1
|
Mazzio E, Barnes A, Badisa R, Fierros-Romero G, Williams H, Council S, Soliman K. Functional immune boosters; the herb or its dead microbiome? Antigenic TLR4 agonist MAMPs found in 65 medicinal roots and algae's. J Funct Foods 2023; 107:105687. [PMID: 37654434 PMCID: PMC10469438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Humans have been consuming medicinal plants (as herbs/ spices) to combat illness for centuries while ascribing beneficial effects predominantly to the plant/phytochemical constituents, without recognizing the power of obligatory resident microorganism' communities (MOCs) (live/dead bacteria, fungus, yeast, molds etc.) which remain after industrial microbial reduction methods. Very little is known about the taxonomic identity of residual antigenic microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) debris in our botanical over the counter (OTC) products, which if present would be recognized as foreign (non-self) antigenic matter by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) provoking a host immune response; this the basis of vaccine adjuvants. As of today, only few research groups have removed the herbal MAMP biomass from herbs, all suggesting that immune activation may not be from the plant but rather its microbial biomass; a hypothesis we corroborate. Purpose The purpose of this work was to conduct a high through put screening (HTPS) of over 2500 natural plants, OTC botanical supplements and phytochemicals to elucidate those with pro-inflammatory; toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) activating properties in macrophages. Study Design The HTPS was conducted on RAW 264.7 cells vs. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) E. coli 0111:B4, testing iNOS / nitric oxide production ( NO 2 - ) as a perimeter endpoint. The data show not a single drug/chemical/ phytochemical and approximately 98 % of botanicals to be immune idle (not effective) with only 65 pro-inflammatory (hits) in a potency range of LPS. Method validation studies eliminated the possibility of false artifact or contamination, and results were cross verified through multiple vendors/ manufacturers/lot numbers by botanical species. Lead botanicals were evaluated for plant concentration of LPS, 1,3:1,6-β-glucan, 1,3:1,4-β-D-glucan and α-glucans; where the former paralleled strength in vitro. LPS was then removed from plants using high-capacity endotoxin poly lysine columns, where bioactivity of LPS null "plant" extracts were lost. The stability of E.Coli 0111:B4 in an acid stomach mimetic model was confirmed. Last, we conducted a reverse culture on aerobic plate counts (APCs) from select hits, with subsequent isolation of gram-negative bacteria (MacConkey agar). Cultures were 1) heat destroyed (retested/ confirming bioactivity) and 2) subject to taxonomical identification by genetic sequencing 18S, ITS1, 5.8 s, ITS2 28S, and 16S. Conclusion The data show significant gram negative MAMP biomass dominance in A) roots (e.g. echinacea, yucca, burdock, stinging nettle, sarsaparilla, hydrangea, poke, madder, calamus, rhaponticum, pleurisy, aconite etc.) and B) oceanic plants / algae's (e.g. bladderwrack, chlorella, spirulina, kelp, and "OTC Seamoss-blends" (irish moss, bladderwrack, burdock root etc), as well as other random herbs (eg. corn silk, cleavers, watercress, cardamom seed, tribulus, duckweed, puffball, hordeum and pollen). The results show a dominance of gram negative microbes (e.g. Klebsilla aerogenes, Pantoae agglomerans, Cronobacter sakazakii), fungus (Glomeracaea, Ascomycota, Irpex lacteus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Fibroporia albicans, Chlorociboria clavula, Aspergillus_sp JUC-2), with black walnut hull, echinacea and burdock root also containing gram positive microbial strains (Fontibacillus, Paenibacillus, Enterococcus gallinarum, Bromate-reducing bacterium B6 and various strains of Clostridium). Conclusion This work brings attention to the existence of a functional immune bioactive herbal microbiome, independent from the plant. There is need to further this avenue of research, which should be carried out with consideration as to both positive or negative consequences arising from daily consumption of botanicals highly laden with bioactive MAMPS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E. Mazzio
- Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - A. Barnes
- Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - R. Badisa
- Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - G. Fierros-Romero
- Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, School of Environment, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - H. Williams
- Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, School of Environment, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| | - S. Council
- John Gnabre Science Research Institute, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - K.F.A. Soliman
- Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Marquis GE, Covaia SM, Tabb AM, Kitch CJ, Hellberg RS. Microbiological safety and quality of ceviche, poke, and sushi dishes sold at retail outlets in Orange County, CA. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16862. [PMID: 37484407 PMCID: PMC10360930 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Raw, ready-to-eat (RTE) seafood products, such as ceviche, poke, and sushi, have experienced growing demand globally; however, these products have the potential to be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Escherichiacoli/coliforms, Salmonella, and Listeria in ceviche, poke, and sushi dishes sold at the retail level in Orange County, CA, USA. Additional organisms detected during testing were also considered in the results. A total of 105 raw, RTE samples of ceviche, poke, and sushi were collected from restaurants and grocery stores in Orange County, CA. Samples were tested for Salmonella and Listeria utilizing methods from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM). E. coli and total coliforms were enumerated utilizing 3 M Petrifilm plates. Overall, two samples (1.9%) were positive for generic E. coli, with a range of 5-35 CFU/g. Coliforms were detected in 85 samples (81%), with a range of 5-1710 CFU/g. The average coliform levels in ceviche samples (259 CFU/g) were significantly higher than the levels in sushi samples (95 CFU/g), according to a Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by the Dunn test (p < 0.05). The coliform levels in poke samples (196 CFU/g) were not significantly different from those in ceviche or sushi. All levels of E. coli and coliforms were considered acceptable or satisfactory/borderline according to standards for RTE seafood. None of the samples tested positive for Salmonella or Listeria monocytogenes; however, other microorganisms were detected in 17 samples, including Listeria spp., Proteus mirabilis, Providencia rettgeri, and Morganella morganii. The results of this study are novel in that they present data on the microbiological safety and quality of ceviche, poke, and sushi dishes sold at retail in the United States, as well as provide a comparison across the three categories of raw, RTE seafood.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim C, Fatani A, Almuqati R, Rahemi A, Abujamous A, Wynn C, Nartea T, Ndegwa E, Rutto L, Dhakal R. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens in value‐added commodities procured from farmers' markets in Central Virginia. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chyer Kim
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Abeer Fatani
- Department of Biology Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Rehab Almuqati
- Department of Biology Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Alireza Rahemi
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Abeer Abujamous
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Crystal Wynn
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Theresa Nartea
- Cooperative Extension Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Eunice Ndegwa
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Laban Rutto
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Ramesh Dhakal
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Macieira A, Barbosa J, Teixeira P. Food Safety in Local Farming of Fruits and Vegetables. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189733. [PMID: 34574658 PMCID: PMC8469988 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The world’s population will be around 9 billion people by 2050. Humans need to feed in order to survive and thus the high demographic growth may impact the sustainability of our food systems. Sustainable food production practices such as local farming have been explored. Consumption of vegetables and fruits has been increasing due to their health benefits, but this increase is also related to a significant number of foodborne outbreaks. Foodborne outbreaks pose a threat to public health and the economy on a local and national scale. Food safety begins on the farm and proceeds over the supply chain. Thus, to provide safe products, food producers must follow specific procedures to avoid food hazards along the supply chain. This work aimed to present the importance of food safety in vegetables and fruits in local farming, as this form of production and consumption has increased in several countries of the northern hemisphere and as these are considered a form of providing more sustainable food products.
