NaBr, compared to the conventional process (0.1 mmol of TEMPO/g and 1 mmol of NaBr/g without medium reuse). Additionally, the high consistency oxidation enables a reduction of >80 % in the reaction time and effluent, and thus a threefold increase in CNF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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4
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Baron RI, Biliuta G, Macsim AM, Dinu MV, Coseri S. Chemistry of Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Oxidized by Two Selective Oxidants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3930. [PMID: 37835978 PMCID: PMC10574994 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with the increased usage of cellulose in the manufacture of novel materials, those of its derivatives that have good solubility in water or organic solvents have become increasingly important. In this study, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), a cellulosic derivative with distinct features, was utilized to investigate how two of the most-selective oxidation methods currently available in the literature act on the constituent OH groups of both the side chain and the anhydroglycosidic unit in HPC. The oxidation reactions were carried out first using TEMPO, sodium hypochlorite, and sodium bromide, then sodium periodate (NaIO4), for 5 h. A combination of these two protocols was applied. The amount of aldehyde and number of carboxylic groups introduced after oxidation was determined, while the changes in the morphological features of oxidized HPC were, additionally, assessed. Furthermore, utilizing Fourier-transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric studies, the chemical structure, crystallinity, and thermal stability of the oxidized HPC samples were examined and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Ioana Baron
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, 41 A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (G.B.); (M.V.D.)
| | | | | | | | - Sergiu Coseri
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of Romanian Academy, 41 A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (G.B.); (M.V.D.)
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5
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Balea A, Monte MC, Fuente E, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M, Negro C. Fit-for-Use Nanofibrillated Cellulose from Recovered Paper. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2536. [PMID: 37764564 PMCID: PMC10535746 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The cost-effective implementation of nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) at industrial scale requires optimizing the quality of the nanofibers according to their final application. Therefore, a portfolio of CNFs with different qualities is necessary, as well as further knowledge about how to obtain each of the main qualities. This paper presents the influence of various production techniques on the morphological characteristics and properties of CNFs produced from a mixture of recycled fibers. Five different pretreatments have been investigated: a mechanical pretreatment (PFI refining), two enzymatic hydrolysis strategies, and TEMPO-mediated oxidation under two different NaClO concentrations. For each pretreatment, five high-pressure homogenization (HPH) conditions have been considered. Our results show that the pretreatment determines the yield and the potential of HPH to enhance fibrillation and, therefore, the final CNF properties. These results enable one to select the most effective production method with the highest yield of produced CNFs from recovered paper for the desired CNF quality in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - M. Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - Elena Fuente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Pere Mutjé
- LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
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Bayés G, Aguado RJ, Tarrés Q, Planella J, Delgado-Aguilar M. Stabilization of Beeswax-In-Water Dispersions Using Anionic Cellulose Nanofibers and Their Application in Paper Coating. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2353. [PMID: 37630938 PMCID: PMC10459156 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Beeswax is a bio-sourced, renewable, and even edible material that stands as a convincing option to provide paper-based food packaging with moisture resistance. Nonetheless, the difficulty of dispersing it in water limits its applicability. This work uses oxidized, negatively charged cellulose nanofibers along with glycerol to stabilize beeswax-in-water emulsions above the melting point of the wax. The synergistic effects of nanocellulose and glycerol granted the stability of the dispersion even when it cooled down, but only if the concentration of nanofibers was high enough. This required concentration (0.6-0.9 wt%) depended on the degree of oxidation of the cellulose nanofibers. Rheological hindrance was essential to prevent the buoyancy of beeswax particles, while the presence of glycerol prevented excessive aggregation. The mixtures had yield stress and showed pseudoplastic behavior at a high enough shear rate, with their apparent viscosity being positively influenced by the surface charge density of the nanofibers. When applied to packaging paper, the nanocellulose-stabilized beeswax suspensions not only enhanced its barrier properties towards liquid water (reaching a contact angle of 96°) and water vapor (<100 g m-2 d-1), but also to grease (Kit rating: 5) and airflow (>1400 Gurley s). While falling short of polyethylene-coated paper, this overall improvement, attained using only one layer of a biobased coating suspension, should be understood as a step towards replacing synthetic waxes and plastic laminates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genís Bayés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.B.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
- Noel Alimentària SAU, Pla de Begudà, 17857 Begudà, Spain;
| | - Roberto J. Aguado
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.B.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.B.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Jaume Planella
- Noel Alimentària SAU, Pla de Begudà, 17857 Begudà, Spain;
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (G.B.); (Q.T.); (M.D.-A.)
