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Guo M, Kong M, Shi W, Wang M, Yang H. Listening to COVID-19 survivors: what they need after early discharge from hospital - a qualitative study. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2022; 17:2030001. [PMID: 35080475 PMCID: PMC8925923 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2022.2030001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to explore the post-discharge experience and needs of COVID-19 survivors. Methods A qualitative study was conducted. A total of 16 post-discharge COVID-19 patients aged 31–68 years were recruited. The semi-structured interviews were conducted by telephone one month after discharge and were analysed by Colaizzi’s 7-step method. Results The post-discharge experience of COVID-19 patients were classified into four categories and ten subcategories. Category I: physiological problems consisted of physical sequelae (such as fatigue, shortness of breath, sleep disorder, chest pain) and a lack of physical rehabilitation guidance. Category II: psychological issues included anxiety, depression, fear, and psychological trauma. Category III: social issues included social stigma and financial stress. Category IV: positive experience and change included gratitude to social support and cherishing life and family. Conclusions COVID-19 survivors urgently need guidance for physical rehabilitation and psychological growth, social support provisions, and protection from social stigma. The experience of COVID-19 survivors is significant for planning healthcare management systems and guiding public health prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- School of Nursing, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Kong
- School of Nursing, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenxin Shi
- School of Nursing, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Man Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haixia Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Qian W, Tang R, Jiao K, Xu X, Zou X, Wang J. Growing in Suffering: The Curvilinear Relationship Between Prolonged Grief and Post-traumatic Growth of Recently Bereaved Individual During the COVID-19 Pandemic. OMEGA-JOURNAL OF DEATH AND DYING 2022:302228221141937. [PMID: 36423236 PMCID: PMC9703020 DOI: 10.1177/00302228221141937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic brought new challenges to mourning and growth of bereaved. The purpose is to explore the relationship between the prolonged grief (PG) symptoms and the post-traumatic growth (PTG) of recently bereaved people during the COVID-19 period, and the mediating role of meaning making. 305 participants were recruited to complete the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory, Inventory of Complicated Grief, and Integration of Stressful Life Experiences Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses and Medcurve in SPSS were adapted to test the hypotheses. The results revealed that there was a curvilinear relationship between PG and PTG and meaning making had a completely mediating effect on this relationship. Different intervention goals - whether alleviating distress or cultivating growth - should be set up according to the level of grief for recently bereaved individuals during COVID-19. More attention should be paid to the role of meaning making in the future clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Qian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Renzhihui Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Keyuan Jiao
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Xinyan Zou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, China
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Bowling J, Vercruysse C, Krinner LM, Greene T, Bello-Ogunu F, Webster C. A simultaneous concept analysis of resilience, coping, posttraumatic growth, and thriving. Nurs Forum 2022; 57:905-919. [PMID: 35643843 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shifted in recent decades from a focus on negative effects of adversity, trauma, and stress to protective factors and positive outcomes. Resilience and related concepts (coping, posttraumatic growth, thriving, and preparedness) reflect this shift. However, the current state of literature reflects conceptualization challenges in relation to these terms, which blur their differentiation. AIM We aim to examine how resilience and related terms are conceptualized in health-related literature. DESIGN We used a simultaneous concept analysis to independently explore and further inform the conceptual development of resilience, coping, PTG, and thriving. DATA SOURCE We searched PsycINFO and PubMed for literature between 1999 and 2019 for each of our concepts. REVIEW METHODS For each of these concepts, we propose a definition, antecedents, attributes, an example, consequences, and related concepts. Next, we concurrently examined the concepts, compared and contrasted findings across them, and clarified similarities as well as differences between them. RESULTS Many concepts' definitions lack specificity, clear boundaries, and consistency across the literature. Resilience literature fails to differentiate between attributes and antecedents of resilience. There was overlap regarding conceptualization between resilience and coping, and resilience and thriving. CONCLUSIONS Several concepts' definitional literature diverged between a return to baseline functioning and surpassing baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamyn Bowling
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chloe Vercruysse
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa M Krinner
- Department of Social Medicine, Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Taryn Greene
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Faustina Bello-Ogunu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caitlan Webster
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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Ogińska-Bulik N, Michalska P. The Mediating Role of Cognitive Processing in the Relationship Between Negative and Positive Effects of Trauma Among Female Victims of Domestic Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP12898-NP12921. [PMID: 32028810 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520903141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to domestic violence may lead not only to negative but also positive consequences of trauma. Negative effects are indicated by posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs), and positive effects by posttraumatic growth (PTG) changes. PTG has been conceptualized to follow experiences of PTSSs. Therefore, the positive and negative effects of trauma appear to be related to one another. The cognitive processing may play a special role in determining whether the positive and negative consequences of trauma exposure are experienced. The aim of the study was to establish the mediating role of multiple patterns of cognitive processing, reflected by the cognitive strategies used to cope with trauma, in the relationship between negative and positive posttraumatic changes in women following domestic violence. Data were obtained from 63 Polish women who had experienced domestic violence. The age of the respondents ranged from 19 to 71 years (M = 42.25, SD = 14.81). The Polish versions of the following standardized tools were used: the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5), the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), and the Cognitive Processing of Trauma Scale (CPOTS). PTSS severity appeared to be negatively related to that of PTG. Negative coping strategies were positively related to the PTSS severity but negatively to PTG, while positive strategies were negatively related to the PTSS severity but positively to PTG. Cognitive strategies for coping with trauma, such as resolution/acceptance, downward comparison, and regret, appeared to play a mediating role in the relationship between PTSS severity and PTG. Positive coping strategies strengthen the occurrence of positive posttraumatic changes while strategy of regret weakens the PTG changes occurrence. The process of adaptation and human development among people who have experienced traumatic events is favored by the use of more frequent positive and less frequent negative strategies of dealing with trauma.
