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Balea A, Monte MC, Fuente E, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M, Negro C. Fit-for-Use Nanofibrillated Cellulose from Recovered Paper. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2536. [PMID: 37764564 PMCID: PMC10535746 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The cost-effective implementation of nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) at industrial scale requires optimizing the quality of the nanofibers according to their final application. Therefore, a portfolio of CNFs with different qualities is necessary, as well as further knowledge about how to obtain each of the main qualities. This paper presents the influence of various production techniques on the morphological characteristics and properties of CNFs produced from a mixture of recycled fibers. Five different pretreatments have been investigated: a mechanical pretreatment (PFI refining), two enzymatic hydrolysis strategies, and TEMPO-mediated oxidation under two different NaClO concentrations. For each pretreatment, five high-pressure homogenization (HPH) conditions have been considered. Our results show that the pretreatment determines the yield and the potential of HPH to enhance fibrillation and, therefore, the final CNF properties. These results enable one to select the most effective production method with the highest yield of produced CNFs from recovered paper for the desired CNF quality in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - M. Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - Elena Fuente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Pere Mutjé
- LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
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Revuelta D, Carballosa P, García Calvo JL, Pedrosa F. Residual Strength and Drying Behavior of Concrete Reinforced with Recycled Steel Fiber from Tires. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14206111. [PMID: 34683702 PMCID: PMC8537020 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fiber reinforcement of concrete is an effective technique of providing ductility to concrete, increasing its flexural residual strength while reducing its potential for cracking due to drying shrinkage. There are currently a wide variety of industrial fibers on the market. Recycled steel fibers (RSF) from tires could offer a viable substitute of industrialized fibers in a more sustainable and eco-friendly way. However, mistrust exists among users, based on fear that the recycling process will reduce the performance, coupled with the difficulty of characterization of the geometry of the RSF, as a consequence of the size variability introduced by the recycling process. This work compares the behavior of RSF from tires compared with industrialized steel or polypropylene fibers, evaluating the fresh state, compressive strength, flexural residual strength, and drying behavior. The concept of Equivalent Fiber Length (EFL) is also defined to help the statistical geometrical characterization of the RSF. A microstructural analysis was carried out to evaluate the integration of the fiber in the matrix, as well as the possible presence of contaminants. The conclusion is reached that the addition of RSF has a similar effect to that of industrialized fibers on concrete’s properties when added at the same percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Revuelta
- Institute for Construction Sciences Eduardo Torroja, CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (J.L.G.C.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-3020440
| | - Pedro Carballosa
- Institute for Construction Sciences Eduardo Torroja, CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (J.L.G.C.); (F.P.)
| | - José Luis García Calvo
- Institute for Construction Sciences Eduardo Torroja, CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (J.L.G.C.); (F.P.)
| | - Filipe Pedrosa
- Institute for Construction Sciences Eduardo Torroja, CSIC, Serrano Galvache 4, 28033 Madrid, Spain; (P.C.); (J.L.G.C.); (F.P.)
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Dislaire C, Seantier B, Muzy M, Grohens Y. Mechanical and Hygroscopic Properties of Molded Pulp Products Using Different Wood-Based Cellulose Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193225. [PMID: 34641043 PMCID: PMC8512325 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increasing interest for molded pulp product (MPP) in the industry, it is important to fully understand how the manufacturing process is different from papermaking. One specific way to differentiate the processes is to compare their resulting products. As the paper industry uses several wood fibers with various pulping processes, it is interesting to compare some of these fibers, to further progress our understanding of the MPP process. In this study, six different wood fibers were used (as received) and analyzed to obtain the sample with the lowest moisture uptake and highest tensile properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and fiber analysis module (MorFi) observations were performed, as well as moisture uptake measurements after sorption and tensile tests. We observed significant differences between the fibers tested. Kraft fibers (bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP), bleached hardwood kraft pulp (BHKP), and unbleached softwood kraft pulp (USKP)) showed smoother surfaces and less non-cellulosic molecules, such as hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin, in the SEM images. Bleached chemi-thermomechanial pulp (BCTMP) and recycled pulps (R-NPM and R-CBB) both showed non-cellulosic molecules and rougher surfaces. These results were confirmed with the FTIR analysis. With kraft fibers, MPP mechanical properties were lower than non-kraft fibers. Resulting moisture uptake is in between the recycled fibers (lowest moisture uptake) and BCTMP (highest moisture uptake). The removal of non-cellulosic molecules reduces the mechanical properties of the resulting MPP. The incorporation of non-wood molecules, as found in recycled fibers, also reduces the mechanical properties, as well as moisture uptake, when compared with BCTMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Dislaire
- Univ Bretagne Sud, CNRS, UMR 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France; (C.D.); (Y.G.)