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7
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Zhang Y, Deng W, Wu M, Rahmaninia M, Xu C, Li B. Tailoring Functionality of Nanocellulose: Current Status and Critical Challenges. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13091489. [PMID: 37177034 PMCID: PMC10179792 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) isolated from natural cellulose resources, which mainly includes cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), has garnered increased attention in recent decades due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties. Various chemical modifications have been developed with the aim of surface-modifying NC for highly sophisticated applications. This review comprehensively summarizes the chemical modifications applied to NC so far in order to introduce new functionalities to the material, such as silanization, esterification, oxidation, etherification, grafting, coating, and others. The new functionalities obtained through such surface-modification methods include hydrophobicity, conductivity, antibacterial properties, and absorbability. In addition, the incorporation of NC in some functional materials, such as films, wearable sensors, cellulose nanospheres, aerogel, hydrogels, and nanocomposites, is discussed in relation to the tailoring of the functionality of NC. It should be pointed out that some issues need to be addressed during the preparation of NC and NC-based materials, such as the low reactivity of these raw materials, the difficulties involved in their scale-up, and their high energy and water consumption. Over the past decades, some methods have been developed, such as the use of pretreatment methods, the adaptation of low-cost starting raw materials, and the use of environmentally friendly chemicals, which support the practical application of NC and NC-based materials. Overall, it is believed that as a green, sustainable, and renewable nanomaterial, NC is will be suitable for large-scale applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Zhang
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Wangfang Deng
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Meiyan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Mehdi Rahmaninia
- Wood and Paper Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 46417-76489, Iran
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
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8
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Li Z, Zhang G, Charalampopoulos D, Guo Z. Ionic liquid-mediated regeneration of cellulose dramatically improves decrystallization, TEMPO-mediated oxidation and alkyl/alkenyl succinylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123983. [PMID: 36907307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrated a successful strategy that simple ionic liquids (ILs) mediated pretreatment could effectively reduce crystallinity of cellulose from 71 % to 46 % (by C2MIM.Cl) and 53 % (by C4MIM.Cl). The IL-mediated regeneration of cellulose greatly promoted its reactivity for TEMPO-catalyzed oxidation, which the resulting COO- density (mmol/g) increased from 2.00 for non-IL-treated cellulose to 3.23 (by C2MIM.Cl) and 3.42 (C4MIM.Cl); and degree of oxidation enhanced from 35 % to 59 % and 62 %, respectively. More significantly, the yield of oxidized cellulose increased from 4 % to 45-46 %, by 11-fold. IL-regenerated cellulose can also be directly subjected to alkyl/alkenyl succinylation without TEMPO-mediated oxidation, producing nanoparticles with properties similar to oxidized celluloses (55-74 nm in size, -70-79 mV zeta-potential and 0.23-0.26 PDI); but in a much higher overall yield (87-95 %) than IL-regeneration-coupling-TEMPO-oxidation (34-45 %). Alkyl/alkenyl succinylated TEMPO-oxidized cellulose showed 2-2.5 times higher ABTS* scavenging ability than non-oxidized cellulose; however, alkyl/alkenyl succinylation also resulted in a significant decline in Fe2+ chelating property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqian Li
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gustav weids vej 10A, Faculty of Technical Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Charalampopoulos
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Gustav weids vej 10A, Faculty of Technical Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark.
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9
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Najahi A, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M, Putaux JL, Boufi S. Lignin-Containing Cellulose Nanofibrils from TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Date Palm Waste: Preparation, Characterization, and Reinforcing Potential. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 13:nano13010126. [PMID: 36616036 PMCID: PMC9824203 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin-containing cellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) have emerged as a new class of nanocelluloses where the presence of residual lignin is expected to impart additional attributes such as hydrophobicity or UV-absorption. In the present work, LCNFs with a lignin content between 7 and 15 wt% were prepared via a TEMPO-mediated oxidation as chemical pretreatment followed by high-pressure homogenization. The impact of the carboxyl content (CC) on the properties of the resulting LCNF gel, in terms of lignin content, colloidal properties, morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability, were investigated. It was found that lignin content was significantly decreased at increasing CC. In addition, CC had a positive effect on colloidal stability and water contact angle, as well as resulting in smaller fibrils. This lower size, together with the lower lignin content, resulted in a slightly lower thermal stability. The reinforcing potential of the LCNFs when incorporated into a ductile polymer matrix was also explored by preparing nanocomposite films with different LCNF contents that were mechanically tested under linear and non-linear regimes by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile tests. For comparison purposes, the reinforcing effect of the LCNFs with lignin-free CNFs was also reported based on literature data. It was found that lignin hinders the network-forming capacity of LCNFs, as literature data shows a higher reinforcing potential of lignin-free CNFs. Nonetheless, the tensile strength of the acrylic matrix was enhanced by 10-fold at 10 wt% of LCNF content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Najahi
- LMSE, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, Sfax BP 802–3018, Tunisia
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61–17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Mutjé
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61–17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61–17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Jean-Luc Putaux
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sami Boufi
- LMSE, Faculty of Science, University of Sfax, Sfax BP 802–3018, Tunisia
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10
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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Campano C, Balea A, Tarrés Q, Delgado-Aguilar M, Mutjé P, Blanco A, Negro C. Critical comparison of the properties of cellulose nanofibers produced from softwood and hardwood through enzymatic, chemical and mechanical processes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:220-230. [PMID: 35182566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge on the properties of different types of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) is fragmented. Properties variation is very extensive, depending on raw materials, effectiveness of the treatments to extract the cellulose fraction from the lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatments to facilitate cellulose fibrillation and final mechanical process to separate the microfibrils. Literature offers multiple parameters to characterize the CNFs prepared by different routes. However, there is a lack of an extensive guide to compare the CNFs. In this study, we perform a critical comparison of rheological, compositional, and morphological features of CNFs, produced from the most representative types of woody plants, hardwood and softwood, using different types and intensities of pretreatments, including enzymatic, chemical and mechanical ones, and varying the severity of mechanical treatment focusing on the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic parameters. This structured information will be exceedingly useful to select the most appropriate CNF for a certain application based on the most relevant parameters in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Campano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Mutjé
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Song L, Miao X, Li X, Bian F, Lin J, Huang Y. A tunable alkaline/oxidative process for cellulose nanofibrils exhibiting different morphological, crystalline properties. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117755. [PMID: 33674009 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a two-step alkali/oxidation process to efficiently convert waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) into cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) whose structures have been characterized using a range of analytical techniques (SR-WAXS, IR, TEM and DLS). Increasing the concentration of the NaOH solution from 10 to 16 wt% in the first step results in a gradual increase in cellulose II content from 0 to >99 %, which also produces a corresponding increase in fiber crystallinity index from 32 to 61 %. Varying the concentration of NaClO used in the second oxidative step enables the morphologies of the CNF to be reliably controlled, with fiber lengths decreasing from micrometer to nanometer levels as the amount of NaClO oxidant used is increased. This simple two-step alkaline/oxidative treatment process enables SCB to be converted into CNF exhibiting different polymorphic and morphological properties, thus enabling their economic and reproducible production as nanostructured materials for numerous applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyi Song
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaran Miao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Fenggang Bian
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China
| | - Jinyou Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
| | - Yuying Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China; Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201204, China.
