1
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Fernandes RS, Shetty NS, Mahesha P, Gaonkar SL. A Comprehensive Review on Thiophene Based Chemosensors. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:19-56. [PMID: 34623559 PMCID: PMC8755703 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-021-02833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recognition and sensing of various analytes in aqueous and biological systems by using fluorometric or colorimetric chemosensors possessing high selectivity and sensitivity, low cost has gained enormous attention. Furthermore, thiophene derivatives possess exceptional photophysical properties compared to other heterocycles, and therefore they can be employed in chemosensors for analyte detection. In this review, we have tried to explore the design and detection mechanism of various thiophene-based probes, practical applicability, and their advanced models (design guides), which could be thoughtful for the synthesis of new thiophene-based probes. This review provides an insight into the reported chemosensors (2008-2020) for thiophene scaffold as effective emission and absorption-based chemosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikitha S Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nitinkumar S Shetty
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Priyanka Mahesha
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Santhosh L Gaonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, 576104, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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2
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Domínguez SE, Kohn B, Ääritalo T, Damlin P, Scheler U, Kvarnström C. Cationic polythiophene-anionic fullerene pair in water and water-dioxane: studies on hydrogen bonding capabilities, kinetic and thermodynamic properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21013-21028. [PMID: 34522930 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05748g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the vast array of solution- and solid-state bio-analytical, bioelectronic and optoelectronic applications of cationic polythiophenes (CPTs), the number of studies focused on the role of hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) between these and other molecules is scarce, regardless of whether H-bonding is expected to play an important role in several such applications. Also, despite the advantages of using cosolvents to systematically examine the molecular interactions, there are no such studies for CPTs to our knowledge. This work presents a steady-state UV-vis/fluorescence spectroscopic, kinetic and thermodynamic study on the H-bonding interactions between a water-soluble, cationic-anionic (isothiouronium-tetraphosphonate), polythiophene-fullerene donor-acceptor pair with two-point, charge-assisted H-bonding (CAHB) capabilities, tuned using water or a 1,4-dioxane-water mixture (W-DI). Both solvents generate photoinduced electron transfer (PET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), spontaneous binding, H-bonding, ground-state complexing via multiple site binding, formation of micelle-like aggregates and equivalence points at a similar concentration of the quencher. However, in comparison with water, W-DI promotes less-ordered, less packed micellar aggregates, due to hydrophobic desolvation of the H-bond and larger solvent displacement during the PT1-4Fo complexation. This would decrease the extent of charge-transfer and the size of the sphere-of-quenching, mainly by displacements or rotations of the H-bonds, instead of elongations, together with a possible larger extent of diffusion-controlled static quenching. At [4Fo] larger than the equivalence point the micelles formed in water do not have available binding sites due to a tighter aggregation, causing a decrease in the quenching efficiency, while the micelles formed in W-DI start showing larger quenching efficiencies, possibly due to an increase in entropy that overcomes the desolvation of the H-bonding. These results could be useful when analyzing outputs from systems including CPTs with H-bonding capabilities, operating in (or casted from) solvents with clear differences in polarity and/or H-bonding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Benjamin Kohn
- Leibniz-Institut für, University of Turku, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Timo Ääritalo
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Pia Damlin
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Ulrich Scheler
- Leibniz-Institut für, University of Turku, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Carita Kvarnström
- Department of Chemistry, Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf), Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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3
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Pipertzis A, Papamokos G, Mühlinghaus M, Mezger M, Scherf U, Floudas G. What Determines the Glass Temperature and dc-Conductivity in Imidazolium-Polymerized Ionic Liquids with a Polythiophene Backbone? Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Pipertzis
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Papamokos
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Markus Mezger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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4
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Kato R, Oka K, Yoshimasa K, Nakajima M, Nishide H, Oyaizu K. Reversible Hydrogen Releasing and Fixing with Poly(Vinylfluorenol) through a Mild Ir-Catalyzed Dehydrogenation and Electrochemical Hydrogenation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900139. [PMID: 31188503 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The radical polymerization of 2-vinylfluorenol, an alcohol derivative of vinylfluorene, gives poly(vinylfluorenol), which quantitatively releases hydrogen gas (≈110 mL per gram polymer at standard temperature and pressure) by simply warming at 100 °C with an iridium catalyst. A high population of fluorenol units in the polymer accomplishes a large formula-weight-based theoretical hydrogen density (1.0 wt%). The dehydrogenated ketone derivative, poly(vinylfluorenone), exhibits reversible negative-charge storage with a high density of 260 mAh g-1 . The electrolytically reduced poly(vinylfluorenone) is momentarily hydrogenated in the presence of an electrolyte with water as the hydrogen source to be converted to the original poly(vinylfluorenol). The formed poly(vinylfluorenol) almost quantitatively evolves hydrogen gas similar to the starting poly(vinylfluorenol). Both hydrogen and charge storage with the organic fluorenol/fluorenone polymer suggest a new type of energy-storage configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Kouki Oka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshimasa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Masataka Nakajima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 165-8555, Japan