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Sillitoe K, Kimbya N, Milliken J, Bennett P. Peer assessment after clinical exposure (PACE): an evaluation of structured peer support for staff in emergency care. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:1132-1139. [PMID: 34723662 DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2021.30.19.1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing body of evidence that identifies psychological stressors associated with working in emergency medicine. Peer Assessment After Clinical Exposure (PACE) is a structured programme designed to support staff following traumatic or chronic work-related stressful exposure. The first author of this study created the PACE programme and implemented it in one emergency department (ED). AIM A service evaluation designed to explore the thoughts and experiences of the staff who accessed the PACE support service. METHOD Participants were selected by a non-probability convenience strategy to represent the ED staff population. The study cohort ranged from junior staff nurse level to emergency consultant. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview and examined by the method of interpretative phenomenological analysis. FINDINGS This study confirmed the findings of previous research that current pressures within the ED include crowding, time pressure and working within an uncontrollable environment. Eight participants identified an absence of previous emotional support resulting in dissociation and avoidance behaviours following traumatic exposure. Overall, the PACE service was well received by the majority of staff (11/12). There was a positive association with the one-to-one element and the educational component helped to reduce the stigma associated with stress reactions after work-related exposure. CONCLUSION PACE received a positive response from staff. This service presently does not exist elsewhere in the NHS so further research will be needed to evaluate its long-term impact and effectiveness on a wider scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sillitoe
- Senior Sister Emergency Medicine, Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Trust
| | - Nikki Kimbya
- Clinical Psychologist in Psychological Trauma, Senior Lecturer and Programme Leader MSc Therapeutic Practice for Psychological Trauma, Chester University
| | - Jackie Milliken
- Trauma Co-ordinator and Senior Sister Emergency Medicine, Countess of Chester Hospital NHS Trust
| | - Paula Bennett
- Associate Director Clinical Development, Utilisation Management Unit-Health Innovation Manchester
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Personal Resources and Spiritual Change among Participants’ Hostilities in Ukraine: The Mediating Role of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Turn to Religion. RELIGIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rel12030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The theory of conservation of resources (COR) can be used for searching mechanisms which explain spiritual changes caused by trauma. The aim of this paper was to analyze the relationship between distribution of personal resources and spiritual change, as well as the mediating role of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and turn to religion (stress coping strategy) in this relationship among participants’ hostilities in Ukraine. A total of 314 adults—74 women and 235 men—participated in the study. The mean age was 72.59. Polish adaptation of Hobfoll’s Conservation of Resources-Evaluation (COR-E), the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist—Civilian Version (PCL-C), the Inventory for Measuring Coping with Stress (MINI-COPE), and The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) were employed in the research. The mediating role of posttraumatic stress disorder and turn to religion in relationship between personal resources loss and spiritual change was confirmed. The turn to religion plays the role of mediator in relationship between personal resources gain/assigning value to personal resources and spiritual change. The results justify the postulate of conducting further research in the field of testing models which take into account the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder, religious coping stress, and posttraumatic spiritual change. The conducted analyses should include the assumptions of the COR theory as well as psychological, social, and situational factors that could generate spiritual change.
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Can military trauma promote psychological growth in combat veterans? Results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:732-739. [PMID: 33601714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military combat trauma is often associated with negative outcomes, including high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Less is known, however, about whether military combat trauma may foster posttraumatic growth (PTG), which has been observed in relation to other trauma types, in representative samples of veterans. METHODS We analyzed data from veterans who participated in the National Health and Resilience in veterans Study who reported a military-related trauma (n = 210). Participants completed measures of trauma history, combat exposure, PTSD symptoms, PTG, functioning, and quality of life (QOL). Bivariate correlations, regression analyses, analyses of covariance, and fit of linear and quadratic functions were used to examine relationships between PTSD symptom clusters, PTG and its subdomains, and functioning. RESULTS Number of deployments (β=0.23) and lifetime PTSD symptom severity (β=0.19), particularly re-experiencing symptoms (β=0.37), were independently associated with greater PTG. An inverted-U-shaped quadratic function provided the best fit for the relationship between PTSD symptoms and PTG (R2 =0.22). Greater PTG was associated with greater mental functioning (β=0.15) and QOL (β=0.24). LIMITATIONS The inability to make casual inferences in this cross-sectional study; possible bias related to self-report measures; and the lengthy time period between index trauma and assessment of PTSD and PTG. CONCLUSIONS PTG is relatively common among combat veterans, particularly among those with PTSD, and is associated with better mental functioning and QOL. Positive psychology interventions to bolster PTG may help promote functional outcomes in this population.
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Written exposure therapy and app-delivered mindfulness-based meditation for PTSD and subthreshold PTSD in China: Design of a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2021; 22:100729. [PMID: 34007950 PMCID: PMC8111261 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and subthreshold PTSD are still major global concerns, especially in developing areas short of mental health resources. Written exposure therapy (WET), a brief 5-session treatment, has been found to be effective in reducing PTSD symptoms, but no studies have examined it in an Eastern context. Mindfulness-based meditation mobile application may be a promising approach to reduce insomnia comorbid with PTSD. The current study aims to: 1) examine the effectiveness of WET for Chinese PTSD and subthreshold PTSD patients, and 2) examine the effectiveness of adding a mindfulness-based application (MBA) to WET for reducing comorbid insomnia. Methods The randomized controlled trial will enroll 150 adults with subthreshold/full PTSD and comorbid insomnia. Participants will be randomly assigned to written exposure therapy plus mindfulness-based application condition (WET + MBA, n = 50), written exposure therapy alone (WET, n = 50), or minimal contact control (MMC, n = 50). Clinical interview of the primary outcome (PTSD symptoms) will be administrated at baseline, posttreatment, 3- and 6- month follow-up, while self-reported PTSD symptoms and secondary outcomes (insomnia severity) will be administrated at baseline, every week and all follow-ups. Discussion This is the first study applying WET in Chinese PTSD patients, as well as examining a mindfulness-based mobile application as a treatment add-on for comorbid insomnia. Study findings will contribute to the knowledge of the effectiveness of WET and a mindfulness-based mobile application, and the development of a culture-adapted treatment protocol. Trial registration ChiCTR, ChiCTR2000034119. Registered 24 June 2020, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=55,467.
