Trends in Endoscopic and Microscopic Approaches to Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery in the US

Pituitary Apoplexy: Comorbidities, Management, and Outcomes-A Spanish Observational Multicenter Study

BACKGROUND

Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is the paradigm of endocrine and neurosurgical emergency.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the comorbidities, risk factors, clinical presentation, pituitary apoplexy score (PAS), and the outcomes of surgical vs conservative management of PA in Spain.

METHODS

Spanish multicenter, observational study of 301 patients with acute PA. Statistical analyses compared risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcomes between surgical and conservative treatment groups, adjusting for potential confounders. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with PA was compared with the Spanish population and with patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas.

RESULTS

Median age was 59.3 years, 201 (66.8%) were men; nonfunctioning adenomas (77.9%) were the most common tumor type. The prevalence of diabetes (20.3% vs 13.9%, P < .01), hypertension (48.8% vs 33.4%, P < .01), and dyslipidemia (44.2% vs 23.3%, P < .01), exceeded the Spanish age-adjusted population prevalence. Overall, 209 (69.4%) underwent surgery and 92 (30.6%) received conservative treatment. Surgical patients had larger tumors (26.2 vs 21.0 mm, P < .01), more frequent chiasmal compression (77.2% vs 53.4%, P < .01), and higher values of PAS. In the follow-up, although there were no statistically significant differences in anterior pituitary hormonal deficits between treatments, permanent vasopressin deficiency was more frequent after surgery (14.8% vs 3.3%, P < .01).

CONCLUSIONS

There is a high burden of cardiovascular risk factors among patients with PA, suggesting that metabolic factors may play a potential role in the development of PA. This underscores the need for comprehensive management of these conditions in addition to treating the apoplexy itself in this population. Surgical management has a relevant place in PA approach mainly in patients with higher PAS. However, it leads a permanent vasopressin deficit more frequently than a conservative approach.

The impact of pituitary adenomas on cognitive performance: a systematic review

Purpose

Increasing evidence suggests that beyond classical endocrine and visual symptoms, patients with pituitary adenoma (PA) may experience neurocognitive impairment, potentially resulting in reduced productivity and diminished quality of life. Prior studies have used diverse cognitive assessment tools across heterogeneous populations, leading to inconsistent findings. To address the variability, our study systematically analyzes the assessment batteries used in previous research, clarifying their corresponding cognitive domains. We seek to provide a more consistent and comprehensive understanding of the neurocognitive implications associated with PAs.

Methods

This study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline. Individual patient-level data, including clinical characteristics, tumor subtype, treatment interventions, hormonal status, and psychological outcomes, were systematically collected. Cognitive assessment tools were categorized according to their corresponding cognitive domains to facilitate domain-specific analyses.

Results

This systematic review included 70 studies encompassing a total of 3,842 patients with PA. Of these, 60 studies employed either objective neuropsychological tests or subjective questionnaires to evaluate cognitive function. The most frequently utilized assessment was the Digit Span test, with 42.9% of studies reporting significant impairments in complex attention and executive functioning among patients with PA. Twelve studies focused on structural brain changes as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, with half documenting volumetric reductions in gray matter. Across the various PA subtypes, a consistent decline in discrete cognitive domains was observed, most notably in memory and executive function. Treatment-related data were provided in 59 studies. Perioperative changes in cognitive performance were described in 14 studies, of which 11 reported post-surgical improvement in at least one cognitive domain. Twenty studies investigated the potential adverse effects of radiotherapy on cognitive function; among them, 16 found no significant differences following treatment. Eight studies examined the association between tumor size and cognitive impairment; seven reported no statistically significant correlation. In contrast, 24 studies identified a significant relationship between hormonal dysregulation and cognitive decline.

Conclusions

The literature contains heterogeneous findings about the cognitive performance, nature of cognitive impairment, and subsequent effects of treatment. Patients with PA may experience cognitive decline in specific areas and are notably affected by hormone levels, while treatment may lead to cognitive recovery. The proposed tiered cognitive evaluation approach can improve assessment consistency in future practice.

Sellar Reconstruction With a Bioabsorbable Plate After Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Adenoma Resection: Safe and Efficacious

OBJECTIVE

To report outcomes of a large cohort of patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS) for resection of a pituitary adenoma with subsequent Resorb-X plate (RXP) sellar reconstruction.

METHODS

A retrospective review of 620 EETS operations performed at a single academic center between 2005 and 2020 was conducted.

RESULTS

A total of 215 EETS operations of 208 patients were identified between 2012 and 2020 who underwent reconstruction with the RXP after EETS for pituitary tumor resection with a final pathologic diagnosis of pituitary adenoma. Analysis of pooled data revealed a mean preoperative tumor volume of 6.8 cm3 (range: 0.038-51.03 cm3). Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in 2 patients (0.93%). Postoperative meningitis occurred in 1 patient (0.47%). There were no cases of RXP extrusion.

CONCLUSIONS

The rate of postoperative CSF leak and meningitis after use of the RXP for sellar reconstruction compares favorably to other methods, including use of autologous grafts and flaps. Use of RXP during EETS is a safe and efficacious method of sellar reconstruction and may obviate the need for autologous tissue reconstruction after pituitary adenoma resection.