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12
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Gallo Stampino P, Riva L, Punta C, Elegir G, Bussini D, Dotelli G. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Cellulose Nanofibres Production Routes from Virgin and Recycled Raw Materials. Molecules 2021; 26:2558. [PMID: 33924756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose-based materials are attracting an increasing interest for the positive role they could play in sustainable development; being originated from renewable resources. Moreover, cellulose has a high potential of recycling from both post-consumer waste and industrial waste. Both factors, i.e., recyclability and renewable resources; results are also extremely favourable in the perspective of circular economy. Despite all these positive aspects, an industrial production has yet to start. At the lab scale, many preparation methods of cellulose nanofibres (CNF) are available; here, the three most common are analysed: (1) enzymatic pre-treatment followed by homogenisation (ENZHO), (2) oxidative pre-treatment combined with homogenisation (TOHO) or (3) oxidative pre-treatment followed by sonication (TOSO). All three processes have been experimentally carried out starting from both virgin and recycled cellulose from industrial waste sludge. The environmental sustainability of these three routes is estimated by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) using experimental lab scale data. In this scenario, the comparative LCA has pointed out a superior performance of the ENZHO process, followed by TOHO and, lastly, by TOSO. The influence of energy consumption on the final results has been further investigated by a sensitivity analysis, showing that the TOHO and TOSO routes could reach similar performances by scaling-up the process from the laboratory. The different typology of CNF obtained by conducting the ENZHO process with respect to the TEMPO-mediated oxidation approach is also outlined as an additional element to be considered for the final selection of a suitable process.
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13
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Sun R, Zhu J, Wu H, Wang S, Li W, Sun Q. Modulating layer-by-layer assembled sodium alginate-chitosan film properties through incorporation of cellulose nanocrystals with different surface charge densities. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:510-522. [PMID: 33745975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl-oxidized cellulose nanocrystals (TOCNs) were loaded into sodium alginate/chitosan multilayer film as nanofillers to investigate the modulation of the surface charge density of TOCNs on the film properties. First, the surface charge density of TOCNs was controlled by adjusting the carboxyl content and morphological size by varying the oxidant dosage. After oxidation, TOCN with higher surface charge density was observed to display a higher crystallinity, a more open internal structure, a better dispersibility and a slightly weaker thermal stability. In addition, a 15-layer film composed of sodium alginate and chitosan, called (SA/CH)15, was constructed by layer-by-layer assembly. Both in situ deposition monitoring and free-standing multilayer film formation indicated that TOCNs relied on strong electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding to achieve a compact and uniform interlayer and a thinner thickness of (SA/CH)15, which was more evident at a high surface charge density. The addition of TOCNs also enhanced the mechanical properties, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and barrier properties of (SA/CH)15. In particular, the resulting sodium alginate/chitosan multilayer film exhibited an improved packaging performance when nanocomposite was performed using TOCN with a surface charge density of 3.22 ± 0.11 e nm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxiang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiqing Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjie Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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14
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Kaffashsaie E, Yousefi H, Nishino T, Matsumoto T, Mashkour M, Madhoushi M, Kawaguchi H. Direct conversion of raw wood to TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117938. [PMID: 33838815 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A direct production route of cellulose nanofibers (TOCN-D) from raw wood particles of paulownia using simultaneous bleaching and TEMPO oxidation process was specifically investigated and introduced. For comparison, we prepared cellulose nanofibers (TOCN-C) through a common route of TEMPO oxidation of cellulose fibers, and cellulose nanofibers with disk grinding (GCNF). FE-SEM analysis showed that the average diameter of TOCN-D (5 ± 3 nm) was similar to that of TOCN-C (6 ± 3 nm). XRD results confirmed that the crystal properties of TOCN-D and that of TOCN-C were almost the same. TOCN-D and TOCN-C showed similar chemical, thermal and optical properties in FTIR, TGA and transparency tests, respectively. The nanopaper made from TOCN-D showed high Young's modulus (13.8 GPa) and tensile strength (233 MPa), which were similar to those of TOCN-C nanopaper. Owing the aforementioned similarities, it is concluded that the TOCN-D produced through direct route is a technically, environmental-friendly and economically valuable product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Kaffashsaie
- Laboratory of Sustainable Nanomaterials, Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 4913815739, Gorgan, Iran; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hossein Yousefi
- Laboratory of Sustainable Nanomaterials, Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 4913815739, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Takashi Nishino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mahdi Mashkour
- Laboratory of Sustainable Nanomaterials, Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 4913815739, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrab Madhoushi
- Laboratory of Sustainable Nanomaterials, Department of Wood Engineering and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 4913815739, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hideo Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology & Innovation, Kobe University, Rokko, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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15
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Seelinger D, Trosien S, Nau M, Biesalski M. Tailored oxidation of hydroxypropyl cellulose under mild conditions for the generation of wet strength agents for paper. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117458. [PMID: 33357917 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Secondary hydroxyl groups of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) are transformed into reactive carbonyl groups selectively via TEMPO-mediated oxidation in the presence of sodium hypochlorite. By using this oxidation protocol, we introduced carbonyl functions in HPC under mild conditions, with a controlled degree of oxidation (DOx) up to 2.5 and a low degradation of the polysaccharide. The effect of the concentration of sodium hypochlorite on the resulting oxidized alcohol groups has been investigated in detail. Oxidized HPC crosslinks spontaneous at room temperature and mild pH-values with a variety of amines to form water stable hydrogels. If applied on lab-made paper sheet, thermally cross-linking this polymer with amines significantly increased the wet tensile strength. The utilization of such wet strength agents could lead to new approaches in terms of recyclability and biodegradability of wet strength agents interesting for a large number of different paper grades.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Seelinger
