1
|
Jaiswal D, Pandey A, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Photosynthetic, Biochemical and Secondary Metabolite Changes in a Medicinal Plant Chlorophytum borivillianum (Safed musli) against Low and High Doses of UV-B Radiation. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:45-56. [PMID: 35837836 DOI: 10.1111/php.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plants are inevitably grown in presence of sunlight, therefore bound to be exposed to natural UV-B radiation. Several studies have already been conducted with UV-B and medicinal plants and only few studies showed dose dependent variation. The present study aims to find out the variations and adaptation in Chlorophytum borivillianum under two different doses of UV-B radiation; ambient + low (3.2 kJm-2 d-1 ) and high (7.2 kJm-2 d-1 ) UV-B dose, denoted as LD and HD, respectively. Reduction in photosynthetic rate was higher at HD, while plants receiving LD displayed nonsignificant variation. During vegetative and reproductive stage, significant reduction (P ≤ 0.001) in stomatal conductance was obtained when exposed to HD-eUV-B. Fv /Fm showed more reductions in HD-eUV-B (12.6%) followed by LD-eUV-B (7.9%). Low and high doses of UV-B enhanced the anthocyanin content but the increase was significant in HD, indicates epidermal protection strategy by the plants. Under LD-eUV-B, the content of saponin, a major phytochemical constituent was enhanced by 26%. Phytochemical analysis of roots revealed reduction mostly in fatty acid components whereas the steroidal components (stigmasterol and sarsasapogenin) showed enhancement in response to LD. The study suggests the importance of LD-eUV-B in the stimulation of medicinal compounds in C. borivillianum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepanshi Jaiswal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Avantika Pandey
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dowell JA, Reynolds EC, Pliakas TP, Mandel JR, Burke JM, Donovan LA, Mason CM. Genome-Wide Association Mapping of Floral Traits in Cultivated Sunflower (Helianthus annuus). J Hered 2020; 110:275-286. [PMID: 30847479 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral morphology and pigmentation are both charismatic and economically relevant traits associated with cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Recent work has linked floral morphology and pigmentation to pollinator efficiency and seed yield. Understanding the genetic architecture of such traits is essential for crop improvement, and gives insight into the role of genetic constraints in shaping floral diversity. A diversity panel of 288 sunflower genotypes was phenotyped for a variety of morphological, phenological, and color traits in both a greenhouse and a field setting. Association mapping was performed using 5788 SNP markers using a mixed linear model approach. Several dozen markers across 10 linkage groups were significantly associated with variation in morphological and color trait variation. Substantial trait plasticity was observed between greenhouse and field phenotyping, and associations differed between environments. Color traits mapped more strongly than morphology in both settings, with markers together explaining 16% of petal carotenoid content in the greenhouse, and 17% and 24% of variation in disc anthocyanin presence in the field and greenhouse, respectively. Morphological traits like disc size mapped more strongly in the field, with markers together explaining up to 19% of disc size variation. Loci identified here through association mapping within cultivated germplasm differ from those identified through biparental crosses between modern cultivated sunflower and either its wild progenitor or domesticated landraces. Several loci lie within genomic regions involved in domestication. Differences between phenotype expression under greenhouse and field conditions highlight the importance of plasticity in determining floral morphology and pigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Dowell
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
| | - Erin C Reynolds
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | | | - Jennifer R Mandel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN
| | - John M Burke
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Lisa A Donovan
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL.,Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tripathi R, Rai K, Singh S, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Role of supplemental UV-B in changing the level of ozone toxicity in two cultivars of sunflower: growth, seed yield and oil quality. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:277-293. [PMID: 30761429 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) is inherent part of solar spectrum and tropospheric ozone (O3) is a potent secondary air pollutant. Therefore the present study was conducted to evaluate the responses of Helianthus annuus L. cvs DRSF 108 and Sungold (sunflower) to supplemental UV-B (sUV-B; ambient + 7.2 kJ m-2 d-1) and elevated ozone (O3; ambient + 10 ppb), given singly and in combination under field conditions using open-top chambers. The individual and interactive effects of O3 and sUV-B induced varying changes in both the cultivars of sunflower ranging from ultrastructural variations to growth, biomass, yield and oil composition. Reduction in leaf area of Sungold acted as a protective feature which minimized the perception of sUV-B as well as uptake of O3 thus led to lesser carbon loss compared to DRSF 108. Number- and weight of heads plant-1 decreased although more in Sungold with decline of oil content. Both the stresses when given singly and combination induced rancidification of oil and thus made the oil less suitable for human consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Tripathi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kshama Rai