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Key Words
- BAI, Beck Anxiety Inventory
- BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory-II
- CAPS5, Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5
- CBT-i, cognitive behavioral therapy-insomnia
- CERQ, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire
- CPT, cognitive processing therapy
- Chinese
- CiOQ-S, Short Form of the Changes in Outlook Questionnaire
- DSM-5, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5
- GHS, General Happiness Scale
- GQ-5, Gratitude Questionnaire-5
- HFS, Heartland Forgiveness Scale
- HPA-axis, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis
- ISI, Insomnia Severity Index
- MBA, mindfulness-based application
- MCC, minimal contact control
- MHApp, mental health application
- MLMs, Multilevel models
- MLQ, Meaning in Life Questionnaire
- MM, mindfulness-based meditation
- Mindfulness
- PCL-5, PTSD CheckList-DSM5
- PE, prolonged exposure
- PSSI-5, PTSD
- PTCI, Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory
- PTG, posttraumatic growth
- PTGI, Post Traumatic Growth Inventory
- PTSD
- PTSD, Post-traumatic stress disorder
- RCT, randomized controlled trial
- SUDs, Subjective Units of Distress Scale
- Symptom Scale, Interview Version for DSM-5
- WET, written exposure therapy
- WET + MBA, written exposure therapy plus mindfulness-based App
- Written exposure therapy
- app, application
- mHealth
- sIgA, secretory Immunoglobulin A
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Radstaak M, Hüning L, Bohlmeijer ET. Well-Being Therapy as Rehabilitation Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Trauma Stress 2020; 33:813-823. [PMID: 32289193 PMCID: PMC7687170 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Many individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) continue to have substantial residual symptoms after completing psychological treatment. Well-being therapy (WBT) has been developed to treat the residual phase of mental disorders, prevent relapse, and promote a full recovery. The present study aimed to compare treatment as usual (TAU) with the long-term effects of WBT as a rehabilitation therapy in adults who successfully completed psychological treatment for PTSD. Participants who did not meet PTSD diagnostic criteria after completing treatment were randomized to WBT (n = 29) or TAU (n = 35) groups. Assessments of well-being, residual PTSD symptoms, and posttraumatic growth were conducted at baseline (T0) and again after 3 months (T1), 6 months (T2), and 1 year (T3). The results of the multilevel analysis revealed that WBT was not more effective than TAU in increasing levels of well-being, γ = 0.02 (SE = 0.11) or posttraumatic growth, γ = 0.10 (SE = 0.13) nor in decreasing PTSD symptoms, γ = -0.04 (SE = 0.05). However, for participants with low levels of well-being at baseline (Mental Health Continuum-Short Form score < 2.6), WBT was more effective than TAU in increasing ratings of well-being, γ = -0.41 (SE = 0.19) and posttraumatic growth, γ = -0.55 (SE = 0.24); this effect was most evident at T3 for posttraumatic growth, d = 1.23. Future research should assess clinically relevant individual characteristics that to optimize the effectiveness and utility of WBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Radstaak
- Department of Psychology, Health and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Hüning
- Mediant, Community Mental Health CenterEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Ernst T. Bohlmeijer
- Department of Psychology, Health and TechnologyUniversity of TwenteEnschedeThe Netherlands
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The interaction effect between gender and profession in posttraumatic growth among hospital personnel. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2020; 21:e35. [PMID: 32967750 PMCID: PMC7576536 DOI: 10.1017/s1463423620000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To explore if there is an interaction effect between gender (men and women) and profession (nurses and physicians) in posttraumatic growth (PTG). Background: PTG is defined as a positive psychological change experienced as a result of struggling with highly challenging life circumstances. It may take the form of improved self-image, a deeper understanding of self, increased spirituality, and/or enhanced interpersonal relationships. Gender and profession were found separately to be associated with PTG, but to date were not examined under interaction effect. Methods: We employed a cross-sectional study conducted in the tertiary medical center in Israel using a convenience sample. One hundred and twenty-eight nurses and seventy-eight physicians gave their consent and agreed to fill out self-report questionnaires regarding personal and professional data and PTG Inventory. Findings: The correlation matrix revealed that being a woman was associated with higher PTG total scale (r = 0.242; P ≤ 0.001) and its subscales except for spiritual change that showed no evidence of statistical effect. Similar pattern was found for being a nurse with PTG total scale (r = 0.223; P ≤0.001) and its subscales except for relating to others that showed no evidence of statistical effect. However, the interaction effect revealed that among men, there was no difference in the level of PTG and its subscales based on profession (Physicians men = 62.54 (20.82) versus Nurses men = 60.26 (22.39); F = 9.618; P = 0.002). Among women, nurses had a significantly higher scores in PTG (Physicians women = 61.81 (18.51) versus Nurses women = 73.87 (12.36); F = 9.618; P = 0.002) and its subscales in comparison to physicians except for subscale relating to other. Conclusions: Our findings suggest implications for research and practice namely exploring PTG among nurses and physicians would benefit from applying interaction effect of gender and profession. For practice, advocating PTG within the health care organization is needed to be tailored with gender and professional sensitivity.
