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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Xu H, Balea A, Blanco A, Negro C. Enhancement of the production of TEMPO-mediated oxidation cellulose nanofibrils by kneading. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129612. [PMID: 38272426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The industrial use of TEMPO-mediated oxidation (TMO) reaction to produce highly fibrillated cellulose nanofibrils has been hindered by high catalyst costs, long reaction times and high reaction volumes. The hypothesis that cellulose concentration during TMO process is key to increase the process of efficiency has been confirmed. The novelty of this research is the proof-of-concept for a significant enhancement of the TMO reaction by kneading the cellulose to work in concentrations above 120 g/L. Results show that the increase of the cellulose concentration in the TMO reaction, from the traditional 10 g/L to 120 g/L, increase not only the production for the same reaction volume (1200 %) but also the pulp recovery (up to 94 %). Moreover, the oxidation time can be reduced from 42 min to only 4 min while properties of both the oxidized pulps and the final nanocellulose are similar. On the other hand, the use of buffers in the TMO reaction allows us to keep the pH constant without using NaOH, and to improve the selectivity of the carboxyl groups production. The proposed process also minimizes the final environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hongyu Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Xu H, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Blanco A, Balea A, Negro C. Recycling of TEMPO-mediated oxidation medium and its effect on nanocellulose properties. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121168. [PMID: 37567710 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential of TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy)-mediated oxidation (TMO) to produce cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) is hindered using costly and environmentally harmful catalysts, limiting its large-scale implementation. To promote sustainability, the TMO medium should be reused but there is a lack of knowledge on this process. The novelty of this research is the identification of the key parameters that affect the recirculation of the TMO medium, and their impact on the quality of the oxidized pulps and CNF products. Contrary to previous hypothesis, results show that the accumulation of salts is not a key parameter; instead, the pulp consistency during oxidation plays a vital role since concentrations higher than 10 g/L led to better CNF quality. Thus, reusing 75 % of the reaction medium, when high pulp consistency is used, does not alter the CNF properties. By reusing the reaction medium up to six times, the catalyst dose is dramatically reduced by >90 % for TEMPO and 80 % for NaBr, compared to the conventional process (0.1 mmol of TEMPO/g and 1 mmol of NaBr/g without medium reuse). Additionally, the high consistency oxidation enables a reduction of >80 % in the reaction time and effluent, and thus a threefold increase in CNF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Balea A, Monte MC, Fuente E, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M, Negro C. Fit-for-Use Nanofibrillated Cellulose from Recovered Paper. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2536. [PMID: 37764564 PMCID: PMC10535746 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The cost-effective implementation of nanofibrillated cellulose (CNF) at industrial scale requires optimizing the quality of the nanofibers according to their final application. Therefore, a portfolio of CNFs with different qualities is necessary, as well as further knowledge about how to obtain each of the main qualities. This paper presents the influence of various production techniques on the morphological characteristics and properties of CNFs produced from a mixture of recycled fibers. Five different pretreatments have been investigated: a mechanical pretreatment (PFI refining), two enzymatic hydrolysis strategies, and TEMPO-mediated oxidation under two different NaClO concentrations. For each pretreatment, five high-pressure homogenization (HPH) conditions have been considered. Our results show that the pretreatment determines the yield and the potential of HPH to enhance fibrillation and, therefore, the final CNF properties. These results enable one to select the most effective production method with the highest yield of produced CNFs from recovered paper for the desired CNF quality in diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - M. Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - Elena Fuente
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Pere Mutjé
- LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP Research Group, University of Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 6, 17003 Girona, Spain (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain (E.F.)
