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Melloni R, Cardoso EJBN. Microbiome Associated with Olive Cultivation: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:897. [PMID: 36840245 PMCID: PMC9963204 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
International research has devoted much effort to the study of the impacts caused to the soil by different management practices applied to olive cultivation. Such management involves techniques considered conventional, including the control of spontaneous plants with herbicides or machines, inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides to control pests and diseases. Equally, some producers use sustainable techniques, including drastic pruning, the use of cultivars that are tolerant to diseases and adverse climates, the use of organic conditioners in the soil, the maintenance of vegetation cover with spontaneous plants, and the use of inoculants, among others. In both conventional and sustainable/organic management, the effects on soil quality, crop development, and production are accessed through the presence, activity, and/or behavior of microorganisms, microbial groups, and their processes in the soil and/or directly in the crop itself, such as endophytes and epiphytes. Thus, our present review seeks to assemble research information, not only regarding the role of microorganisms on growth and development of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.). We looked mainly for reviews that reveal the impacts of different management practices applied in countries that produce olive oil and olives, which can serve as a basis and inspiration for Brazilian studies on the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Melloni
- Institute of Natural Research, Federal University of Itajubá (Unifei), Itajubá 37500-903, MG, Brazil
| | - Elke J. B. N. Cardoso
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo (Esalq/USP), Piracicaba 13418-260, SP, Brazil
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Dulanská S, Gomola I, Gubišová M, Ondreičková K, Pánik J, Mátel Ľ, Horník M. UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOSTRONTIUM IN TOMATO TREATED WITH ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:720-725. [PMID: 36005952 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were inoculated into the root system of edible tomato plants to investigate their effect on the uptake and distribution of strontium radionuclide in the tissues of plants grown under laboratory conditions. The experiments were carried out in a sterile mixture of topsoil and sand, where in one series of experiments contaminated soil with 85Sr was used. Seeds were inoculated with a mixture of AMF at sowing, the second, control series was without application of AMF. Determination of radioactivity in soil and in different parts of tomato plants was carried out by gamma-spectrometric measurement. The obtained results and statistical analysis indicated a significant association between AMF inoculation of plants and the change in the distribution of 85Sr. The presence of AMF reduced the translocation of 85Sr from the root system to the aerial parts of tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dulanská
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, Bratislava 813 72, Slovak Republic
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, Bratislava 833 03, Slovak Republic
| | - Igor Gomola
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, Bratislava 833 03, Slovak Republic
| | - Marcela Gubišová
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Centre, Bratislavská cesta 122, Piešťany 921 68, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Ondreičková
- Research Institute of Plant Production, National Agricultural and Food Centre, Bratislavská cesta 122, Piešťany 921 68, Slovak Republic
| | - Ján Pánik
- Institute of Medical Physics, Biophysics, Informatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 2, Bratislava 813 72, Slovak Republic
| | - Ľubomír Mátel
- Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, Bratislava 833 03, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Horník
- Department of Ecochemistry and Radioecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, Trnava 917 01, Slovak Republic
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Combined Sulfur and Nitrogen Foliar Application Increases Extra Virgin Olive Oil Quantity without Affecting Its Nutritional Quality. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of combined sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) foliar fertilization on leaf S and N concentration, as well as on the growth of olive fruit and on the quantity and quality of olive oil, obtained from two olive cultivars ‘Istarska bjelica’ and ‘Leccino’ in two consecutive years. S and N are some of the most important nutrients, and both play a crucial role in plant oil production. The here-reported fertilization program significantly increased S concentration in leaves without affecting N concentration, which led to an increase in fruit yield and improvement of all fruit morphological parameters. The best oil yield per tree was obtained under the treatment with the highest S/N dose. Oil quality was not affected by S and N supply, and this allowed us to classify all our oil samples as extra virgin (EVOO). Regarding the content of total phenols (TPC) and composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), they remained unaltered under the applied treatments. All investigated fruit morphological parameters, as well as fruit and oil yield, were highly cultivar-dependent. ‘Istarska bjelica’ was characterized as a cultivar with higher fruit mass and pulp percentage, while its stone parameters were lower than those of ‘Leccino’. Consequently, the extraction oil yield obtained from ‘Istarska bjelica’ fruits was much higher. Moreover, environmental conditions had a great impact on fruit and oil quantity. The here-obtained results led us to the conclusion that supply of S and N can enhance oil production without affecting its nutritional quality, a finding that could generate large long-term effects on economic growth in the olive oil sector.