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Paloma V, de la Morena I, López-Torres C. Promoting posttraumatic growth among the refugee population in Spain: A community-based pilot intervention. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2020; 28:127-136. [PMID: 31476095 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Various international organisations have identified the development of programmes that mitigate the negative impact that forced displacement has on refugees' mental health as a priority intervention area. From this perspective, this study seeks to lend empirical support to a community-based pilot intervention aimed at promoting posttraumatic growth (PTG) among refugee adults arrived to Seville, the capital of Andalucía (southern Spain). PTG constitutes a mental health indicator that refers to the positive personal transformations refugees undergo as a consequence of experiencing forced displacement. This concept does not negate the undeniable personal suffering forced displacement causes for refugees; rather, it focuses on the positive changes this event has the potential to bring about. Forty-seven individuals (age, M = 33 years; 20 women) from several countries in conflict participated in the intervention over 15 weeks (March-June 2017). The implementation process comprised two phases: (a) training a group of settled refugees to become peer mentors; and (b) holding cultural peer-support group sessions made up of newly arrived refugees led by the mentors. Following quantitative and qualitative data collection (using the 'Posttraumatic Growth Inventory' (PTGI; Tedeschi & Calhoun, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 1996, 9, 455) and participants' written evaluations and comments, respectively), and adopting a pretest-posttest evaluation design, significant improvements were found in four of the five PTG factors: 'appreciation of life', 'personal strength', 'relating to others' and 'new possibilities'. However, no significant differences were observed for 'spiritual change'. We also documented implementation outcomes which revealed high intervention acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility. This study highlights how PTG shown by the refugee population can be actively improved through a community-based intervention, specifically by creating supportive community settings that adopt a mentorship and peer-based approach. The limitations and contributions of this research that address the current challenges behind promoting the mental health of refugees in places of settlement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Paloma
- Department of Social Psychology, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Schubert CF, Schmidt U, Comtesse H, Gall-Kleebach D, Rosner R. Posttraumatic growth during cognitive behavioural therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Relationship to symptom change and introduction of significant other assessment. Stress Health 2019; 35:617-625. [PMID: 31430027 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Posttraumatic growth (PTG) may play a role in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as it is supposed to have either beneficial or dysfunctional effects on treatment-related PTS symptom (PTSS) changes. This study examined whether cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for PTSD patients can foster PTG assessed by self-reports and reports from significant others. Forty-eight PTSD patients participating in trauma-focused CBT were assessed twice: at the beginning of therapy (T1) and after 3 months of therapy (T2, N = 34). We used the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), and constructed a significant other version of the PTGI (PTGI-SOA). The PTSS severity declined during the course of treatment, whereas PTG levels remained stable. Both the PTGI and PTGI-SOA were associated with higher PTSS reduction at T2. The results suggest that PTG is associated with greater improvement in PTSS during trauma-focused CBT, even though treatment could not directly enhance PTG. Significant other assessments seem to be a promising approach to improve PTG measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine F Schubert
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany.,RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychotrauma Treatment Unit & RG Stress Modulation of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hannah Comtesse
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany
| | - Dominique Gall-Kleebach
- RG Molecular Psychotraumatology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Ausbildungsinstitut Muenchen gGmbH, Verein zur Foerderung der Klinischen Verhaltenstherapie (VFKV), Muenchen, Germany
| | - Rita Rosner
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Eichstaett, Germany
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de Moura TC, Donat JC, da Silva TLG, Arteche AX, Lisboa CSDM, Kristensen CH. Validation of the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI) in Brazilian Portuguese. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2019; 41:409-414. [PMID: 31967200 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2018-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experiencing trauma may entail psychopathological consequences, but also changes considered to be positive (i.e., posttraumatic growth). For positive change to occur, an impact on the beliefs of individuals is required, which may be measured through the Core Beliefs Inventory (CBI). The objective of this study was to validate the Brazilian Portuguese version of the CBI. METHODS A total of 248 university students (65.7% female) answered the following assessment instruments: sociodemographic data sheet, Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Posttraumatic Symptoms Checklist - Clinician Version (PCL-5) and the CBI. Psychometric properties of the CBI were assessed by conducting an exploratory factor analysis through a principal component analysis with varimax rotation. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) and convergent validity (Pearson correlation between instruments) were also investigated. RESULTS The total scale showed adequate internal consistency (α = 0.83). A single factor solution explained 42.63% of the variance of the CBI. Significant correlations were found between CBI and PTGI, and between CBI and PCL-5. CONCLUSION The psychometric properties indicated adequate internal consistency and construct validity of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the CBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayse Conter de Moura
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Trauma e Estresse (NEPTE), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Julia Candia Donat
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Trauma e Estresse (NEPTE), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thiago Loreto Garcia da Silva
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Trauma e Estresse (NEPTE), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriane Xavier Arteche
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Trauma e Estresse (NEPTE), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Christian Haag Kristensen
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisa em Trauma e Estresse (NEPTE), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Zang Y, Su YJ, McLean CP, Foa EB. Predictors for Excellent Versus Partial Response to Prolonged Exposure Therapy: Who Needs Additional Sessions? J Trauma Stress 2019; 32:577-585. [PMID: 31265187 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In practice, the duration of psychotherapy is determined by the patient's response to treatment. Identifying predictors for treatment responses is of great clinical utility to guide clinicians in their treatment planning. Demographic characteristics, trauma history, comorbidity, and early reduction of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were examined as predictors of excellent versus partial response to prolonged exposure therapy (PE) for PTSD. Participants were 96 female assault survivors with chronic PTSD who received at least eight PE sessions with or without cognitive restructuring. Participants were classified as excellent responders (n = 27) or partial responders (n = 69) based on whether they achieved at least 70% improvement in self-reported PTSD severity on the PTSD Symptom Scale-Self-Report at the end of Session 8. Excellent responders terminated therapy after Session 9, and partial responders were offered up to three additional sessions. Logistic regression was conducted to investigate predictors of response to PE. Results showed that prior interpersonal violence and comorbid alcohol use disorder were associated with partial response. Comorbid depressive disorder and early PTSD symptom reduction were associated with excellent response. Being treated by a cognitive behavioral therapy expert predicted higher excellent response for patients with a history of prior interpersonal violence. The model accounted for 56.6% of the variance in treatment response and correctly predicted responder status for 83.3% of the sample. These findings contribute to the field's understanding of factors that predict or moderate response to PE and have implications for treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Zang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi-Jen Su
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Psychiatry, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Carmen P McLean
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Edna B Foa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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15
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Trauma-informed care and practice for eating disorders: personal and professional perspectives of lived experiences. Eat Weight Disord 2019; 24:329-338. [PMID: 30565188 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-018-0628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Learning about the life stories of patients who have experienced a severe eating disorder (ED), but also traumas that led to PTSD, dissociative disorders, and other comorbidities, has great value to clinicians in their efforts to deliver trauma-informed care (TIC). Many investigators have been researching and writing about these issues for years, and strong scientific evidence has emerged, indicating that trauma is a significant risk factor for the development of EDs, particularly in its bulimic forms. PURPOSE Peer-reviewed literature contains scarce input from people with "lived experiences". Hearing and "sitting with" such individuals are extremely useful in clinical practice and research. Further, encouraging patients to put words to their pain has recognized therapeutic effects. These lived experiences are often demonstrative of key elements of what professionals need to know about evaluating and treating patients with EDs and co-occurring trauma-related disorders. METHOD/RESULTS The principal author invited two courageous recovered ED advocates and writers (June Alexander and Jenni Schaefer), who have gone public about their ED-PTSD experiences, to recount their life stories and treatment experiences (both positive and negative). Dr. Brewerton then offers his professional perspectives on the course of their treatment experiences put in the context of ongoing relevant clinical research. CONCLUSION Their and other patients' experiences have great power to guide professionals toward trauma-informed care, more integrated practice, and theoretically improved outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V.