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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Rasteiro MG, Balea A, Sharma M, Pedrosa JFS, Negro C, Monte MC, Blanco A, Ferreira PJT. Influence of dispersion of fibrillated cellulose on the reinforcement of coated papers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 248:125886. [PMID: 37481180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of cellulose micro/nanofibrils (CMNFs) as reinforcement paper additive at industrial scale is delayed due to inconsistent results, suggesting a lack of proper consideration of some key parameters. The high influence of fibrillated nanocellulose dispersion has been recently identified as a key parameter for paper bulk reinforcement but it has not been studied for surface coating applications yet. This paper studies the effect of CMNF dispersion degree prior to their addition and during mixing with starch on the reinforcement of paper by coating. Results show that this effect depends on the type of CMNFs since it is related to the surface interactions. For a given formulation, a correlation is observed between the CMNF dispersion and the CMNF/starch mixing agitation with the rheology of the coating formulation which highly affects the paper properties. The optimal dispersion degree is different for each nanocellulose, but the best mechanical properties were always achieved at the lowest viscosity of the coating formulation. In general, the initial state of the nanocellulose 3D network, influences the mixing and smooth application of the coating and affects the reinforcement effect. Therefore, the CMNF industrial implementation in coating formulations will be facilitated by the on-line control of formulations prior to their surface application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Rasteiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohit Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge F S Pedrosa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paulo J T Ferreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CIEPQPF, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Negro C, Pettersson G, Mattsson A, Nyström S, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Blanco A, Engstrand P. Synergies between Fibrillated Nanocellulose and Hot-Pressing of Papers Obtained from High-Yield Pulp. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1931. [PMID: 37446447 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
To extend the application of cost-effective high-yield pulps in packaging, strength and barrier properties are improved by advanced-strength additives or by hot-pressing. The aim of this study is to assess the synergic effects between the two approaches by using nanocellulose as a bulk additive, and by hot-pressing technology. Due to the synergic effect, dry strength increases by 118% while individual improvements are 31% by nanocellulose and 92% by hot-pressing. This effect is higher for mechanical fibrillated cellulose. After hot-pressing, all papers retain more than 22% of their dry strength. Hot-pressing greatly increases the paper's ability to withstand compressive forces applied in short periods of time by 84%, with a further 30% increase due to the synergic effect of the fibrillated nanocellulose. Hot-pressing and the fibrillated cellulose greatly decrease air permeability (80% and 68%, respectively) for refining pretreated samples, due to the increased fiber flexibility, which increase up to 90% using the combined effect. The tear index increases with the addition of nanocellulose, but this effect is lost after hot-pressing. In general, fibrillation degree has a small effect which means that low- cost nanocellulose could be used in hot-pressed papers, providing products with a good strength and barrier capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gunilla Pettersson
- Department of Engineering, Mathematics and Science Education (IMD), Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Amanda Mattsson
- Department of Engineering, Mathematics and Science Education (IMD), Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nyström
- Department of Engineering, Mathematics and Science Education (IMD), Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Per Engstrand
- Department of Engineering, Mathematics and Science Education (IMD), Mid Sweden University, SE-85170 Sundsvall, Sweden
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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Marques MP, Brito MSCA, Negro C, Monte MC, Manrique YA, Santos RJ, Blanco A. Valorization of Vegetable Waste from Leek, Lettuce, and Artichoke to Produce Highly Concentrated Lignocellulose Micro- and Nanofibril Suspensions. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4499. [PMID: 36558352 PMCID: PMC9784415 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable supply in the world is more than double than vegetable intake, which supposes a significant waste of vegetables, in addition to the agricultural residues produced. As sensitive food products, the reasons for this waste vary from the use of only a part of the vegetable due to its different properties to the product appearance and market image. An alternative high-added-value application for these wastes rich in cellulose could be the reduction in size to produce lignocellulose micro- and nanofibrils (LCMNF). In this sense, a direct treatment of greengrocery waste (leek, lettuce, and artichoke) to produce LCMNFs without the extraction of cellulose has been studied, obtaining highly concentrated suspensions, without using chemicals. After drying the wastes, these suspensions were produced by milling and blending at high shear followed by several passes in the high-pressure homogenizer (up to six passes). The presence of more extractives and shorter fiber lengths allowed the obtention of 5-5.5% leek LCMNF suspensions and 3.5-4% lettuce LCMNF suspensions, whereas for artichoke, only suspensions of under 1% were obtained. The main novelty of the work was the obtention of a high concentration of micro- and nanofiber suspension from the total waste without any pretreatment. These high concentrations are not obtained from other raw materials (wood or annual plants) due to the clogging of the homogenizer, requiring the dilution of the sample up to 1% or the use of chemical pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariana P. Marques