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh AA, Agrawal SB, Shahi JP, Agrawal M. Yield and kernel nutritional quality in normal maize and quality protein maize cultivars exposed to ozone. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:2205-2214. [PMID: 30315574 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is phytotoxic and therefore impacts global food security. In the present study yield responses and kernel quality traits of two maize cultivars [DHM117: normal maize (NM)] and [HQPM1: quality protein maize (QPM)] are investigated. Cultivars were exposed to two doses of elevated O3 , namely NFC + 15 and NFC + 30 ppb O3 above ambient level (NFC, non-filtered chambers) while filtered chambers served as control. RESULTS Test weight (thousand kernel weight), weight of kernels per square meter and kernel starch content reduced more in NM than QPM due to elevated O3 exposure. Total soluble and reducing sugars increased in both the cultivars being more in NM. Though, endosperm protein showed comparatively more increase in QPM than NM, decline in essential amino acids tryptophan and lysine was higher in QPM. Majority of nutrient elements increased after O3 treatment, while reductions in oil content as well as saturated fatty acids were observed in both test cultivars. Of the two essential fatty acids, omega 3 fatty acid reduced while omega 6 fatty acid contents increased in QPM. Oil became more unsaturated (increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids) upon O3 exposure, thus increasing its reactivity and hence became more prone to auto-oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Elevated O3 caused losses in yield of maize cultivars and NM showed higher sensitivity than QPM. Kernel quality analysis revealed significant changes in nutritional parameters. Carbohydrate content reduced more in NM, while essential amino acids and saturated fatty acids showed more decline in QPM. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya-Abha Singh
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi B Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Jay P Shahi
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takshak S, Agrawal SB. Defense potential of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants under UV-B stress. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 193:51-88. [PMID: 30818154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation has, for many decades now, been widely studied with respect to its consequences on plant and animal health. Though according to NASA, the ozone hole is on its way to recovery, it will still be a considerable time before UV-B levels reach pre-industrial limits. Thus, for the present, excessive UV-B reaching the Earth is a cause for concern, and UV-B related human ailments are on the rise. Plants produce various secondary metabolites as one of the defense strategies under UV-B. They provide photoprotection via their UV-B screening effects and by quenching the reactive oxygen- and nitrogen species produced under UV-B influence. These properties of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) are being increasingly recognized and made use of in sunscreens and cosmetics, and pharma- and nutraceuticals are gradually becoming a part of the regular diet. Secondary metabolites derived from medicinal plants (alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolics) are a source of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, as well as more rigorously tested and regulated drugs. These metabolites have been implicated in providing protection not only to plants under the influence of UV-B, but also to animals/animal cell lines, when the innate defenses in the latter are not adequate under UV-B-induced damage. The present review focuses on the defense potential of secondary metabolites derived from medicinal plants in both plants and animals. In plants, the concentrations of the alkaloids, terpenes/terpenoids, and phenolics have been discussed under UV-B irradiation as well as the fate of the genes and enzymes involved in their biosynthetic pathways. Their role in providing protection to animal models subjected to UV-B has been subsequently elucidated. Finally, we discuss the possible futuristic scenarios and implications for plant, animal, and human health pertaining to the defense potential of these secondary metabolites under UV-B radiation-mediated damages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swabha Takshak
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mao B, Wang Y, Zhao TH, Tian RR, Wang W, Ye JS. Combined Effects of Elevated O 3 Concentrations and Enhanced UV-B Radiation of the Biometric and Biochemical Properties of Soybean Roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1568. [PMID: 28955360 PMCID: PMC5600998 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and elevated tropospheric ozone alone may inhibit the growth of agricultural crops. However, research regarding their combined effects on growth and biochemical properties of roots is still scarce. Using open top chambers, we monitored the response of growth, secondary metabolites, endogenous hormones and enzyme activities of soybean roots to elevated O3 and enhanced UV-B individually and in combination at stages of branching, flowering and podding. Our results indicated that the root biomass decreased by 23.6, 25.2, and 27.7%, and root oxidative capacity declined by11.2, 39.9, and 55.7% exposed to elevated O3, enhanced UV-B, and O3 + UV-B, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Concentrations of quercetin and ABA were significantly increased, while concentrations of total polyphenol and P-coumaric acid responded insignificantly to elevated O3, enhanced UV-B, and O3 + UV-B during the whole period of soybean growth. Elevated O3, enhanced UV-B and O3 + UV-B showed significant negative effects on superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity at flowering stage, on activities of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) at podding stage, on ascorbate peroxidase activity during the whole period of soybean growth. Moreover, compared to hormones and enzyme activity, secondary metabolisms showed stronger correlation with root growth exposed to elevated O3 and enhanced UV-B individually and in combination. Our study concluded that combined effects of O3 and UV-B radiation significantly exacerbated the decline of soybean root growth, and for annual legumes, the inhibited root growth exposed to O3 and/or UV-B radiation was mostly associated with secondary metabolisms (especially flavonoids).