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Philipps A, Silbermann A, Morawa E, Stemmler M, Erim Y. Effectiveness of a Multimodal, Day Clinic Group-Based Treatment Program for Trauma-Related Disorders: Differential Therapy Outcome for Complex PTSD vs. Non-Complex Trauma-Related Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:800. [PMID: 31787906 PMCID: PMC6853865 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The effectiveness of the psychotherapeutic treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder is evidence-based and generally considered proven. However, the effectiveness of multimodal, group-based day clinic treatment programs has rarely been investigated. Moreover, there is no consensus in the literature concerning the question whether psychotherapeutic approaches for trauma-related disorders are also applicable for patients with complex PTSD (cPTSD). The aim of the study was to evaluate our multimodal group-based treatment program regarding a change of psychiatric burden, a change of protective factors, and possible differences in therapy outcome for patients with or without cPTSD. Methods: The group-based treatment for patients with trauma-related disorders was examined in 66 patients who filled out the following questionnaires in the first and in the last week of treatment: Essen Trauma Inventory (ETI), Screening for complex PTSD (SkPTBS), Patient Health Questionnaire-somatization module (PHQ-15), Beck Depression Inventory-Revised (BDI-II), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), and Questionnaire on social support (F-SozU). Results: The treatment was shown to significantly reduce depressive symptoms (p < 0.001, d = -0.536) and increase posttraumatic growth (New Possibilities: p = 0.004, d = 0.405; Personal Strength: p = 0.005, d = 0.414). For patients with cPTSD, depressive (p = 0.010, d = -0.63) as well as cPTSD symptoms (p = 0.020, d = -0.796) were significantly reduced; perceived social support was increased after day clinic treatment (p = 0.003, d = 0.61). Contrary to our expectations, somatoform symptoms were increased after therapy. Conclusions: The present work expands previous research by demonstrating that multimodal group-based, day clinic treatment is effective in the treatment of trauma-related disorders, also in their complex form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Philipps
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Silbermann
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Morawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark Stemmler
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yesim Erim
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Lee WJ, Choi SH, Shin JE, Oh CY, Ha NH, Lee US, Lee YI, Choi Y, Lee S, Jang JH, Hong YC, Kang DH. Effects of an Online Imagery-Based Treatment Program in Patients with Workplace-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:1071-1078. [PMID: 30380815 PMCID: PMC6258998 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.09.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We developed easily accessible imagery-based treatment program for patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to workplace accidents and investigated the effects of the program on various PTSD related symptoms. METHODS The program was based on an online platform and consisted of eight 15-min sessions that included script-guided imagery and supportive music. Thirty-five patients with workplace-related PTSD participated in this program 4 days per week for 4 weeks. Its effects were examined using self-report questionnaires before and after the take-home online treatment sessions. RESULTS After completing the 4-week treatment program, patients showed significant improvements in depressed mood (t=3.642, p=0.001) based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), anxiety (t=3.198, p=0.003) based on the Generalized Anxiety Disorder seven-item (GAD-7) scale, and PTSD symptoms (t=5.363, p<0.001) based on the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Check List (PCL). In particular, patients with adverse childhood experiences exhibited a greater degree of relief related to anxiety and PTSD symptoms than those without adverse childhood experiences. CONCLUSION The present. RESULTS demonstrated that the relatively short online imagery-based treatment program developed for this study had beneficial effects for patients with workplace-related PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Joon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Human Behavioral Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Young Oh
- Department of Brain Education, Global Cyber University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hyun Ha
- Department of Brain Education, Global Cyber University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ul Soon Lee
- Department of Brain Education, Global Cyber University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonji Irene Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoobin Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Saerom Lee
- Department of Occupational Health Research, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hwan Jang
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyung Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Human Behavioral Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Stein JY, Levin Y, Bachem R, Solomon Z. Growing Apart: A Longitudinal Assessment of the Relation Between Post-traumatic Growth and Loneliness Among Combat Veterans. Front Psychol 2018; 9:893. [PMID: 29930525 PMCID: PMC5999757 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aftermath of war-related trauma may entail psychological devastation and is typically accompanied by various deleterious phenomena. These include, but are not limited to, high rates of loneliness. However, trauma may also result in positive outcomes such as personal, spiritual, and relational prosperity, which are typically considered under the conceptual framework of post-traumatic growth (PTG). PTG may theoretically contribute to either loneliness amelioration (e.g., via increasing one's appreciation of close relationships) or exacerbation (e.g., by increasing one's sense of undergoing experiences that others do not share). Loneliness, on the other hand, may potentially hinder PTG by fostering negative social cognitions and behaviors, or otherwise lead to personal growth. The relations between the two phenomena, however, have yet to be investigated. Filling this gap, the current study examined the aforementioned potentialities by utilizing an autoregressive cross-lagged modeling strategy (ARCL) with a cohort of 260 Israeli combat veterans assessed 30, 35, and 42 years after their participation in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Results indicated that higher rates of PTG were consistently related to higher rates of loneliness both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Loneliness, however, did not longitudinally predict PTG rates. It is suggested that these findings may be understood in light of the observation that veterans' loneliness is primarily related to the experience of being experientially out of sync with people who have not endured war experiences. It is suggested that this experiential loneliness may include not only the negative but also the positive ramifications of undergoing such traumas (i.e., PTG). We, therefore, argue that while PTG may include authentic positive transformations it may also lead to more negative ramifications, and these should be identified and addressed by researchers and clinicians alike. Thus, as study limitations are acknowledged, clinical implications, and future research directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Y. Stein
- I-CORE Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yafit Levin
- I-CORE Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rahel Bachem
- I-CORE Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zahava Solomon