Collapse
|
5
|
Jiang W, Paudel SK, Amarasekara NR, Zhang Y, Etienne X, Jones L, Li K, Hansen F, Jaczynski J, Shen C. Survey of small local produce growers' perception of antibiotic resistance issues at farmers markets. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.107997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
6
|
Kim C, Almuqati R, Fatani A, Rahemi A, Kaseloo P, Wynn C, Nartea T, Ndegwa E, Rutto L. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of foodborne pathogens in select fresh produce procured from farmers' markets in Central Virginia. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chyer Kim
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Rehab Almuqati
- Department of Biology Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Abeer Fatani
- Department of Biology Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Alireza Rahemi
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Paul Kaseloo
- Department of Biology Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Crystal Wynn
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Theresa Nartea
- Cooperative Extension Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Eunice Ndegwa
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| | - Laban Rutto
- Agricultural Research Station Virginia State University Petersburg Virginia USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Mohammad ZH, Yu H, Neal JA, Gibson KE, Sirsat SA. Food Safety Challenges and Barriers in Southern United States Farmers Markets. Foods 2019; 9:E12. [PMID: 31877786 PMCID: PMC7023351 DOI: 10.3390/foods9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purchasing fresh and local produce at farmers markets has seen an increasing trend over the past decade. However, with this rise in popularity food safety challenges need to be recognized and addressed. Farmers market managers play a significant role in ensuring that vendors implement food safety practices at the market. Thus, this study investigated the food safety perceptions of farmers markets managers and vendors in Texas and Arkansas. A total of 123 participants were surveyed, including 38 managers and 85 vendors. The survey included a series of questions to determine gaps in vendor and manager food safety knowledge as well as the barriers and factors that prevent the implementation of relevant food safety practices. The results indicate that a lack of facilities, equipment, and resources containing food safety guidelines specific to farmers markets were the major barriers to the implementation of food safety practices. In addition, only 36.7% of participants had formal food safety training (e.g., ServSafe) and approximately 50% of the market managers provided food safety materials to their vendors. Overall, these data suggest that the development of farmers market-specific training programs to enhance food safety behaviors and practices in farmers markets would be beneficial to stakeholders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra H. Mohammad
- Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-3028, USA; (Z.H.M.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Heyao Yu
- School of Hospitality Management, Pennsylvania State University, 230 Mateer Building University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Jack A. Neal
- Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-3028, USA; (Z.H.M.); (J.A.N.)
| | - Kristen E. Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA;
| | - Sujata A. Sirsat
- Conrad N. Hilton College of Hotel and Restaurant Management, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-3028, USA; (Z.H.M.); (J.A.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khouryieh M, Khouryieh H, Daday JK, Shen C. Consumers' perceptions of the safety of fresh produce sold at farmers’ markets. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Julien-Javaux F, Gérard C, Campagnoli M, Zuber S. Strategies for the safety management of fresh produce from farm to fork. Curr Opin Food Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
11
|
O'Regan R, Wilson A, Kurtböke İ. Use of bacteriophages as biological control agents in horticulture. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ma19008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial diseases in horticultural settings or infestation of fresh produce with human pathogenic bacteria can constitute a serious public health risk. To control horticultural bacterial diseases, chemical control strategies have traditionally been used, such as the application of bactericides and copper-based products, which resulted in development of resistance in bacteria against these agents. Moreover, the use of such chemical preventative measures on fresh produce can detrimentally affect human, animal and ecosystem health. Bacteriophages have been used to control pathogenic bacteria since the 1920s due to their specificity against host bacteria, as well as their ability to survive and infect their host without detrimental effects to the surrounding environments. As a result, their targeted host specific applications in horticultural settings can be of interest to growers as well as to the consumers. In this laboratory report, the efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail when applied to fresh herbs inoculated with Escherichia coli was determined. Significant (P ≤ 0.001) reductions in E. coli colony forming units were observed in phage treated herb samples compared to counts in the control. These findings suggest that bacteriophage present as an alternative biocontrol for E. coli in horticulture.