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Mao
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Tian-Hong Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Rong-Rong Tian
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang, China
| | - Jia-Shu Ye
- National Field Observation and Research Station of Shenyang Agro-EcosystemsShenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mao B, Yin H, Wang Y, Zhao TH, Tian RR, Wang W, Ye JS. Combined effects of O3 and UV radiation on secondary metabolites and endogenous hormones of soybean leaves. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183147. [PMID: 28806739 PMCID: PMC5555667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced ultraviolet radiation (UV) and elevated tropospheric ozone (O3) may individually cause reductions in the growth and productivity of important agricultural crops. However, research regarding their combined effects on important agricultural crops is still scarce, especially on changes in secondary metabolites and endogenous hormones, which are important protective substances and signal components that control plant responses to environment stresses. In this study, using an experimental setup of open top chambers, we monitored the responses of seed yield per plant, leaf secondary metabolites and leaf endogenous hormones under the stress of elevated O3 and enhanced UV radiation individually, as well as their combined stress. The results indicated that elevated O3 (110 ± 10 nmol mol-1 for 8 hours per day) and enhanced UV radiation (1.73 kJ h-1 m-2) significantly decreased seed yield per plant. Concentrations of rutin, queretin and total flavonoids were significantly increased under the elevated O3 treatment or the enhanced UV radiation treatment or the combination treatment at flowering and podding stages, and concentrations of rutin, queretin and total flavonoids showed significant correlations with seed yield per plant. Concentrations of ABA and IAA decreased under the three treatments. There was a significant positive correlation between the ABA concentration and seed yield and a negative correlation between the IAA concentration and seed yield. We concluded that the combined stress of elevated O3 and UV radiation significantly decreased seed yield per plant. Yield reduction was associated with changes in the concentrations of flavonoids, ABA and IAA in soybean leaves. The effects of the combined O3 and UV stress were always greater than those of the individual stresses alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Mao
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Yin
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian-Hong Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong-Rong Tian
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Shu Ye
- National Field Observation and Research Station of Shenyang Agro-ecosystems, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singh AA, Agrawal SB. Tropospheric ozone pollution in India: effects on crop yield and product quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4367-4382. [PMID: 27943144 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) in troposphere is the most critical secondary air pollutant, and being phytotoxic causes substantial losses to agricultural productivity. Its increasing concentration in India particularly in Indo-Gangetic plains is an issue of major concern as it is posing a threat to agriculture. In view of the issue of rising surface level of O3 in India, the aim of this compilation is to present the past and the prevailing concentrations of O3 and its important precursor (oxides of nitrogen) over the Indian region. The resulting magnitude of reductions in crop productivity as well as alteration in the quality of the product attributable to tropospheric O3 has also been taken up. Studies in relation to yield measurements have been conducted predominantly in open top chambers (OTCs) and also assessed by using antiozonant ethylene diurea (EDU). There is a substantial spatial difference in O3 distribution at different places displaying variable O3 concentrations due to seasonal and geographical variations. This review further recognizes the major information lacuna and also highlights future perspectives to get the grips with rising trend of ground level O3 pollution and also to formulate the policies to check the emissions of O3 precursors in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Namazkar S, Stockmarr A, Frenck G, Egsgaard H, Terkelsen T, Mikkelsen T, Ingvordsen CH, Jørgensen RB. Concurrent elevation of CO2, O3 and temperature severely affects oil quality and quantity in rapeseed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4117-25. [PMID: 27222513 PMCID: PMC5301921 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant oil is an essential dietary and bio-energy resource. Despite this, the effects of climate change on plant oil quality remain to be elucidated. The present study is the first to show changes in oil quality and quantity of