- I-CORE Research Center for Mass Trauma, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Bob Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Nijdam MJ, van der Meer CAI, van Zuiden M, Dashtgard P, Medema D, Qing Y, Zhutovsky P, Bakker A, Olff M. Turning wounds into wisdom: Posttraumatic growth over the course of two types of trauma-focused psychotherapy in patients with PTSD. J Affect Disord 2018; 227:424-431. [PMID: 29154159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment studies in PTSD patients have mostly focused on adverse psychopathological outcomes whereas positive outcomes have received less attention. Objectives of this study were to investigate posttraumatic growth in response to two different psychotherapies, to examine the relationship between symptom improvement and growth, and to determine if posttraumatic growth predicted treatment response. METHODS Outpatients diagnosed with PTSD after various types of trauma (n = 116) participated in a randomized controlled trial that compared Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy for PTSD (BEP) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR). Posttraumatic growth was assessed pre- and post-treatment. PTSD severity was measured weekly. RESULTS Posttraumatic growth scores significantly increased after trauma-focused psychotherapy, as well as scores in the subdomains personal strength, new possibilities, relating to others, and appreciation of life. Greater self-reported and clinician-rated PTSD decline was significantly related to greater increase in posttraumatic growth. No changes were found between treatment conditions, except for a stronger correlation between PTSD symptom decrease and increase in relating to others in BEP as compared to EMDR. No predictive effects were found. LIMITATIONS We were unable to control for time effects because for ethical reasons, no control group not receiving treatment was included, and the stability of the changes could not be determined. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that increases in posttraumatic growth accompany symptom decline in EMDR and BEP, and that these changes occur independent of whether the treatment specifically addresses posttraumatic growth as therapeutic process. Further research is encouraged to disentangle the contribution of therapeutic elements to growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam J Nijdam
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christianne A I van der Meer
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van Zuiden
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pasha Dashtgard
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël Medema
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
| | - Yulan Qing
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Zhutovsky
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Bakker
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Olff
- Center for Psychological Trauma, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center at the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group, Diemen, The Netherlands
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21
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DiMauro J. Exposure Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analysis. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/mil0000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Böttche M, Kuwert P, Pietrzak RH, Knaevelsrud C. Predictors of outcome of an Internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in older adults. Psychol Psychother 2016; 89:82-96. [PMID: 26234801 DOI: 10.1111/papt.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of resource-oriented variables such as self-efficacy, locus of control (LOC) and post-traumatic growth (PTG) in predicting treatment response in older adults with post-traumatic stress. METHODS Fifty-eight older adults with subsyndromal or greater severity of war-associated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms completed a randomized controlled Internet-based cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) with immediate and delayed treatment groups. Assessments of PTSD severity and resource-oriented variables of self-efficacy, LOC and PTG were conducted at baseline, post-treatment and at a 6-month follow-up. RESULTS Results revealed that pre-treatment scores on measures of internal LOC and PTG predicted PTSD symptom severity at post-treatment, even after controlling for initial PTSD. At a 6-month follow-up, internal LOC continued to predict PTSD symptom severity. In addition, repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed that, relative to older adults with low internal LOC and PTG, older adults with high internal LOC and PTG, respectively, did not differ with respect to initial PTSD severity, but they showed a more pronounced response to treatment. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that greater locus of control and post-traumatic growth is associated with greater improvement in PTSD symptoms following Internet-based CBT. Assessment of these constructs may be useful in identifying trauma survivors who are most likely to respond to CBT. PRACTITIONER POINTS Greater internal locus of control and post-traumatic growth is associated with greater improvement in PTSD symptoms following Internet-based CBT. Older adults with initial high internal locus of control and post-traumatic growth, respectively, did not differ with respect to initial PTSD severity, but they showed a more pronounced response to treatment. It could be assumed that patients with initial functional appraisals could benefit easier and faster from a trauma-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy compared to individuals with lower internal locus of control and post-traumatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Böttche
- Berlin Center for Torture Victims, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie University Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Kuwert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the HELIOS Hansehospital Stralsund, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robert H Pietrzak
- National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christine Knaevelsrud
- Berlin Center for Torture Victims, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie University Berlin, Germany
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Ogińska-Bulik N. Social support and negative and positive outcomes of experienced traumatic events in a group of male emergency service workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2015; 21:119-27. [PMID: 26323770 PMCID: PMC4566892 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2015.1028232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The paper investigates the relationship between perceived social support in the workplace and both negative (post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms) and positive outcomes (post-traumatic growth) of experienced traumatic events in a group of male emergency service workers. Data of 116 workers representing emergency services (37.1% firefighters, 37.1%, police officers and 30% medical rescue workers) who have experienced a traumatic event in their worksite were analyzed. The range of age of the participants was 21-57 years (M=35.27; SD=8.13). Polish versions of the Impact of Event Scale--Revised and the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory were used to assess the negative and positive outcomes of the experienced event. A perceived social support scale was measured by the scale What support you can count on. The data obtained from the study revealed the negative dependence of social support from supervisors with PTSD symptoms and positive--social support from co-workers with post-traumatic growth. Moreover the results of the study indicate the positive relationship between negative and positive outcomes of experienced traumatic events in the workplace. Perceived social support plays a more important role in gaining benefits from trauma than preventing negative outcomes of the experienced traumatic event. Support from co-workers, compared to support from supervisors, has greater importance.
