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Varona-Torres E, Schug KA. Thermodynamic characterization of interactions between environmental contaminants and room temperature ionic liquids using static headspace gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet detection. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1264:341236. [PMID: 37230731 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the thermodynamic interactions between an analyte and the sample phase is of paramount importance when choosing a co-solvent in headspace analysis. A sample phase - gas phase equilibrium partition coefficient (Kp) is used fundamentally to describe the distribution of the analyte between the two phases. Kp determinations by headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) were acquired by two methods: vapor phase calibration (VPC) and phase ratio variation (PRV). Here, we demonstrated a pressurized - loop headspace system in conjunction with gas chromatography vacuum ultraviolet detection (HS-GC-VUV) to directly calculate the concentration of analytes in the gas phase from room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) sample phases, using pseudo-absolute quantification (PAQ). PAQ, an attribute of VUV detection, allowed for quick determination of Kp and other thermodynamic properties, such as enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) of the system through the use of van't Hoff plots in the temperature range of 70-110 °C. The Kp determinations by PAQ were comparable to those obtained using the VPC method with percent difference ranging from ≤ 1-33%. Kp determinations were made for analytes (cyclohexane, benzene, octane, toluene, chlorobenzene, ethylbenzene, m-,p-, and o-xylene) at the varying temperatures (70-110 °C) using different RTILs (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM][ESO4]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate ([EMIM][DEP]), and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)methylammonium methylsulfate ([MTEOA][MeOSO3])) and (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trisfluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([EMIM] [NTF2])). The results from the van't Hoff analysis revealed that [EMIM] cation-based RTILs exhibit strong solute-solvent interactions with analytes that have π- electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Varona-Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
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2
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Luo RJ, Lin QB, Zhu L, Yan JW, Li Z. Detection of primary aromatic amines content in food packaging ink and migration from printed plastic bags. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Aslani S, Armstrong DW. High Information Spectroscopic Detection Techniques for Gas Chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Reavis M, Goodpaster J. Quantitative analysis of smokeless powder particles in post‐blast debris via gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (
GC
/
VUV
). J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1431-1440. [PMID: 35368092 PMCID: PMC9322668 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Forensic analysis of smokeless powder particles recovered from the debris of an improvised explosive device can provide information about the type of smokeless powder used and can aid investigation efforts. In this study, quantitative methods were used to yield information about the difference in the chemical composition of the particles pre‐ and post‐blast. The technique, gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC/VUV), was able to quantify nitroglycerin, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, diphenylamine, ethyl centralite, and di‐n‐butyl phthalate in pre‐ and post‐blast smokeless powder particles using heptadecane as an internal standard. Post‐blast debris was obtained via controlled explosions with assistance from the Indiana State Police Bomb Squad. Two galvanized steel and two polyvinyl chloride pipe bombs were assembled. Two devices contained single‐base smokeless powder and two contained double‐base smokeless powder. 2,4‐dinitrotoluene and diphenylamine were successfully quantified in the single‐base smokeless powder post‐blast debris while nitroglycerin, diphenylamine, and ethyl centralite were successfully quantified in the double‐base smokeless powder post‐blast debris. Compounds were detected at concentrations as low as 9 μg of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene per mg, <3 μg of diphenylamine per mg, 131 μg of nitroglycerin per mg, and <3 μg of ethyl centralite per mg. Concentration changes between pre‐ and post‐blast smokeless powder particles were determined as well as microscopic differences between pre‐ and post‐blast debris for both smokeless powders in all devices. To our knowledge, this is the first use of GC/VUV for the quantification of explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Reavis
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Department Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - John Goodpaster
- Forensic and Investigative Sciences Department Indiana University—Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis Indiana USA
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Cruse CA, Goodpaster JV. Optimization of gas chromatography/vacuum ultraviolet (GC/VUV) spectroscopy for explosive compounds and application to post-blast debris. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Qiu C, Asgari P, Mao XJ, Jeon J, Schug KA. Gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopic analysis of organosilanes. Talanta 2021; 223:121781. [PMID: 33298286 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Organosilanes are used in a broad range of industrial, cosmetic, and personal care products. They serve as bridges between inorganic or organic substrates and organic/polymeric matrices. They are also versatile intermediates and can be used for a variety of synthetic applications. They do not exist naturally and have to be synthesized. Evaluation of intermediates and products resulting from the synthesis processes of organosilanes can be challenging. In this study, gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopic detection (VUV) was used to analyze Si-containing compounds that are commercially available or were synthetically prepared. VUV measures full scan absorption in the range of 120-240 nm, a region that provides unique absorption signatures for chemical compounds. VUV absorption spectra of organosilanes showed rich and featured characteristics in this wavelength range. Theoretical computations of VUV absorption spectra based on time-dependent density functional theory were also explored as a complementary tool for identification. In addition, the synthesis process of isomeric benzodioxasiline compounds (ortho-, meta-, and para-) was monitored by GC-VUV. It was demonstrated that GC-VUV can be used for easy and rapid differentiation of organosilanes, including structural isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changling Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Parham Asgari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - X James Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Junha Jeon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76019, United States.