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Innovative Extraction Technologies for Development of Functional Ingredients Based on Polyphenols from Olive Leaves. Foods 2021; 11:foods11010103. [PMID: 35010227 PMCID: PMC8750173 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Olive tree (Olea europea L.) leaves represent around 10% of the total weight of olives arriving at any given mill, which are generally discarded, causing economic and environmental issues. However, these are rich sources of natural bioactive compounds (i.e., polyphenols), which have health-promoting potential. Thus, the valorization of olive leaves by recovering and reusing their components should be a must for food sustainability and circular economy. This review provides an insight into the principal polyphenols present in olive leaves, together with agronomic variables influencing their content. It also summarizes the recent advances in the application of novel extraction technologies that have shown promising extraction efficacy, reducing the volume of extraction solvent and saving time and cost. Moreover, potential industrial uses and international patents filed in the pharmaceutic, food, and cosmetic sectors are discussed.
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Biophenolic Profile Modulations in Olive Tissues as Affected by Manganese Nutrition. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10081724. [PMID: 34451769 PMCID: PMC8402200 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is an essential element that intervenes in several plant metabolic processes. The olive tree, and its fruits and leaves, are known as a source of nutraceuticals since they are rich in biophenols. However, there is still a serious lack of data about biophenolic distribution in olive stems and roots under Mn fertilisation. In this context, our study aimed to examine the effects of Mn fertilisation on the biophenolic profile in the leaves, stems, and roots of the ‘Istarska bjelica’ olive cultivar. The experiment was set up in a greenhouse, during a period of five months, as a random block design consisting of three treatments with varying Mn concentrations in full-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution (0.2 µM Mn, 12 µM Mn, and 24 µM Mn). The obtained results indicate that the amount of Mn in the examined olive plant tissues was significantly higher under 12 µM Mn and 24 µM Mn treatments compared to that of the 0.2 µM Mn treatment. While the concentration of biophenols varied in roots depending on the compound in question, a strong positive impact of the increased Mn concentration in nutrient solution (12 µM Mn and 24 µM Mn) on the concentrations of the main biophenolic compounds was observed in stems. The concentration of oleuropein in leaves almost doubled at 24 µM Mn, with the highest Mn concentration, as compared to the 0.2 µM Mn treatment. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the supply of Mn could enhance the concentration of some biologically active compounds in olives grown hydroponically, implying a critical need for further investigation of Mn fertilisation practices in the conventional olive farming system.
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Xu C, Cao L, Bilal M, Cao C, Zhao P, Zhang H, Huang Q. Multifunctional manganese-based carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels for pH-triggered pesticide release and enhanced fungicidal activity. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 262:117933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pasković I, Soldo B, Goreta Ban S, Radić T, Lukić M, Urlić B, Mimica M, Brkić Bubola K, Colla G, Rouphael Y, Major N, Šimpraga M, Ban D, Palčić I, Franić M, Grozić K, Lukić I. Fruit quality and volatile compound composition of processing tomato as affected by fertilisation practices and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi application. Food Chem 2021; 359:129961. [PMID: 33945985 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different fertilisation treatments with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on AMF root colonisation, fruit yield, nutrient and total phenol contents, volatile compound composition, and sensory attributes of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) were investigated. Mineral, organic, and mineral + organic fertiliser application positively affected tomato yield (35%-50%) and phosphorus concentration (24%-29%) compared with controls. AMF application had a significant impact on the total nitrogen (+9%), manganese (+12%), and hydrophilic phenol (+8%) contents in the fruit. Volatile compounds were affected by the interactive effects of fertilisation and AMF application. The response of tomato fruit sensory quality indicators was relatively modest, with only a few sensory characteristics affected to a lesser extent. Although tomato showed susceptibility to field-native AMF, particular combinations of fertilisation and AMF inoculation were more effective at improving the quality parameters of tomatoes under field conditions applied in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pasković
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Barbara Soldo
- University of Split, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Smiljana Goreta Ban
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Tomislav Radić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Marina Lukić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Branimir Urlić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Matea Mimica
- University of Split, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, R. Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Karolina Brkić Bubola
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Giuseppe Colla
- University of Tuscia, Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Nikola Major
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Maja Šimpraga
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Plants and Crops, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dean Ban
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Palčić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Franić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Grozić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia