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Dekel S, Hankin IT, Pratt JA, Hackler DR, Lanman ON. Posttraumatic Growth in Trauma Recollections of 9/11 Survivors: A Narrative Approach. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2015.1108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Schubert CF, Schmidt U, Rosner R. Posttraumatic Growth in Populations with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-A Systematic Review on Growth-Related Psychological Constructs and Biological Variables. Clin Psychol Psychother 2015; 23:469-486. [DOI: 10.1002/cpp.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine F. Schubert
- RG Molecular Psychotraumatology; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology; Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt; Eichstaett Germany
| | - Ulrike Schmidt
- RG Molecular Psychotraumatology; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich Germany
| | - Rita Rosner
- Department of Clinical and Biological Psychology; Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt; Eichstaett Germany
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26
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Hassija CM, Turchik JA. An Examination of Disclosure, Mental Health Treatment use, and Posttraumatic Growth Among College Women Who Experienced Sexual Victimization. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2015.1011976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Vloet A, Simons M, Vloet TD, Sander M, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Konrad K. Long-term symptoms and posttraumatic growth in traumatised adolescents: findings from a specialised outpatient clinic. J Trauma Stress 2014; 27:622-5. [PMID: 25270037 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although traumatic experiences are associated with an increased risk of developing psychiatric disorders, little is known regarding the long-term outcomes of traumatised adolescents. In the current study, 42 traumatised adolescents who had been referred to a specialised health service were reassessed 2 to 5 years after the traumatic event. The course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric symptoms, the development of posttraumatic growth (PTG), and parental PTSD were analysed. The rate of PTSD (full and partial) declined from 59.5% to 11.9% between the first assessment and the follow-up. On average, low levels of PTG were reported by the adolescents at follow-up. Sexual abuse was associated with most severe PTSD symptoms at initial assessment (η(2) = .18) and the highest PTG (η(2) = .12). Adolescents with psychotherapeutic support showed the largest symptom reduction (η(2) = .15). Adolescent PTSD at follow-up was shown to be correlated with both PTG (r = .34) and parental PTSD (r = .58). The results highlight the need for psychotherapeutic support for traumatised adolescents and their parents to prevent long-term psychological impairment. The development of PTG should be considered in the aftermath of trauma and its relevance for posttraumatic recovery should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vloet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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Hijazi AM, Lumley MA, Ziadni MS, Haddad L, Rapport LJ, Arnetz BB. Brief narrative exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress in Iraqi refugees: a preliminary randomized clinical trial. J Trauma Stress 2014; 27:314-22. [PMID: 24866253 PMCID: PMC4080404 DOI: 10.1002/jts.21922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many Iraqi refugees suffer from posttraumatic stress. Efficient, culturally sensitive interventions are needed, and so we adapted narrative exposure therapy into a brief version (brief NET) and tested its effects in a sample of traumatized Iraqi refugees. Iraqi refugees in the United States reporting elevated posttraumatic stress (N = 63) were randomized to brief NET or waitlist control conditions in a 2:1 ratio; brief NET was 3 sessions, conducted individually, in Arabic. Positive indicators (posttraumatic growth and well-being) and symptoms (posttraumatic stress, depressive, and somatic) were assessed at baseline and 2- and 4-month follow-up. Treatment participation (95.1% completion) and study retention (98.4% provided follow-up data) were very high. Significant condition by time interactions showed that those receiving brief NET had greater posttraumatic growth (d = 0.83) and well-being (d = 0.54) through 4 months than controls. Brief NET reduced symptoms of posttraumatic stress (d = -0.48) and depression (d = -0.46) more, but only at 2 months; symptoms of controls also decreased from 2 to 4 months, eliminating condition differences at 4 months. Three sessions of brief NET increased growth and well-being and led to symptom reduction in highly traumatized Iraqi refugees. This preliminary study suggests that brief NET is both acceptable and potentially efficacious in traumatized Iraqi refugees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa M. Hijazi
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mark A. Lumley
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Maisa S. Ziadni
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Luay Haddad
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa J. Rapport
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Bengt B. Arnetz
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Wu Z, Xu J, He L. Psychological consequences and associated risk factors among adult survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:126. [PMID: 24779914 PMCID: PMC4013305 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-14-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2008, a devastating earthquake measuring 8.0 on the Richter scale struck Wenchuan, China. Following this disaster, several studies were conducted which assessed the degree of mental disorders in the affected population, but very few considered that several disorders may occur at the same time. This paper aims to investigate the psychological effects and risk factors among adult survivors one-year after the earthquake event. METHODS 2080 adult earthquake survivors from 19 counties in the affected areas were interviewed. A stratified sampling strategy was used to collect the information. Earthquake survivors completed self-report questionnaires, which included a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) checklist, a self-rating depression scale and a self-rating anxiety scale. RESULTS Fifty nine percent of the participants were male. The prevalence of probable PTSD in the sample was 40.1% (based on the DSM-IV criteria). Significant differences in the demographic variables were found in the levels of anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Anxiety levels were found to be positively correlated with depression (r = 0.438, p < 0.01) and PTSD (r = 0.322, p < 0.01). Risk factors for each symptom were also identified. Being female, having a low income level and having a low perceived level of social support were found to be the risk factors associated with anxiety, depression, and PTSD. There appeared to be no obvious relationship between the distance from the epicenter of the earthquake event and the severity of the psychological problems. CONCLUSIONS PTSD, anxiety, and depression were prevalent among the survivors. Most findings on the predictors were found to be consistent with current research. Positive adjustment and social support were found to be needed for the highest-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wu
- Uncertainty Decision-making Laboratory, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, China,School of Business, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuping Xu
- Uncertainty Decision-making Laboratory, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, China.