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Simon Trosien
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Maximilian Nau
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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16
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Inoue A, Kudo M, Werner E, Ojima T. Identification and characterization of cellouronate (β-1,4-linked polyglucuronic acid) lyase from the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117306. [PMID: 33357872 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The semisynthetic polysaccharide cellouronate is a β-1,4-linked polyglucuronic acid prepared from regenerated cellulose by chemical oxidation. Here, we isolated a novel enzyme, MyAly, as a cellouronate lyase from a scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis. Its optimum temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration for cellouronate degradation were determined to be 30 °C, 6.9, and 200-500 mM, respectively. MyAly endolytically degraded cellouronate into unsaturated di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides with kcat of 31.1 s-1. MyAly also showed an alginate-degradation activity with a kcat value of 0.58 s-1. However, there was no significant difference in Km values between cellouronate and alginate. MyAly consisted of 280 amino acids and shared 36.5-44.1 % identity with known marine gastropod alginate lyases belonging to the polysaccharide lyase family 14. This is the first study to identify and characterize a cellouronate-degrading lyase from a marine organism, providing a better understanding of the biodegradability of the industrially important polysaccharide, cellouronate, in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Inoue
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Microbiology, Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Masataka Kudo
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Microbiology, Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
| | - Elisa Werner
- Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Takao Ojima
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Microbiology, Division of Marine Life Science, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido, 041-8611, Japan
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17
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Chitbanyong K, Pisutpiched S, Khantayanuwong S, Theeragool G, Puangsin B. TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibril film from nano-structured bacterial cellulose derived from the recently developed thermotolerant Komagataeibacter xylinus C30 and Komagataeibacter oboediens R37-9 strains. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1908-1914. [PMID: 32976905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC), prepared from two recently developed thermotolerant bacterial strains (Komagataeibacter xylinus C30 and Komagataeibacter oboediens R37-9), were used as a raw material to synthesize nanofibril films. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) observations confirmed the ultrafine nano-structure of BC pellicle (BCP) with average fibril widths between 50 and 60 nm. The BC was directly oxidized in a TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system at pH of 10 for 2 h. TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose nanofibrils (TOBCN) were obtained by a mild mechanical treatment and the TOBCN films were prepared through heat-drying. The oxidation yielded a recovery ratio between 70 and 80% by weight with an increase in the carboxylate content of 0.9-1.0 mmol g -1. Nanofibrillation yields were more than 90% and the resulting high aspect ratio TOBCNs were ~6 nm in average width with >800 nm in lengths, when observed under transmission electron microscope (TEM). TOBCN film of K. xylinus C30 exhibited high transparency (79%), tensile strength (142 MPa), Young's modulus (7.13 GPa), elongation around failure (3.89%), and work of fracture (2.29 MJ m-3), when compared to the TOBCN films of K. oboediens R37-9 at 23 °C and 50% RH. Coefficients of thermal expansion of both the TOBCN films were low at around 6 ppm K-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korawit Chitbanyong
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Sawitree Pisutpiched
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Somwang Khantayanuwong
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Gunjana Theeragool
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Buapan Puangsin
- Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
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18
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Huang P, Zhang P, Min L, Tang J, Sun H. Synthesis of cellulose carbon aerogel via combined technology of wet ball-milling and TEMPO-mediated oxidation and its supersorption performance to ionic dyes. Bioresour Technol 2020; 315:123815. [PMID: 32682265 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, modified cellulose aerogels (CAs) were obtained via wet ball-milling and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation and were further applied to prepare cellulose-derived carbon aerogels (CCAs) by pyrolyzing. The results showed that the successive treatments by ball-milling and oxidation completely opened the CA fibers and converted them into plane or wrinkle structures. CCAs contained porous and graphite-like structures and its specific surface area reached up to 2825 m2/g. The maximum adsorption capacities of CCAs were 1078 mg/g for methylene blue (MB) and 644 mg/g for alizarin reds (ARS). The sorption of dyes occurred via hydrophobic partition, pore-filling, H-bonding, p/π-π electron donor-acceptor interactions. For the cationic MB, electrostatic attraction reinforced the sorption, while the electrostatic repulsion between the anionic ARS and CCAs was weakened by high salty. Besides, CCAs showed excellent salt tolerance. The present study provides an excellent CCA adsorbent by successive modification of ball-milling and oxidation of CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lujuan Min
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingchun Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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19
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Ye W, Hu Y, Ma H, Liu L, Yu J, Fan Y. Comparison of cast films and hydrogels based on chitin nanofibers prepared using TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO and TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO 2 systems. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 237:116125. [PMID: 32241429 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutral TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2 (TNN) oxidation, with NaClO2 as the primary oxidant under aqueous conditions at pH 6.8 was applied to selectively oxidize surface C6 primary hydroxyl groups of α-chitin to carboxylate groups. When 0.1 mmol TEMPO, 1 mmol NaClO and 20 mmol NaClO2 were added to 1 g α-chitin, the yield of water-insoluble oxidized chitin was 91.93 %, and the carboxylate content was 0.695 mmol/g. The TNN oxidized chitin (TNN-Ch) was mostly converted to individual nanofibrils by mechanical disintegration in water, with mostly widths of 20-24 nm and average lengths of 1 μm. Compared to chitin nanofibers produced by TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system (TBN-ChNs), with average widths of 16.67 ± 7.9 nm and average lengths of 770 ± 170 nm, TNN-ChNs were wider, longer and had a higher aspect ratio; its films and hydrogels also showed better mechanical properties, which indicated the size effect on the nanofiber-based materials resulted from different oxidation process.