- Ecofeutre, Rue des Sports, ZA de Kerivan, 56550 Evellys, France;
| | - Bastien Seantier
- Univ Bretagne Sud, CNRS, UMR 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France; (C.D.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marion Muzy
- Ecofeutre, Rue des Sports, ZA de Kerivan, 56550 Evellys, France;
| | - Yves Grohens
- Univ Bretagne Sud, CNRS, UMR 6027, IRDL, 56100 Lorient, France; (C.D.); (Y.G.)
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Sadrolodabaee P, Claramunt J, Ardanuy M, de la Fuente A. A Textile Waste Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composite: Comparison between Short Random Fiber and Textile Reinforcement. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:3742. [PMID: 34279314 PMCID: PMC8269839 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, millions of tons of textile waste from the garment and textile industries are generated worldwide each year. As a promising option in terms of sustainability, textile waste fibers could be used as internal reinforcement of cement-based composites by enhancing ductility and decreasing crack propagation. To this end, two extensive experimental programs were carried out, involving the use of either fractions of short random fibers at 6-10% by weight or nonwoven fabrics in 3-7 laminate layers in the textile waste-reinforcement of cement, and the mechanical and durability properties of the resulting composites were characterized. Flexural resistance in pre- and post-crack, toughness, and stiffness of the resulting composites were assessed in addition to unrestrained drying shrinkage testing. The results obtained from those programs were analyzed and compared to identify the optimal composite and potential applications. Based on the results of experimental analysis, the feasibility of using this textile waste composite as a potential construction material in nonstructural concrete structures such as facade cladding, raised floors, and pavements was confirmed. The optimal composite was proven to be the one reinforced with six layers of nonwoven fabric, with a flexural strength of 15.5 MPa and a toughness of 9.7 kJ/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Sadrolodabaee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Claramunt
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Ardanuy
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert de la Fuente
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Balea A, Fuente E, Monte MC, Blanco A, Negro C. Recycled Fibers for Sustainable Hybrid Fiber Cement Based Material: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:2408. [PMID: 34063155 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcing fibers have been widely used to improve physical and mechanical properties of cement-based materials. Most fiber reinforced composites (FRC) involve the use of a single type of fiber to improve cement properties, such as strength or ductility. To additionally improve other parameters, hybridization is required. Another key challenge, in the construction industry, is the implementation of green and sustainable strategies based on reducing raw materials consumption, designing novel structures with enhanced properties and low weight, and developing low environmental impact processes. Different recycled fibers have been used as raw materials to promote circular economy processes and new business opportunities in the cement-based sector. The valuable use of recycled fibers in hybrid FRC has already been proven and they improve both product quality and sustainability, but the generated knowledge is fragmented. This is the first review analyzing the use of recycled fibers in hybrid FRC and the hybridization effect on mechanical properties and workability of FRC. The paper compiles the best results and the optimal combinations of recycled fibers for hybrid FRC to identify key insights and gaps that may define future research to open new application fields for recycled hybrid FRC.
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Antov P, Krišt’ák L, Réh R, Savov V, Papadopoulos AN. Eco-Friendly Fiberboard Panels from Recycled Fibers Bonded with Calcium Lignosulfonate. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040639. [PMID: 33669944 PMCID: PMC7924858 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of using residual softwood fibers from the pulp and paper industry for producing eco-friendly, zero-formaldehyde fiberboard panels, bonded with calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) as a lignin-based, formaldehyde free adhesive, was investigated in this work. Fiberboard panels were manufactured in the laboratory by applying CLS addition content ranging from 8% to 14% (on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the developed composites, i.e., water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), as well as the free formaldehyde emission, were evaluated according to the European norms. In general, only the composites, developed with 14% CLS content, exhibited MOE and MOR values, comparable with the standard requirements for medium-density fiberboards (MDF) for use in dry conditions. All laboratory-produced composites demonstrated significantly deteriorated moisture-related properties, i.e., WA (24 h) and TS (24 h), which is a major drawback. Noticeably, the fiberboards produced had a close-to-zero formaldehyde content, reaching the super E0 class (≤1.5 mg/100 g), with values, ranging from 0.8 mg/100 g to 1.1 mg/100 g, i.e., equivalent to formaldehyde emission of natural wood. The amount of CLS adhesive had no significant effect on formaldehyde content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (A.N.P.)
| | - L’uboš Krišt’ák
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Roman Réh
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia; (L.K.); (R.R.)
| | - Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Antonios N. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, International Hellenic University, GR-661 00 Drama, Greece
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (A.N.P.)
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