| | - Lili He
- Uncertainty Decision-making Laboratory, Sichuan University, 610064 Chengdu, China,School of Business, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
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Zhang W, Yan TT, Du YS, Liu XH. Brief Report: Effects of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Group-Work on Promoting Post-traumatic Growth of Mothers Who Have a Child with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:2052-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Glad KA, Jensen TK, Holt T, Ormhaug SM. Exploring self-perceived growth in a clinical sample of severely traumatized youth. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:331-342. [PMID: 23548683 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were threefold: (1) examine the prevalence of Posttraumatic Growth (PTG) among severely traumatized youth, (2) systematically describe the PTG reported, and (3) study the course of PTG from pre- to post-treatment. METHOD The sample consisted of 148 severely traumatized Norwegian youth (M age=15, SD=2.2, 79.1% girls) receiving treatment in child mental health clinics. The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for Children (CAPS) was used to assess level of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) pre- and post-treatment. One of the questions in CAPS: "How do you think (traumatic event) has affected your life?" formed the basis for our analysis of PTG. Words and phrases indicative of PTG were identified using the Consensual Qualitative Research method. RESULTS Pre-treatment, the prevalence rate of PTG was low compared to previous findings, and reports of PTG were not related to levels of PTSS. The main PTG themes identified were: personal growth, relational growth, and changed philosophy of life. A sub-theme of personal growth; greater maturity/wisdom, was the most salient theme identified both pre- and post-treatment. Age was significantly related to reports of PTG; older participants reported more growth. Reports of PTG increased significantly from pre- to post-treatment, but were not related to decrease in PTSS. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that PTG is not only possible for youth, but quite similar to that observed among adults. However, we need to carefully consider whether reports of self-perceived positive change among traumatized youth actually are indicative of growth, or simply indicative of increased vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Alve Glad
- Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies, Oslo, Norway
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Zang Y, Hunt N, Cox T. A randomised controlled pilot study: the effectiveness of narrative exposure therapy with adult survivors of the Sichuan earthquake. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:41. [PMID: 23363689 PMCID: PMC3570314 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a common psychological reaction after large-scale natural disasters. Given the number of people involved and shortage of resources in any major disaster, brief, pragmatic and easily trainable interventions are needed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) as a short-term treatment for PTSD using Chinese earthquake survivors. METHODS A randomized waiting-list control pilot study was conducted between December 2009 and March 2010, at the site of the Sichuan earthquake in Beichuan County, China. Adult participants with newly diagnosed Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) were randomly allocated to Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET) or a Waiting-List (WL) condition. The latter received NET treatment after a two-week waiting period. To compare the effectiveness of NET in traumatised earthquake survivors, both groups were assessed on PTSD symptoms, general mental health, anxiety and depression, social support, coping style and posttraumatic change before and after treatment and two months post treatment. RESULTS Adult participants (n=22) were randomly allocated to receive NET (n=11) or WL (n=11). Twenty two participants (11 in NET group, 11 in WL) were included in the analysis of primary outcomes. Compared with WL, NET showed significant reductions in PTSD symptoms, anxiety and depression, general mental stress and increased posttraumatic growth. The WL group later showed similar improvements after treatment. These changes remained stable for a two-month follow-up. Measures of social support and coping showed no stable effects. CONCLUSIONS NET is effective in treating post-earthquake traumatic symptoms in adult Chinese earthquake survivors. The findings help advance current knowledge in the management of PTSD after natural disasters and inform future research. Larger sample sizes are needed to extend the present findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR-TRC-12002473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Zang
- Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK NG8 1BB
| | - Nigel Hunt
- Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK NG8 1BB
| | - Tom Cox
- Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK NG8 1BB
- School of Business, Economics & Informatics, Birkbeck University of London, London WC1, UK
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Larick JG, Graf NM. Battlefield compassion and posttraumatic growth in combat servicepersons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 11:219-39. [PMID: 23171388 DOI: 10.1080/1536710x.2012.730824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The literature is replete with studies related to the negative outcomes of serving in combat. However, for some military servicepersons, healing could be assisted by understanding the positive experiences and outcomes related to combat service. This study surveyed 59 servicepersons to identify acts of battlefield compassion, as well as other positive military experiences. In addition, participants were asked to identify personal changes as a result of compassionate experiences and to give an overall rating of their time in combat. Results are compared to the posttraumatic growth (PTG) literature and reveal that participants identified positive changes associated with experiences of compassion.
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Hassija CM, Jakupcak M, Gray MJ. Numbing and Dysphoria Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans. Behav Modif 2012; 36:834-56. [DOI: 10.1177/0145445512453735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans experience significant rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other trauma-related mental health conditions. Understanding how specific PTSD symptomatology affects physical health and psychosocial functioning may be useful in improving the conceptualization of PTSD nosology and informing treatment approaches for this population. Confirmatory factor analytic evidence supports four-factor models of PTSD symptoms that classify emotional numbing and/or dysphoria symptoms as a distinct PTSD symptom cluster, and these symptoms appear to be related to poorer psychological adjustment among returning Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. This review briefly describes current conceptualizations of numbing/dysphoria symptoms of PTSD and summarizes research on the factor structure of PTSD symptoms. Then, the literature on the influence of numbing/dysphoria symptoms on physical and psychological health among these veterans is reviewed, and implications for treatment and directions for future research are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Hassija
- National Center for PTSD-VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Matthew Jakupcak
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Division, WA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Zang Y, Hunt NC, Cox T, Joseph S. Short form of the Changes in Outlook Questionnaire: translation and validation of the Chinese version. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012; 10:41. [PMID: 22530984 PMCID: PMC3420320 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7525-10-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Changes in Outlook Questionnaire (CiOQ) is a self-report instrument designed to measure both positive and negative changes following the experience of severely stressful events. Previous research has focused on the Western context. The aim of this study is to translate the short form of the measure (CiOQ-S) into simplified Chinese and examine its validity and reliability in a sample of Chinese earthquake survivors. Method The English language version of the 10-item CiOQ was translated into simplified Chinese and completed along with other measures in a sample of earthquake survivors (n = 120). Statistical analyses were performed to explore the structure of the simplified Chinese version of CiOQ-S (CiOQ-SCS), its reliability and validity. Results Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to test the structure of the CiOQ-SCS. The reliability and convergent validity were also assessed. The CiOQ-SCS demonstrated a similar factor structure to the English version, high internal consistency and convergent validity with measures of posttraumatic stress symptoms, anxiety and depression, coping and social support. Conclusion The data are comparable to those reported for the original version of the instrument indicating that the CiOQ-SCS is a reliable and valid measure assessing positive and negative changes in the aftermath of adversity. However, the sampling method cannot permit us to know how representative our samples were of the earthquake survivor population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Zang
- Institute of Work, Health and Organisations, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Wollaton Road, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK.
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