| | - Igor Lukić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Deparment of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Lukić I, Pasković I, Žurga P, Majetić Germek V, Brkljača M, Marcelić Š, Ban D, Grozić K, Lukić M, Užila Z, Goreta Ban S. Determination of the Variability of Biophenols and Mineral Nutrients in Olive Leaves with Respect to Cultivar, Collection Period and Geographical Location for Their Targeted and Well-Timed Exploitation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1667. [PMID: 33261197 PMCID: PMC7760844 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The interactive effects of cultivar, collecting period, and geographical location on the content and composition of biophenols and macro and micronutrients in olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf were investigated. Leaves of six cultivars were collected at three periods in two locations in Croatia. The leaves of Istarska bjelica cultivar had the greatest biophenol (oleuropein) potential, especially those sampled in January and in March at the location of Pag. All the cultivars yielded leaves with the highest concentration of biophenols in March, which coincided with the pruning period. Except for high oleuropein concentration in Istarska bjelica, flavonoids were found to be most useful for differentiating olive leaves according to cultivar. Verbascoside turned out to be the most potent differentiator of collecting periods, while phosphorus and zinc turned out to be most useful for differentiating locations. Despite different agroecological conditions at the two locations, cultivar exhibited a significant effect on olive leaf nutrient composition, which was certainly causally related to that of the biophenols. The results obtained showed that it is possible to plan more well-timed and efficient exploitation of biophenols from olive leaf based on the knowledge about the interactive effects of the three studied factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Lukić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.L.); (D.B.); (K.G.); (M.L.); (Z.U.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Pasković
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.L.); (D.B.); (K.G.); (M.L.); (Z.U.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Paula Žurga
- Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorsko-goranska County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Valerija Majetić Germek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Food Technology and Control, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Mia Brkljača
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Šime Marcelić
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Mihovila Pavlinovića bb, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Dean Ban
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.L.); (D.B.); (K.G.); (M.L.); (Z.U.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Grozić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.L.); (D.B.); (K.G.); (M.L.); (Z.U.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Marina Lukić
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.L.); (D.B.); (K.G.); (M.L.); (Z.U.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Zoran Užila
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.L.); (D.B.); (K.G.); (M.L.); (Z.U.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Smiljana Goreta Ban
- Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.L.); (D.B.); (K.G.); (M.L.); (Z.U.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Pasković I, Lukić I, Žurga P, Majetić Germek V, Brkljača M, Koprivnjak O, Major N, Grozić K, Franić M, Ban D, Marcelić Š, Goreta Ban S. Temporal Variation of Phenolic and Mineral Composition in Olive Leaves Is Cultivar Dependent. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1099. [PMID: 32867040 PMCID: PMC7570285 DOI: 10.3390/plants9091099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the potential of various olive cultivars and leaf sampling times for phytochemical farming practice in Croatia, phenolic and mineral composition was determined in olive leaves of four Croatian cultivars and Italian cultivar Leccino collected at three occasions, in October 2017, January 2018, and March 2018. Istarska bjelica turned out to have the largest phytochemical potential among the investigated cultivars due to steady high oleuropein concentrations found in its leaves. The concentration of main phenolic components in Istarska bjelica leaves changed only slightly during the sampling period, suggesting the possibility of its higher capability for low air temperatures stress resistance and different metabolic response compared to the other studied cultivars. Low air temperatures increased the oleuropein level and antioxidant activity in leaves of Leccino, Oblica, Levantinka, and Drobnica cultivars, which may be of crucial phytochemical farming interest. Each of the investigated olive cultivars was characterized by a specific leaf mineral nutrient composition, which could have had a specific role in their interplay with phenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Pasković
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Igor Lukić
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Paula Žurga
- Teaching Institute of Public Health Primorsko-goranska County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Valerija Majetić Germek
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Food Technology and Control, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.M.G.); (O.K.)
| | - Mia Brkljača
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Olivera Koprivnjak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Food Technology and Control, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (V.M.G.); (O.K.)
| | - Nikola Major
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Kristina Grozić
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
| | - Mario Franić
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dean Ban
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Šime Marcelić
- Department of Ecology, Agronomy and Aquaculture, University of Zadar, Mihovila Pavlinovića bb, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
| | - Smiljana Goreta Ban
- Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, K. Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia; (I.P.); (N.M.); (K.G.); (M.F.); (D.B.); (S.G.B.)
- Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Molecular Plant Breeding, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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