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Cui H, Wang J, Cai X, Li Z, Liu B, Xing D. Accelerating nutrient release and pathogen inactivation from human waste by different pretreatment methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 733:139105. [PMID: 32447076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The limitation of hydrolysis and the health risks from pathogenic microorganisms are challenges in the treatment of human waste for volume reduction and nutrient recovery. In this study, potassium ferrate (PF), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and PF combined with peroxymonosulfate (PMS+ PF) were used as pretreatment or co-treatment methods to enhance nutrient release and control pathogenic microorganisms in human waste. The PF pretreatment was the most effective regarding hydrolysis and organic matter release. The largest difference (D-value) in the soluble chemical oxygen demand (3117.0 mg/L) between the control and the treatment after 120 min was observed for the PF pretreatment, followed by the alkaline (ALK) pretreatment (1525.0 mg/L), the PF + PMS pretreatment (1169.3 mg/L), and the PMS pretreatment (1020.6 mg/L). The PF pre-treated waste exhibited the highest volatile solids reduction of 79.2% after 120 min compared with 15.0% reduction of the untreated waste, as well as the highest polysaccharide release, with a D-value of 198.5 mg/L. All pretreatments exhibited inactivation of pathogenic bacteria and helminths eggs; however, the PF pretreatment was the most efficient method to suppress pathogenic micrograms, with a 3.5 log (N/N0) decrease in the number of total coliforms. The PF pretreatment and PMS + PF co-treatment both exhibited the good performance regarding nitrogen release, including soluble protein and ammonium. The maximum D-value of the total soluble nitrogen was 372.8 mg/L for the PF + PMS co-treatment. The maximum D-value of soluble protein was 156.2 mg/L for the ALK pretreatment. The results indicated that the PF pretreatment was the most effective method for disintegrating human waste, thus providing a new method for safe and rapid reduction of human waste, as well as nutrient release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Defeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Wang J, Cui H, Xie G, Liu B, Cao G, Xing D. Co-treatment of potassium ferrate and peroxymonosulfate enhances the decomposition of the cotton straw and cow manure mixture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 724:138321. [PMID: 32408465 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since there is high lignocellulose content in the cotton straw and cow manure mixture (MCC), the appropriate MCC pretreatment is important to promote the anaerobic digestion (AD) hydrolysis. This study mainly explored the effect of potassium ferrate (PF) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) pretreatments on MCC decomposition. PMS + PF co-treatment showed a higher reduction of total solid and volatile solid than PF pretreatment and PMS pretreatment. Hydrolysis of treated MCC indicated that the PF pretreatment was more effective to the release of organics than the PMS pretreatment and the PMS + PF co-treatment. However, the PMS + PF co-treatment resulted in a higher lignin removal rate (40.4%-50.5%) than the PMS pretreatment (30.8%) and the PF pretreatment (21.4%). The PMS1 + PF2 co-treatment (molar ratio of 1:2) acquired the optimal lignin removal rate and the release of organics among the PMS + PF co-treatment with different dosing ratio. Potential mechanism was that PF reduction products activated PMS to produce free radicals (SO4-, OH), which attacked lignocellulosic components and promoted MCC decomposition. The PMS1 + PF2 co-treatment was deduced to be the optimal pretreatment method when considering MCC decomposition, biodegradability, and mass transfer in the bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Han Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guojun Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Defeng Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Lee J, von Gunten U, Kim JH. Persulfate-Based Advanced Oxidation: Critical Assessment of Opportunities and Roadblocks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3064-3081. [PMID: 32062964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 872] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reports that promote persulfate-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) as a viable alternative to hydrogen peroxide-based processes have been rapidly accumulating in recent water treatment literature. Various strategies to activate peroxide bonds in persulfate precursors have been proposed and the capacity to degrade a wide range of organic pollutants has been demonstrated. Compared to traditional AOPs in which hydroxyl radical serves as the main oxidant, persulfate-based AOPs have been claimed to involve different in situ generated oxidants such as sulfate radical and singlet oxygen as well as nonradical oxidation pathways. However, there exist controversial observations and interpretations around some of these claims, challenging robust scientific progress of this technology toward practical use. This Critical Review comparatively examines the activation mechanisms of peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate and the formation pathways of oxidizing species. Properties of the main oxidizing species are scrutinized and the role of singlet oxygen is debated. In addition, the impacts of water parameters and constituents such as pH, background organic matter, halide, phosphate, and carbonate on persulfate-driven chemistry are discussed. The opportunity for niche applications is also presented, emphasizing the need for parallel efforts to remove currently prevalent knowledge roadblocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaesang Lee