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20
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Liu S, Cheng G, Xiong Y, Ding Y, Luo X. Adsorption of low concentrations of bromide ions from water by cellulose-based beads modified with TEMPO-mediated oxidation and Fe(III) complexation. J Hazard Mater 2020; 384:121195. [PMID: 31585281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to strong activity, it is very difficult to remove low concentrations of bromide in medical wastewater by traditional method, thus highly effective and greener adsorbents should be utilized to design. In this work, the cellulose beads (CBs) were modified by the TEMPO-mediated oxidation and then bonded with Fe3+ to fabricate Fe(III)-complexed carboxylated cellulose beads (Fe-CCBs) adsorbents. Structure and properties of Fe-CCBs were analyzed using Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), total acidity and basicity groups, X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption and Thermogravimetric (TGA). Moreover, batch adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption of Br- was better consistent with general-order kinetic model and Liu isotherm model, which could also further clarify the adsorption process mechanism. Meanwhile, the results revealed that removal of Br- was a spontaneous exothermic process and was more suitable to be carried out under neutral or acidic conditions. Furthermore, the mechanism of adsorption behavior of bromide ions on Fe-CCBs was based on a combination of electrostatic attraction and outer-sphere complexation. The results of this study can provide guidance for the design of novel material adsorbents and the removal of harmful anions from aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpeng Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Gen Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yun Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Yigang Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, LiuFang Campus, No.206, Guanggu 1st road, Donghu New & High Technology Development Zone, Wuhan 430205, Hubei Province, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001, Henan Province, PR China.
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21
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Park JY, Park CW, Han SY, Kwon GJ, Kim NH, Lee SH. Effects of pH on Nanofibrillation of TEMPO-Oxidized Paper Mulberry Bast Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E414. [PMID: 30960398 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
TEMPO oxidation was conducted as a pretreatment to achieve efficient nanofibrillation of long paper mulberry bast fibers (PMBFs). The pH dependency of nanofibrillation efficiency and the characteristics of the resulting cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) were investigated. As the pH increased, the negative value of the zeta potential of TEMPO-oxidized fibers increased. The increase in electrostatic repulsion at pH values of greater than 9 prevented the entanglement of long PMBFs, which was a drawback for defibrillation at acidic pH. With increasing pH, the CNF production yield was increased. The crystallinity index of TEMPO-oxidized CNFs from PMBFs was 83.5%, which was higher than that of TEMPO-oxidized CNFs from softwood fibers in the same conditions. The tensile strength of nanopaper from TEMPO-oxidized PMBF CNFs was 110.18 MPa, which was approximately 30% higher than that (84.19 MPa) of the TEMPO-oxidized CNFs from softwood fibers.
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22
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Wu J, Du X, Yin Z, Xu S, Xu S, Zhang Y. Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanofibrils from coconut coir fibers and their reinforcements in biodegradable composite films. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 211:49-56. [PMID: 30824103 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Coconut waste husks were effectively utilized in this study as a promising cellulose source for production of purified coir cellulose (PCC) after multiple treatments, e.g., ultrasonic-assisted solvent immersion, alkaline treatment, bleaching, etc. As to upgrade the self-value of coir cellulose based products and further broaden their applications in light of biorefinery, coir cellulose nanofibrils (CCNF) with an average diameter of 5.6 ± 1.5 nm were prepared by selection of a milder TEMPO-mediated oxidation system (TEMPO/NaClO/NaClO2, pH = 4.8) accompanied by subsequent ultrasonic treatment. The cellulose nanofibrils were comprehensively characterized in terms of their functional groups, crystallinity, morphology, and thermal stability. The potential reinforcement of CCNFs as a filler for biodegradable PVA based films was investigated and the main properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, and thermal stability of CCNF/PVA composite films were significantly enhanced especially when 3% of CCNF (based on dry film weight) was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Xueyu Du
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Zhibing Yin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shuang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Shuying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Yucang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
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Mendoza L, Hossain L, Downey E, Scales C, Batchelor W, Garnier G. Carboxylated nanocellulose foams as superabsorbents. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 538:433-9. [PMID: 30530081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Carboxylated nanocellulose fibres formed into foam structures can demonstrate superabsorption capacity. Their performance can be engineered by changing process variables. EXPERIMENTS TEMPO-oxidised cellulose nanofibres of varying concentration and surface charge are produced from hardwood kraft pulp. Foams were prepared through a 2-step freezing and lyophilisation process. The absorption capacity of water and saline solution (0.9 wt%) were measured as a function of time and related to the foam structure. FINDINGS The absorption capacity of nanocellulose foams can be manipulated from initial gel properties and processing conditions. Pore structure and distribution of nanocellulose foams are dictated by fibre content and charge density and freezing rate. The best performing foams are at 0.3-0.5 wt%, with a carboxylate concentration of 1.2 mmol/g and frozen at -86 °C before freeze-drying, which can absorb 120 g H2O/g fibre. Fibre surface charge influences the absorption capacity of the foams by dictating the amount of participating carboxylate groups. Absorption capacity in saline (60 g/g) is lower than in deionised water (120 g/g); but is only slightly lower than that of a commercial polyacrylic acid (PAA) SAPs (80 g/g). Nanocellulose foams are attractive renewable alternatives for superabsorbent applications, contributing to a reduction of plastic microspheres.