four rapeseed cultivars in climate scenarios with elevated [CO2], [O3] and temperature (T) combined and as single factors. The combination of environmental factors resembled IPCC's 'business as usual' emission scenario predicted for late this century. Generally, the climate scenarios reduced the average amounts of the six fatty acids (FAs) analysed, though in some treatments single FAs remained unchanged or even increased. Most reduced was the FA essential for human nutrition, C18:3-ω3, which decreased by 39% and 45% in the combined scenarios with elevated [CO2]+T+[O3] and [CO2]+T, respectively. Average oil content decreased 3-17%. When [CO2] and T were elevated concurrently, the seed biomass was reduced by half, doubling the losses in FAs and oil content. This corresponded to a 58% reduction in the oil yield per hectare, and C18:3-ω3 decreased by 77%. Furthermore, the polyunsaturated FAs were significantly decreased. The results indicate undesirable consequences for production and health benefits of rapeseed oil with future climate change. The results also showed strong interactive effects of CO2, T and O3 on oil quality, demonstrating why prediction of climate effects requires experiments with combined factors and should not be based on extrapolation from single factor experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Namazkar
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Anders Stockmarr
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Richard Petersens Plads, Building 324, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Georg Frenck
- University of Innsbruck, Institute of Ecology, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helge Egsgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thilde Terkelsen
- Danish Cancer Society, Statistics, Bioinformatics and Registry, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Teis Mikkelsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Cathrine Heinz Ingvordsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark CSIRO, Plant Industry, Black Mountain Laboratories, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Rikke Bagger Jørgensen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU Environment, Risø Campus, Building 763, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Choudhary KK, Agrawal SB. Assessment of Fatty Acid Profile and Seed Mineral Nutrients of Two Soybean (Glycine max L.) Cultivars Under Elevated Ultraviolet-B: Role of ROS, Pigments and Antioxidants. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 92:134-43. [PMID: 26489397 DOI: 10.1111/php.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Current scenarios under global climate change envisage a considerable increase in ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation in near future which may affect the productivity and yield quality of major agricultural crops. Present investigation was conducted to examine various defense strategies adopted against elevated UV-B (ambient + 7.2 kJ m-(2) day-(1) ) and their impact on seed nutrients, content and quality of oil including fatty acid profile of two soybean cultivars (JS-335 and PS-1042). Elevated UV-B (eUV-B) exposure leads toward higher unsaturation of fatty acids and changes in other oil quality parameters (acid, iodine and saponification value) indicated that eUV-B favored the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids with fewer carboxylic acid groups, making the oil rancid, with undesirable flavor and low nutritional value. The effect was more severe in JS-335 as compared to PS-1042. Negative effects were also seen on nutrients of soybean seeds. Adverse effects resulted due to insufficient quenching of ROS (superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide) by the defense system and thus unable to overcome the imposed oxidative stress. Credit of better performance by PS-1042 against eUV-B may be given to the adoption of efficient defense strategies like higher wax deposition, increase in lignin and flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) contents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Choudhary
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh AA, Singh S, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Assessment of ethylene diurea-induced protection in plants against ozone phytotoxicity. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 233:129-184. [PMID: 25367135 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10479-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization, industrialization and unsustainable utilization of natural resources have made tropospheric ozone (03) one of the world's most significant air pollutants. Past studies reveal that 0 3 is a phytotoxic air pollutant that causes or enhances food insecurity across the globe. Plant sensitivity, tolerance and resistance to 0 3 involve a wide array of responses that range from growth to the physiological, biochemical and molecular. Although plants have an array of defense systems to combat oxidative stress from 0 3 exposure, they still suffer sizable yield reductions. In recent years, the ground-level 0 3 concentrations to which crop plants have been exposed have caused yield loses that are economically damaging. Several types of chemicals have been applied or used to mitigate the effects produced by 0 3 on plants. These include agrochemicals (fungicides, insecticides, plant growth regulators), natural antioxidants, and others. Such treatments have been effective to one degree to another, in ameliorating Or generated stress in plants. Ethylene diurea (EDU) has been the most effective protectant used and has also served as a monitoring agent for assessing plant yield losses from 0 3 exposure. In this review, we summarize the data on how EDU has been used, the treatment methods tested, and application doses found to