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Düebendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Yang X, Duan Y, Wang J, Wang H, Liu H, Sedlak DL. The Impact of Peroxymonocarbonate (HCO 4 -) on the Transformation of Organic Contaminants during Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2O 2) in situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2019; 6:781-786. [PMID: 33163542 PMCID: PMC7643861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Under the conditions employed when in situ chemical oxidation is used for contaminant remediation, high concentrations of H2O2 (e.g., up to ~10 M) are typically present. Using 13C NMR, we show that in carbonate-rich systems, these high concentrations of H2O2 result in a reaction with HCO3 - to produce peroxymonocarbonate (HCO4 -). After formation, HCO4 - reacts with phenol to produce di- and tri-hydroxyl phenols. HCO4 - reacts with substituted phenols in a manner consistent with its electrophilic character. Exchanging an electron-donating substituent in the para position of a phenolic compound with an electron-withdrawing group decreased the reaction rate. Results of this study indicate that HCO4 - is a potentially important but previously unrecognized oxidative species generated during H2O2 in situ Chemical Oxidation (ISCO) that selectively reacts with electron-rich organic compounds. Under conditions in which HO· formation is inefficient (e.g., relatively high concentration of HCO3 -, low total Fe and Mn concentrations), the fraction of the phenolic compounds that are transformed by HCO4 - could be similar to or greater than the fraction transformed by HO·. It may be possible to adjust treatment conditions to enhance the formation of HCO4 - as a means of accelerating rates of contaminant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1716, USA
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yanghua Duan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1716, USA
| | - Jinling Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - David L. Sedlak
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1716, USA
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Yang J, Liu X, Wang D, Xu Q, Yang Q, Zeng G, Li X, Liu Y, Gong J, Ye J, Li H. Mechanisms of peroxymonosulfate pretreatment enhancing production of short-chain fatty acids from waste activated sludge. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:239-249. [PMID: 30388525 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has been recently used as an additive to pretreat waste activated sludge (WAS) to enhance short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production. However, the mechanisms of how PMS enhances SCFAs production remain largely unknown. This work therefore aims to explore the mechanisms through deeply understanding its impact on the disintegration of sludge cells, the biodegradability of organics released and the bioprocesses involved in anaerobic fermentation, and differentiating the contributions of its degradation intermediates to SCFAs production. This was demonstrated by a series of batch fermentation tests using either real sludge or model organic compounds as fermentation substrates. Experimental results showed that the maximal SCFAs yield increased from 29.69 to 311.67 mg COD/g VSS with PMS level increasing from 0 to 0.09 g/g TSS. No obvious increase in SCFAs yield was observed when PMS further increased. The mechanism explorations revealed that PMS pretreatment not only enhanced the disintegration of sludge cells but also promoted the biodegradability of organics released, thereby providing more biodegradable substrates for subsequent SCFAs production. PMS pretreatment decreased the percentages of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like substances in the released organics. Moreover, the species and total detection frequency of other recalcitrant organics such as cyclopentasiloxane, heptasiloxane, and ethylene glycol, which were hardly degraded in ordinary anaerobic condition, also decreased remarkably. Although PMS caused harms to some extents to all the microbes in the anaerobic fermentation, its inhibitions to SCFAs consumers were much severer than that to SCFAs producers, probably due to the less tolerance of methanogens. Further analyses exhibited that 1O2, SO4•- and •OH were the major contributors to the increased SCFAs production, and their contributions were in the order of 1O2 > SO4•- > •OH. The findings obtained in this work provide insights into PMS-involved sludge fermentation process and might have important implication for further manipulation of WAS treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Xuran Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Qiuxiang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Jilai Gong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Jun Ye
- Hunan Qing Zhi Yuan Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Changsha, 410004, PR China
| | - Hailong Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
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Kim MS, Lee KM, Kim HE, Lee HJ, Lee C, Lee C. Disintegration of Waste Activated Sludge by Thermally-Activated Persulfates for Enhanced Dewaterability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7106-7115. [PMID: 27268462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation by persulfates at elevated temperatures (thermally activated persulfates) disintegrates bacterial cells and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) composing waste-activated sludge (WAS), facilitating the subsequent sludge dewatering. The WAS disintegration process by thermally activated persulfates exhibited different behaviors depending on the types of persulfates employed, that is, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) versus peroxydisulfate (PDS). The decomposition of PMS in WAS proceeded via a two-phase reaction, an instantaneous decomposition by the direct reaction with the WAS components followed by a gradual thermal decay. During the PMS treatment, the WAS filterability (measured by capillary suction time) increased in the initial stage but rapidly stagnated and even decreased as the reaction proceeded. In contrast, the decomposition of PDS exhibited pseudo first-order decay during the entire reaction, resulting in the greater and steadier increase in the WAS filterability compared to the case of PMS. The treatment by PMS produced a high portion of true colloidal solids (<1 μm) and eluted soluble and bound EPS, which is detrimental to the WAS filterability. However, the observations regarding the dissolved organic carbon, ammonium ions, and volatile suspended solids collectively indicated that the treatment by PMS more effectively disintegrated WAS compared to PDS, leading to higher weight (or volume) reduction by postcentrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Kim
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, and KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Myeong Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, and KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Eun Kim
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, and KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, and KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsoo Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, and KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Changha Lee
- School of Urban and Environmental Engineering, and KIST-UNIST-Ulsan Center for Convergent Materials (KUUC), Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
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