Collapse
|
12
|
Li K, Khouryieh H, Jones L, Etienne X, Shen C. Assessing farmers market produce vendors’ handling of containers and evaluation of the survival of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes on plastic, pressed-card, and wood container surfaces at refrigerated and room temperature. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Roth L, Simonne A, House L, Ahn S. Microbiological analysis of fresh produce sold at Florida farmers’ markets. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
14
|
Patel J, Keelara S, Green J. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella on Fresh Herbs by Plant Essential Oils. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:332-338. [PMID: 29638167 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer awareness of fresh herbs and its demand has increased in recent years due to health benefits and distinct aroma in prepared food. There are specific markets for local growers, especially for organically grown herbs. Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. have been detected and associated with foodborne outbreaks from fresh herbs. Limited treatment options are available in the processing of fresh herbs to prevent the spread of foodborne pathogens. In this study, plant-based essential oils were evaluated on fresh herbs for their antimicrobial activities against Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7. Fresh herbs (basil, cilantro, dill, parsley, and tarragon) were inoculated with cocktails of either Salmonella or E. coli O157:H7 and then dip treated with chlorine (50 ppm), cinnamaldehyde (0.3 and 0.5%), and carvacrol (0.1 and 0.3%). Control herb samples were dipped in sterile water. Samples were collected on days 0, 2, 7, and 14 for enumeration of pathogens during 4°C storage. The bactericidal efficacy differed with herbs and antimicrobial concentrations. Treatments with 0.3% carvacrol or 0.5% cinnamaldehyde reduced E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella by 5 log CFU/g (p > 0.05%) on cilantro and dill leaves from their initial inoculum level. Bactericidal efficacy of 0.1% carvacrol and 0.3% cinnamaldehyde was significant against Salmonella compared with chlorine on all herb leaves. E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella populations were reduced further during storage of treated herbs. There was no visual difference in herbs treated with 0.3% cinnamaldehyde or 0.1% carvacrol from control samples. Results indicate that 0.3% cinnamaldehyde and 0.1% carvacrol are effective against E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, retain color attributes of fresh herbs, and, therefore, may be an alternative wash treatment for fresh herbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Patel
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Shivramu Keelara
- 2 Department of Population Health and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer Green
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Beltsville, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lemonakis L, Li K, Adler JM, Shen C. Microbiological quality assessment and validation of antimicrobials against unstressed or cold-stress adapted Salmonella and surrogate Enterococcus faecium on broiler carcasses and wings. Poult Sci 2017; 96:4038-4045. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
16
|
Li K, Weidhaas J, Lemonakis L, Khouryieh H, Stone M, Jones L, Shen C. Microbiological quality and safety of fresh produce in West Virginia and Kentucky farmers’ markets and validation of a post-harvest washing practice with antimicrobials to inactivate Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Li K, Lemonakis L, Glover B, Moritz J, Shen C. Impact of Built-up-Litter and Commercial Antimicrobials on Salmonella and Campylobacter Contamination of Broiler Carcasses Processed at a Pilot Mobile Poultry-Processing Unit. Front Vet Sci 2017. [PMID: 28649571 PMCID: PMC5465233 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The small-scale mobile poultry-processing unit (MPPU) produced raw poultry products are of particular food safety concern due to exemption of USDA poultry products inspection act. Limited studies reported the microbial quality and safety of MPPU-processed poultry carcasses. This study evaluated the Salmonella and Campylobacter prevalence in broiler ceca and on MPPU-processed carcasses and efficacy of commercial antimicrobials against Campylobacter jejuni on broilers. In study I, straight-run Hubbard × Cobb broilers (147) were reared for 38 days on clean-shavings (CS, 75) or built-up-litter (BUL, 72) and processed at an MPPU. Aerobic plate counts (APCs), coliforms, Escherichia coli, and yeast/molds (Y/M) of carcasses were analyzed on petrifilms. Ceca and carcass samples underwent microbial analyses for Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. using the modified USDA method and confirmed by API-20e test (Salmonella), latex agglutination immunoassay (Campylobacter), and Gram staining (Campylobacter). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (CadF gene) identified the prevalence of C. jejuni and Campylobacter coli in ceca and on carcasses. In study II, fresh chilled broiler carcasses were spot inoculated with C. jejuni (4.5 log10 CFU/mL) and then undipped, or dipped into peroxyacetic acid (PAA) (1,000 ppm), lactic acid (5%), lactic and citric acid blend (2.5%), sodium hypochlorite (69 ppm), or a H2O2–PAA mix (SaniDate® 5.0, 0.25%) for 30 s. Surviving C. jejuni was recovered onto Brucella agar. APCs, coliforms, and E. coli populations were similar (P > 0.05) on CS and BUL carcasses. Carcasses of broilers raised on BUL contained a greater (P < 0.05) Y/M population (2.2 log10 CFU/mL) than those reared on CS (1.8 log10 CFU/mL). Salmonella was not detected in any ceca samples, whereas 2.8% of the carcasses from BUL were present with Salmonella. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni was lower (P < 0.05), and C. coli was similar (P > 0.05) in CS-treated ceca than BUL samples. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., C. jejuni, and C. coli was not different (P > 0.05) on CS- and BUL-treated carcasses. All antimicrobials reduced C. jejuni by 1.2–2.0 log CFU/mL on carcasses compared with controls. Hence, raising broilers on CS and applying post-chilling antimicrobial treatment can reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter on MPPU-processed broiler carcasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- KaWang Li
- Davis College, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Lacey Lemonakis
- Davis College, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Brian Glover
- Davis College, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Joseph Moritz
- Davis College, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Cangliang Shen
- Davis College, Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Karumathil DP, Yin HB, Kollanoor-Johny A, Venkitanarayanan K. Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria on Fresh Vegetables Collected from Farmers' Markets in Connecticut. J Food Prot 2016; 79:1446-51. [PMID: 27497135 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii on fresh vegetables collected from farmers' markets in Connecticut. One hundred samples each of fresh carrots, potatoes, and lettuce were sampled and streaked on selective media, namely Leeds Acinetobacter and MDR Acinetobacter agars. All morphologically different colonies from MDR Acinetobacter agar were identified by using Gram staining, biochemical tests, and PCR. In addition, susceptibility of the isolates to 10 antibiotics commonly used in humans, namely imipenem, ceftriaxone, cefepime, minocycline, erythromycin, colistin-sulfate, streptomycin, neomycin, doxycycline, and rifampin was determined by using an antibiotic disk diffusion assay. The results revealed that only two samples of potato and one sample of lettuce yielded A. baumannii. In addition, all carrot samples were found to be negative for the organism. However, several other opportunistic, MDR human pathogens, such as Burkholderia cepacia (1% potatoes, 5% carrots, and none in lettuce), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (6% potatoes, 2% lettuce, and none in carrots), and Pseudomonas luteola (9% potatoes, 3% carrots, and none in lettuce) were recovered from the vegetables. Antibiotic susceptibility screening of the isolates revealed high resistance rates for the following: ceftriaxone (6 of 6), colistin-sulfate (5 of 6), erythromycin (5 of 6), and streptomycin (4 of 6) in B. cepacia; colistin-sulfate (11 of 11) and imipenem (10 of 11) in P. luteola; colistin-sulfate (8 of 8), ceftriaxone (8 of 8), cefepime (7 of 8), erythromycin (5 of 8), and imipenem (4 of 8) in S. maltophilia; and imipenem (3 of 3), ceftriaxone (3 of 3), erythromycin (3 of 3), and streptomycin (3 of 3) in A. baumannii. The results revealed the presence of MDR bacteria, including human pathogens on fresh produce, thereby highlighting the potential health risk in consumers, especially those with a compromised immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Prasad Karumathil
- Department of Animal Science, 3636 Horse Barn Hill Road Ext., Unit 4040, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Hsin-Bai Yin
- Department of Animal Science, 3636 Horse Barn Hill Road Ext., Unit 4040, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Anup Kollanoor-Johny
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
| | - Kumar Venkitanarayanan
- Department of Animal Science, 3636 Horse Barn Hill Road Ext., Unit 4040, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA.
| |
Collapse
|