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24
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Abstract
Plant cellulose fibers of width and length ∼0.03 mm and ∼3 mm, respectively, can be completely converted to individual cellulose nanofibers of width and length ∼3 nm and ∼1 µm, respectively, by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation under aqueous conditions and subsequent gentle mechanical disintegration of the oxidized cellulose in water. The obtained TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) are new bio-based, crystalline nanomaterials with applications in the high-tech and commodity product industries. Sodium carboxylate groups, which are densely, regularly, and position-selectively present on the crystalline TOCN surfaces, can be efficiently ion-exchanged with other metal and alkylammonium carboxylate groups in water to control the biodegradable/stable and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of the TOCNs. TOCNs are therefore promising nanomaterials that can be prepared from the abundant wood biomass resources present in Japan. Increased production and use of TOCNs would stimulate a new material stream from forestry to industries, helping to establish a sustainable society based on wood biomass resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira ISOGAI
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: A. Isogai, Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan (e-mail: )
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25
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Fillat Ú, Wicklein B, Martín-Sampedro R, Ibarra D, Ruiz-Hitzky E, Valencia C, Sarrión A, Castro E, Eugenio ME. Assessing cellulose nanofiber production from olive tree pruning residue. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 179:252-261. [PMID: 29111049 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pruning operation in olive trees generates a large amount of biomass that is normally burned causing severe environmental concern. Therefore, the transformation of this agricultural residue into value-added products is imperative but still remains as a technological challenge. In this study, olive tree pruning (OTP) residue is evaluated for the first time to produce cellulose nanofibers (CNF). The OTP bleached pulp was treated by TEMPO-mediated oxidation and subsequent defibrillation in a microfluidizer. The resulting CNF was characterized and compared to CNF obtained from a commercial bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp using the same chemi-mechanical procedure. CNF from OTP showed higher carboxylate content but lower fibrillation yield and optical transmittance as compared to eucalyptus CNF. Finally, the visco-elastic gel obtained from OTP was stronger than that produced from eucalyptus. Therefore, the properties of CNF from OTP made this nanomaterial suitable for several applications. CNF from OTP showed higher carboxylate content as compared to eucalyptus CNF (1038 vs. 778μmol/g) but lower fibrillation yield (48% vs. 96%) and optical transmittance. Finally, the visco-elastic gel obtained from OTP was stronger than that produced from eucalyptus. Therefore, the properties of CNF from OTP made this nanomaterial suitable for several applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Fillat
- INIA-CIFOR, Departamento de Productos Forestales, Laboratorios de Celulosa y Papel, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Bernd Wicklein
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Raquel Martín-Sampedro
- INIA-CIFOR, Departamento de Productos Forestales, Laboratorios de Celulosa y Papel, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - David Ibarra
- INIA-CIFOR, Departamento de Productos Forestales, Laboratorios de Celulosa y Papel, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Concepción Valencia
- Universidad de Huelva, Pro2TecS - Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center, Campus de El Carmen, Huelva 21071, Spain
| | - Andrés Sarrión
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Eulogio Castro
- Universidad de Jaén, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Ambiental y de los Materiales, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, Jaén 23071, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Eugenio
- INIA-CIFOR, Departamento de Productos Forestales, Laboratorios de Celulosa y Papel, Ctra. de La Coruña, Km 7.5, Madrid 28040, Spain
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26
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Qing LS, Peng SL, Liang J, Ding LS. Astragalosidic Acid: A New Water-Soluble Derivative of Astragaloside IV Prepared Using Remarkably Simple TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation. Molecules 2017; 22:E1275. [PMID: 28758976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for a water-soluble derivative of astragaloside IV for drug R&D. In the present study, a remarkably simple method for the preparation of such a water-soluble derivative of astragaloside IV has been developed. This protocol involves oxidative 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl free radical (TEMPO)-mediated transformation of astragaloside IV to its carboxylic acid derivative, which is a new compound named astragalosidic acid. The structure of astragalosidic acid was elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis. Its cardioprotective activity was investigated using an in vitro model of cardiomyocyte damage induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation in H9c2 cells. The oxidative TEMPO-mediated transformation proposed in the present study could be applied to other natural saponins, offering an effective and convenient way to develop a new compound with greatly improved structure-based druggability.
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Pan ZZ, Nishihara H, Iwamura S, Sekiguchi T, Sato A, Isogai A, Kang F, Kyotani T, Yang QH. Cellulose Nanofiber as a Distinct Structure-Directing Agent for Xylem-like Microhoneycomb Monoliths by Unidirectional Freeze-Drying. ACS Nano 2016; 10:10689-10697. [PMID: 27809476 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Honeycomb structures have been attracting attention from researchers mainly for their high strength-to-weight ratio. As one type of structure, honeycomb monoliths having microscopically dimensioned channels have recently gained many achievements since their emergence. Inspired by the microhoneycomb structure that occurs in natural tree xylems, we have been focusing on the assembly of such a structure by using the major component in tree xylem, cellulose, as the starting material. Through the path that finally led us to the successful reconstruction of tree xylems by the unidirectional freeze-drying (UDF) approach, we verified the function of cellulose nanofibers, toward forming xylem-like monoliths (XMs). The strong tendency of cellulose nanofibers to form XMs through the UDF approach was extensively confirmed with surface grafting or a combination of a variety of second components (or even a third component). The resulting composite XMs were thus imparted with extra properties, which extends the versatility of this kind of material. Particularly, we demonstrated in this paper that XMs containing reduced graphene oxide (denoted as XM/rGO) could be used as strain sensors, taking advantage of their penetrating microchannels and the bulk elasticity property. Our methodology is flexible in its processing and could be utilized to prepare various functional composite XMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Ze Pan
- Engineering Laboratory for Functionalized Carbon Materials and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Graphene-based Materials, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , The University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nishihara