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida S. C. A. Brito
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy (LEPABE), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yaidelin A. Manrique
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J. Santos
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, University Complutense of Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Balea A, Negro C, Monte MC, Blanco A. Gel Point as Measurement of Dispersion Degree of Nano-Cellulose Suspensions and Its Application in Papermaking. Nanomaterials 2022; 12:nano12050790. [PMID: 35269278 PMCID: PMC8912044 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The dispersion degree of cellulose micro and nanofibrils (CMFs/CNFs) in water suspensions is key to understand and optimize their effectiveness in several applications. In this study, we proposed a method, based on gel point (Øg), to calculate both aspect ratio and dispersion degree. This methodology was validated through the morphological characterization of CMFs/CNFs by Transmission Electronic Microscopy. The influence of dispersion degree on the reinforcement of recycled cardboard has also been evaluated by stirring CMF/CNF suspensions at different speeds. Results show that as stirring speed increases, Øg decreased to a minimum value, in which the aspect ratio is maximum. Then, Øg increased again. Suspensions with lower Øg, in the intermediate region of agitation present very good dispersion behavior with an open and spongy network structure, in which nanofibril clusters are totally dispersed. Higher stirring speeds shorten the nanofibrils and the networks collapse. Results show that the dispersion of the nanocellulose at the minimum Øg before their addition to the pulp, produces higher mechanical properties, even higher than when CNFs and pulp are agitated together. This method allows for the determination of the CMF/CNF dispersion, to maximize their behavior as strength agents. This knowledge would be crucial to understand why some industrial trials did not give satisfactory results.
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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Campano C, Balea A, Tarrés Q, Delgado-Aguilar M, Mutjé P, Blanco A, Negro C. Critical comparison of the properties of cellulose nanofibers produced from softwood and hardwood through enzymatic, chemical and mechanical processes. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:220-230. [PMID: 35182566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge on the properties of different types of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) is fragmented. Properties variation is very extensive, depending on raw materials, effectiveness of the treatments to extract the cellulose fraction from the lignocellulosic biomass, pretreatments to facilitate cellulose fibrillation and final mechanical process to separate the microfibrils. Literature offers multiple parameters to characterize the CNFs prepared by different routes. However, there is a lack of an extensive guide to compare the CNFs. In this study, we perform a critical comparison of rheological, compositional, and morphological features of CNFs, produced from the most representative types of woody plants, hardwood and softwood, using different types and intensities of pretreatments, including enzymatic, chemical and mechanical ones, and varying the severity of mechanical treatment focusing on the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic parameters. This structured information will be exceedingly useful to select the most appropriate CNF for a certain application based on the most relevant parameters in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Campano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Mutjé
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Campano C, Lopez-Exposito P, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M, Monte MC, Blanco A. Enhanced Morphological Characterization of Cellulose Nano/Microfibers through Image Skeleton Analysis. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11082077. [PMID: 34443907 PMCID: PMC8398699 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present paper proposes a novel approach for the morphological characterization of cellulose nano and microfibers suspensions (CMF/CNFs) based on the analysis of eroded CMF/CNF microscopy images. This approach offers a detailed morphological characterization and quantification of the micro and nanofibers networks present in the product, which allows the mode of fibrillation associated to the different CMF/CNF extraction conditions to be discerned. This information is needed to control CMF/CNF quality during industrial production. Five cellulose raw materials, from wood and non-wood sources, were subjected to mechanical, enzymatic, and (2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidative pre-treatments followed by different homogenization sequences to obtain products of different morphologies. Skeleton analysis of microscopy images provided in-depth morphological information of CMF/CNFs that, complemented with aspect ratio information, estimated from gel point data, allowed the quantification of: (i) fibers peeling after mechanical pretreatment; (ii) fibers shortening induced by enzymes, and (iii) CMF/CNF entanglement from TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Being mostly based on optical microscopy and image analysis, the present method is easy to implement at industrial scale as a tool to monitor and control CMF/CNF quality and homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.S.-S.); (C.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Cristina Campano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.S.-S.); (C.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Patricio Lopez-Exposito
- Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain;
| | - Quim Tarrés
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain; (Q.T.); (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Pere Mutjé
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain; (Q.T.); (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- Group LEPAMAP, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Campmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain; (Q.T.); (P.M.); (M.D.-A.)