be both protective and toxic in plants. We have also summarized data that address the nature and modes of action (biophysical and biochemical) of EDU. In general, the literature discloses that EDU is effective in reducing ozone damage to plants, and indicates that EDU should be more widely used on 0 3 sensitive plants as a tool for biomonitoring of 0 3 concentrations. Biomonitoring studies that utilize EDU are very useful for rural and remote areas and in developing countries where 0 3 monitoring is constrained from unavailability of electricity. The mechanism(s) by which EDU prevents 0 3 toxicity in plants is still not completely known. EDU possesses great utility for screening plant sensitivity under field conditions in areas that experience high 0 3 concentrations, because EDU prevents 0 3 toxicity only in 0 3 sensitive plants. Ozone-resistant plants do not respond positively to EDU applications. However, EDU application dose and frequency must be standardized before it can be effectively and widely used for screening 0 3 sensitivity in plants. EDU acts primarily by enhancing biochemical plant defense and delaying Or induced senescence, thereby reducing chlorophyll loss, and maintaining physiological efficiency and primary metabolites; these actions enhance growth, biomass and yield of plants. We believe that future studies are needed to better address the EDU dose response relationship for many plant species, and to screen for new cultivars that can resist 0 3 stress. Although some research on the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of action of EDU have been performed, the new 'omics' tools have not been utilized to evaluate EDUs mechanism of action. Such data are needed, as is gene expression and proteome profiling studies on EDU-treated and -untreated plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Lab of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Ecology Research Circle, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Choudhary KK, Agrawal SB. Ultraviolet-B induced changes in morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of two cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 100:178-87. [PMID: 24268741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Increase in perception of solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on Earth's surface due to anthropogenic activities has potential in causing detrimental effects on plants. The present study was performed to evaluate the effect of elevated UV-B on Pisum sativum L., a leguminous plant with emphasis on nitrogen metabolism, flavonoids and hormonal changes. Elevated UV-B (ambient+7.2 kJ m(-2) day(-1)) negatively affected the growth, biomass, yield and its quality by generating oxidative stress directly or due to elevation of salicylic acid in two cultivars with higher magnitude being observed in HUP-2 as compared to HUDP-15. The increased accumulation of flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) under elevated UV-B neither provided sufficient protection to the photosynthetic machinery nor helped in elevation of biological nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation and its assimilation were negatively affected under elevated UV-B as observed by the decline in nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase activities and leghaemoglobin contents. Higher accumulation of salicylic acid in HUP-2 might be associated with its higher degree of sensitivity against UV-B, while higher induction of jasmonic acid and antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities) provided resistance to HUDP-15 against applied stress vis-a-vis exhibited less reduction in biomass, yield and quality of produce.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Choudhary
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - S B Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bao X, Li Q, Hua J, Zhao T, Liang W. Interactive effects of elevated ozone and UV-B radiation on soil nematode diversity. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:11-20. [PMID: 24158399 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and elevated tropospheric ozone may cause reductions in the productivity and quality of important agricultural crops. However, research regarding their interactive effect is still scarce, especially on the belowground processes. Using the open top chambers experimental setup, we monitored the response of soil nematodes to the elevated O3 and UV-B radiation individually as well as in combination. Our results indicated that elevated O3 and UV-B radiation have impact not only on the belowground biomass of plants, but also on the community structure and functional diversity of soil nematodes. The canonical correspondence analysis suggested that soil pH, shoot biomass and microbial biomass C and N were relevant parameters that influencing soil nematode distribution. The interactive effects of elevated O3 and UV-B radiation was only observed on the abundance of bacterivores. UV-B radiation significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes and bacterivores in comparison with the control at pod-filling stage of soybean. Following elevated O3, nematode diversity index decreased and dominance index increased relative to the control at pod-filling stage of soybean. Nematode functional diversity showed response to the effects of elevated O3 and UV-B radiation at pod-bearing stage. Higher enrichment index and lower structure index in the treatment with both elevated O3 and UV-B radiation indicated a stressed soil condition and degraded soil food web. However, the ratios of nematode trophic groups suggested that the negative effects of elevated O3 on soil food web may be weakened by the UV-B radiations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110164, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|