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- PRESTO, the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shinichiroh Iwamura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Division of Chemical Process Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University , N13W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sekiguchi
- Seiko PMC Corporation , 2-3-37, Ohno-dai, Midori-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 267-0056, Japan
| | - Akihiro Sato
- Seiko PMC Corporation , 2-3-37, Ohno-dai, Midori-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 267-0056, Japan
| | - Akira Isogai
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Engineering Laboratory for Functionalized Carbon Materials and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Graphene-based Materials, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , The University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Takashi Kyotani
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University , 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Quan-Hong Yang
- Engineering Laboratory for Functionalized Carbon Materials and Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Graphene-based Materials, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , The University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072, China
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28
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Soni B, Hassan EB, Schilling MW, Mahmoud B. Transparent bionanocomposite films based on chitosan and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers with enhanced mechanical and barrier properties. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 151:779-789. [PMID: 27474625 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of biobased active films for use in food packaging is increasing due to low cost, environmental appeal, renewability and availability. The objective of this research was to develop an effective and complete green approach for the production of bionanocomposite films with enhanced mechanical and barrier properties. This was accomplished by incorporating TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical) into a chitosan matrix. An aqueous suspension of chitosan (100-75wt%), sorbitol (25wt%) and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TEMPO-CNFs, 0-25wt%) were cast in an oven at 40°C for 2-4days. Films were preconditioned at 25°C and 50% RH for characterization. The surface morphology of the films was revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thermal properties and crystal structure of the films were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Incorporation of TEMPO-CNFs enhanced the mechanical strength of the films due to the high aspect ratio (3-20nm width, and 10-100nm length) of TEMPO-CNFs and strong interactions with the chitosan matrix. Oxygen and water vapor transmission rates for films that are prepared with chitosan and TEMPO-CNFs (15-25wt%) were significantly reduced. Furthermore, these bionanocomposite films had good thermal stability. Use of TEMPO-CNFs in this method makes it possible to produce bionanocomposite films that are flexible, transparent, and thus have potential in food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Soni
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - El Barbary Hassan
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - M Wes Schilling
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition & Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Box 9805, MS 39567, USA
| | - Barakat Mahmoud
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition & Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Box 9805, MS 39567, USA; Department of Food Science, Nutrition & Health Promotion and Coastal Research & Extension Center, Mississippi State University, 3411 Frederic St., Pascagoula, MS 39567, USA
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29
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Soni B, Hassan EB, Mahmoud B. Chemical isolation and characterization of different cellulose nanofibers from cotton stalks. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 134:581-9. [PMID: 26428161 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) have received wide attention in green nanomaterial technologies. Production of CNFs from agricultural residues has many economic and environmental advantages. In this study, four different CNFs were prepared from cotton stalks by different chemical treatments followed by ultrasonication. CNFs were prepared from untreated bleached pulp, sulfuric acid hydrolysis, and TEMPO [(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxy radical]-mediated oxidation process. Physical and chemical properties of the prepared CNFs such as morphological (FE-SEM, AFM), structural (FTIR), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were investigated. Characterization results clearly showed that the method of preparation results in a significant difference in the structure, thermal stability, shape and dimensions of the produced CNFs. TEMPO-mediated oxidation produced brighter and higher yields (>90%) of CNFs compared to other methods. FE-SEM and AFM analysis clearly indicated that, TEMPO-mediated oxidation produced uniform nano-sized fibers with a very small diameter (3-15 nm width) and very small length (10-100 nm). This was the first time uniform and very small nanofibers were produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Soni
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - El Barbary Hassan
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
| | - Barakat Mahmoud
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition & Health Promotion and Coastal Research & Extension Center, Mississippi State University, 3411 Frederic St., Pascagoula, MS 39567, USA
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30
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Ifuku S, Hori T, Izawa H, Morimoto M, Saimoto H. Preparation of zwitterionically charged nanocrystals by surface TEMPO-mediated oxidation and partial deacetylation of α-chitin. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 122:1-4. [PMID: 25817635 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.12.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Zwitterionic nanocrystals were prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation, partial deacetylation, and subsequent mechanical disintegration of α-chitin. The pH dependence of the morphology, transparency, and viscosity of the nanocrystals were evaluated. After those reactions, the carboxylate and amino group contents of the chitin derivative were 0.45 and 1.26 mmol/g, respectively. After mechanical treatment, the water dispersion consisted of nanocrystals approximately 250 nm long and 10nm thick. Under acidic and basic conditions, the water dispersions were highly transparent. On the other hand, under neutral conditions, the dispersion was turbid due to the ionic interaction between the cationic and anionic groups on the nanocrystal surface. Although the surface zwitterionic nanocrystals collected from acidic and basic dispersion were randomly oriented due to electrostatic repulsions, nanocrystals formed aggregates in neutral water due to the cationic and anionic interaction between them. Nanocrystals in neutral water had higher viscosity than those in acidic and basic water, since ionic interaction caused nanocrystal networks to form in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Ifuku
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho, Minami 680-8552, Tottori, Japan.