| | - M. Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.S.-S.); (C.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.S.-S.); (C.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913-944-247
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Negro C, Balea Martín A, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Campano C, Fuente E, Monte MC, Blanco A. NANOCELLULOSE AND ITS POTENTIAL USE FOR SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.52292/j.laar.2020.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) and its wide applications have attracted high attention due to its desirable properties such as high surface area, extraordinary mechanical properties, high reactivity and easy modification of NC surface due to the presence of primary hydroxyl groups. NC also presents several environmental benefits, including high potential availability because its production is coming from natural sources, renewability and nontoxicity. This paper briefly summarizes some of the activities of the research group “Cellulose, Paper and Water Advanced Treatments” from Complutense University of Madrid that were presented in CAIQ 2019, including the main types of NC, the production processes and their characterization. Additionally, the most promising NC applications are described such as for paper and board, for wastewater treatment, food and cement-based materials. Moreover, a market perspective of NC is also presented.
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Balea A, Sanchez-Salvador JL, Monte MC, Merayo N, Negro C, Blanco A. In Situ Production and Application of Cellulose Nanofibers to Improve Recycled Paper Production. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091800. [PMID: 31075959 PMCID: PMC6539324 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The recycled paper and board industry needs to improve the quality of their products to meet customer demands. The refining process and strength additives are commonly used to increase mechanical properties. Interfiber bonding can also be improved using cellulose nanofibers (CNF). A circular economy approach in the industrial implementation of CNF can be addressed through the in situ production of CNF using side cellulose streams of the process as raw material, avoiding transportation costs and reducing industrial wastes. Furthermore, CNF fit for use can be produced for specific industrial applications.This study evaluates the feasibility of using two types of recycled fibers, simulating the broke streams of two paper machines producing newsprint and liner for cartonboard, to produce in situ CNF for direct application on the original pulps, old newsprint (ONP), and old corrugated container (OCC), and to reinforce the final products. The CNF were obtained by 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation and homogenization at 600 bar. Handsheets were prepared with disintegrated recycled pulp and different amounts of CNF using a conventional three-component retention system. Results show that 3 wt.% of CNF produced with 10 mmol of NaClO per gram of dry pulp improve tensile index of ONP ~30%. For OCC, the same treatment and CNF dose increase tensile index above 60%. In both cases, CNF cause a deterioration of drainage, but this effect is effectively counteracted by optimising the retention system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Noemi Merayo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Industrial Design Engineering, ETSIDI, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ronda de Valencia 3, 28012 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Sanchez-Salvador JL, Balea A, Monte MC, Blanco A, Negro C. Study of The Reaction Mechanism to Produce Nanocellulose-Graft-Chitosan Polymer. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2018; 8:E883. [PMID: 30380728 PMCID: PMC6266731 DOI: 10.3390/nano8110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose and chitin are the most abundant polymeric materials in nature, capable of replacing conventional synthetic polymers. From them, cellulose nano/microfibers (CNFs/CMFs) and chitosan are obtained. Both polymers have been used separately in graft copolymerization but there are not many studies on the use of cellulose and chitosan together as copolymers and the reaction mechanism is unknown. In this work, the reaction mechanism to produce nano/microcellulose-graft-chitosan polymer has been studied. Recycled cellulose pulp was used, with and without a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-radical (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation pretreatment, to produce CNFs and CMFs, respectively. For chitosan, a low-molecular weight product dissolved in an acetic acid solution was prepared. Grafted polymers were synthesized using a microwave digester. Results showed that TEMPO-mediated oxidation as the cellulose pretreatment is a key factor to obtain the grafted polymer CNF-g-CH. A reaction mechanism has been proposed where the amino group of chitosan attacks the carboxylic group of oxidized cellulose, since non-oxidized CMFs do not achieve the desired grafting. 13C NMR spectra, elemental analysis and SEM images validated the proposed mechanism. Finally, CNF-g-CH was used as a promising material to remove water-based inks and dyes from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sanchez-Salvador
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Balea
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Concepcion Monte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Angeles Blanco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Negro
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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