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Roberson ZR, Goodpaster JV. Optimization of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of cocaine and other drugs of abuse via gas chromatography - Vacuum ultraviolet spectrophotometry (GC - VUV). Talanta 2021; 222:121461. [PMID: 33167202 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gas Chromatography-Vacuum UV Spectroscopy (GC-VUV) has seen increased attention in many areas, however, a statistical optimization of VUV method parameters has not been published. This article presents the first statistical optimization of parameters influencing analytes such as cocaine in the VUV flow-cell. Flow-cell temperature, make-up gas pressure, and carrier gas flow rate from the GC were examined and optimized for the detection of controlled substances. The accuracy, precision, linearity, and optimized detection limits for drugs such as cocaine (98.5%, 1.2%, 0.9998, 1.5 ng), heroin (99.3%, 0.94%, 0.9998, 2.0 ng), and fentanyl (98.5%, 1.7%, 0.9752, 9.7 ng) are reported. In general, the limits of detection for cocaine, heroin, fentanyl, and methamphetamine after optimization were comparable to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in "scan mode", which had detection limits of 1.1-38 ng on column. The VUV absorption spectra of cocaine, PCP, lorazepam, and HU-210 are also reported. And three samples of "real world" cocaine are analyzed to demonstrate applicability to forensic drug analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zackery R Roberson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States
| | - John V Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States; Forensic and Investigative Sciences Program, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford St., LD326, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, United States.
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Lelevic A, Souchon V, Moreaud M, Lorentz C, Geantet C. Gas chromatography vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy: A review. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:150-173. [PMID: 31750981 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated technological progress and increased complexity of interrogated matrices imposes a demand for fast, powerful, and resolutive analysis techniques. Gas chromatography has been for a long time a 'go-to' technique for the analysis of mixtures of volatile and semi-volatile compounds. Coupling of the several dimensions of gas chromatography separation has allowed to access a realm of improved separations in the terms of increased separation power and detection sensitivity. Especially comprehensive separations offer an insight into detailed sample composition for complex samples. Combining these advanced separation techniques with an informative detection system such as vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy is therefore of great interest. Almost all molecules absorb the vacuum ultraviolet radiation and have distinct spectral features with compound classes exhibiting spectral signature similarities. Spectral information can be 'filtered' to extract the response in the most informative spectral ranges. Developed algorithms allow spectral mixture estimation of coeluting species. Vacuum ultraviolet detector follows Beer-Lambert law, with the possibility of calibrationless quantitation. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the features and specificities of gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy coupling which has gained interest since the recent introduction of a commercial vacuum ultraviolet detector. Potentials and limitations, relevant theoretical considerations, recent advances and applications are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Lelevic
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France.,IRCELYON, UMR5256 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Souchon
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Maxime Moreaud
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP 3, 69360, Solaize, France.,MINESParisTech, PSL-ResearchUniversity, CMM, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Chantal Lorentz
- IRCELYON, UMR5256 CNRS-UCB Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Wang X, Wang S, Liu W, Wang S, Zhang L, Sang R, Hou Q, Li J. Facile fabrication of cellulose composite films with excellent UV resistance and antibacterial activity. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 225:115213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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