| | - Taishi Hori
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho, Minami 680-8552, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hironori Izawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho, Minami 680-8552, Tottori, Japan
| | - Minoru Morimoto
- Research Center for Bioscience and Technology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho, Minami 680-8550, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-cho, Minami 680-8552, Tottori, Japan
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31
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Dods SR, Hardick O, Stevens B, Bracewell DG. Fabricating electrospun cellulose nanofibre adsorbents for ion-exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1376:74-83. [PMID: 25541092 PMCID: PMC4289918 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein separation is an integral step in biopharmaceutical manufacture with diffusion-limited packed bed chromatography remaining the default choice for industry. Rapid bind-elute separation using convective mass transfer media offers advantages in productivity by operating at high flowrates. Electrospun nanofibre adsorbents are a non-woven fibre matrix of high surface area and porosity previously investigated as a bioseparation medium. The effects of compression and bed layers, and subsequent heat treatment after electrospinning cellulose acetate nanofibres were investigated using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) or carboxylate (COO) functionalisations. Transbed pressures were measured and compared by compression load, COO adsorbents were 30%, 70% and 90% higher than DEAE for compressions 1, 5 and 10MPa, respectively, which was attributed to the swelling effect of hydrophilic COO groups. Dynamic binding capacities (DBCs) at 10% breakthrough were measured between 2000 and 12,000CV/h (2s and 0.3s residence times) under normal binding conditions, and DBCs increased with reactant concentration from 4 to 12mgBSA/mL for DEAE and from 10 to 21mglysozyme/mL for COO adsorbents. Comparing capacities of compression loads applied after electrospinning showed that the lowest load tested, 1MPa, yielded the highest DBCs for DEAE and COO adsorbents at 20mgBSA/mL and 27mglysozyme/mL, respectively. At 1MPa, DBCs were the highest for the lowest flowrate tested but stabilised for flowrates above 2000CV/h. For compression loads of 5MPa and 10MPa, adsorbents recorded lower DBCs than 1MPa as a result of nanofibre packing and reduced surface area. Increasing the number of bed layers from 4 to 12 showed decreasing DBCs for both adsorbents. Tensile strengths were recorded to indicate the mechanical robustness of the adsorbent and be related to packing the nanofibre adsorbents in large scale configurations such as pleated cartridges. Compared with an uncompressed adsorbent, compressions of 1, 5 and 10MPa showed increases of 30%, 110% and 110%, respectively, for both functionalisations. The data presented show that capacity and mechanical strength can be balanced through compression after electrospinning and is particular to different functionalisations. This trade-off is critical to the development of nanofibre adsorbents into different packing configurations for application and scale up in bioseparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart R Dods
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London WC1H 0AH, UK; Innovations Technology Access Centre - Micro and Nanotechnology, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Oliver Hardick
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Bob Stevens
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1 4BU, UK
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
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32
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Carlsson DO, Hua K, Forsgren J, Mihranyan A. Aspirin degradation in surface-charged TEMPO-oxidized mesoporous crystalline nanocellulose. Int J Pharm 2013; 461:74-81. [PMID: 24291076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
TEMPO-mediated surface oxidation of mesoporous highly crystalline Cladophora cellulose was used to introduce negative surface charges onto cellulose nanofibrils without significantly altering other structural characteristics. This enabled the investigation of the influence of mesoporous nanocellulose surface charges on aspirin chemical stability to be conducted. The negative surface charges (carboxylate content 0.44±0.01 mmol/g) introduced on the mesoporous crystalline nanocellulose significantly accelerated aspirin degradation, compared to the starting material which had significantly less surface charge (0.06±0.01 mmol/g). This effect followed from an increased aspirin amorphisation ability in mesopores of the oxidized nanocellulose. These results highlight the importance of surface charges in formulating nanocellulose for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Carlsson
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, PO Box 534, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kai Hua
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, PO Box 534, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Forsgren
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, PO Box 534, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Albert Mihranyan
- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, PO Box 534, SE-75121 Uppsala, Sweden.
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33
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Milanovic J, Schiehser S, Milanovic P, Potthast A, Kostic M. Molecular weight distribution and functional group profiles of TEMPO-oxidized lyocell fibers. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:444-50. [PMID: 23987366 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of TEMPO-mediated oxidation, performed with NaClO, a catalytic amount of NaBr, and 2,2',6,6'-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy radical (TEMPO), were studied on lyocell fibers by means of GPC using multiple detection and group-selective fluorescence labeling according to the CCOA and FDAM methodology. The applied method determines functional group content as a sum parameter, as well as functional group profiles in relation to the molecular weight of the cellulose fibers. Both the CHO and COOH profiles, as well as molecular weight alterations, were analyzed. A significant decrease in the average molecular weight was obtained during the first hour of TEMPO-mediated oxidation, but prolonged oxidation time resulted in no strong additional chain scission. Significant amounts of COOH groups were introduced in the high molecular weight fractions by the oxidation with higher concentrations of NaClO (2.42-9.67 mmol NaClO/g fiber) after modification times of 1h or longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Milanovic
- Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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34
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Isobe N, Chen X, Kim UJ, Kimura S, Wada M, Saito T, Isogai A. TEMPO-oxidized cellulose hydrogel as a high-capacity and reusable heavy metal ion adsorbent. J Hazard Mater 2013; 260:195-201. [PMID: 23747479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxy radical catalyzed oxidation with hypochlorite/bromide (TEMPO-mediated oxidation) was performed on a cellulose hydrogel prepared using LiOH/urea solvent. TEMPO oxidation successfully introduced carboxyl groups onto the surface of the cellulose hydrogel with retention of the gel structure and its nanoporous property. The equilibrium measurement of Cu(2+) adsorption showed favorable interaction with Cu(2+) and high maximum adsorption capacity. In addition, over 98% of the adsorbed Cu(2+) was recovered using acid treatment, and the subsequent washing allowed the TEMPO-oxidized gels to be used repeatedly. Furthermore, the TEMPO-oxidized cellulose hydrogel showed high adsorption capacity for other toxic metal ions such as Zn(2+), Fe(3+), Cd(2+), and Cs(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Isobe
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Benhamou K, Dufresne A, Magnin A, Mortha G, Kaddami H. Control of size and viscoelastic properties of nanofibrillated cellulose from palm tree by varying the TEMPO-mediated oxidation time. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 99:74-83. [PMID: 24274481 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of the present study was to control and optimize the preparation of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from the date palm tree by monitoring the oxidation time (degree of oxidation) of the pristine cellulose and the number of cycles through the homogenizer. The oxidation was monitored by TEMPO (1-oxo-2,2,6,6-tétraméthylpipyridine 1-oxyle) mediated oxidation. Evidence of the successful isolation of NFC was given by FE-SEM observation revealing fibrils with a width in the range 20-30nm, depending of the oxidation time. The evolution of the transparency of the aqueous NFC suspension and carboxylic content according to the degree of oxidation and number of cycles were also analyzed by UV-vis transmittance, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), conductimetry, and X-ray diffraction analysis. A significant NFC length reduction occurred during the TEMPO-mediated oxidation. The rheological properties of NFC suspensions were characterized as function of the oxidation time. Dynamic rheology showed that the aqueous suspension behavior changed from liquid to gel depending on the concentration. The highest concentration studied was 1wt% and the modulus reached 1MPa which was higher than for non-oxidized NFC. An explanation of the gel structure evolution with the oxidation time applied to the NFC (NFC length) was proposed. The gel structure evolves from an entanglement-governed gel structure to an immobilized water molecule-governed one.
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