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5
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Pipertzis A, Mühlinghaus M, Mezger M, Scherf U, Floudas G. Polymerized Ionic Liquids with Polythiophene Backbones: Self-Assembly, Thermal Properties, and Ion Conduction. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas Pipertzis
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Markus Mezger
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, P.O. Box 1186, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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6
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Domínguez SE, Cangiotti M, Fattori A, Ääritalo T, Damlin P, Ottaviani MF, Kvarnström C. Effect of Spacer Length and Solvent on the Concentration-Driven Aggregation of Cationic Hydrogen-Bonding Donor Polythiophenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7364-7378. [PMID: 29783844 PMCID: PMC6150719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of cationic isothiouronium polythiophenes with alkoxy-spacers of different lengths at the 3-position of the thiophene ring was studied in solvents of different polarities. Hydrogen-bonding capacity was assessed by steady-state absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, whereas the aggregation in aqueous solutions was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, using paramagnetic probes of different polarities. The two polymers displayed similar features in respect to conformation, effect of cosolvents on aggregation, unstructured absorption-fluorescence spectra, Stokes shifts when aggregated, solvatochromic effect, and self-quenching concentration. However, these polymers also showed different specific interactions with water, Stokes shifts in water, effect of the solvent on the extent of dominant state of the S1 level, and also different inner cavities and hydrophobic-hydrophilic surface area in aqueous solution aggregates. Water maximized the difference between the polymers concerning the effect of specific increases in concentration, whereas the presence of 1,4-dioxane generated almost identical effects on both polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Domínguez
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M. Cangiotti
- Department
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino, Via Ca’ Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - A. Fattori
- Department
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino, Via Ca’ Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - T. Ääritalo
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - P. Damlin
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M. F. Ottaviani
- Department
of Earth, Life and Environment Sciences (DiSTeVA), University of Urbino, Via Ca’ Le Suore 2/4, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - C. Kvarnström
- Turku
University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MATSURF), Laboratory
of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Analysis, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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7
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Effects of Charge Density on Photophysics and Aggregation Behavior of Anionic Fluorene-Arylene Conjugated Polyelectrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030258. [PMID: 30966293 PMCID: PMC6414976 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Three anionic fluorene-based alternating conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) have been synthesized that have 9,9-bis(4-phenoxy-butylsulfonate) fluorene-2,7-diyl and 1,4-phenylene (PBS-PFP), 4,4′-biphenylene (PBS-PFP2), or 4,4″-p-terphenylene (PBS-PFP3) groups, and the effect of the length of the oligophenylene spacer on their aggregation and photophysics has been studied. All form metastable dispersions in water, but can be solubilized using methanol, acetonitrile, or dioxane as cosolvents. This leads to increases in their emission intensities and blue shifts in fluorescence maxima due to break-up of aggregates. In addition, the emission maximum shifts to the blue and the loss of vibronic structure are observed when the number of phenylene rings is increased. Debsity Functional Theory (DFT) calculations suggest that this is due to increasing conformational flexibility as the number of phenylene rings increases. This is supported by increasing amplitude in the fast component in the fluorescence decay. The nonionic surfactant n-dodecylpentaoxyethylene glycol ether (C12E5) also breaks up aggregates, as seen by changes in fluorescence intensity and maximum. However, the loss in vibrational structure is less pronounced in this case, possibly due to a more rigid environment in the mixed surfactant-CPE aggregates. Further information on the aggregates formed with C12E5 was obtained by electrical conductivity measurements, which showed an initial increase in specific conductivity upon addition of surfactants, while at higher surfactant/CPE molar ratios a plateau was observed. The specific conductance in the plateau region decreased in the order PBS-PFP3 < PBS-PFP2 < PBS-PFP, in agreement with the change in charge density on the CPE. The reverse process of aggregate formation has been studied by injecting small volumes of solutions of CPEs dissolved at the molecular level in a good solvent system (50% methanol-water) into the poor solvent, water. Aggregation was monitored by changes in both fluorescence and light scattering. The rate of aggregation increases with hydrophobicity and concentration of sodium chloride but is only weakly dependent on temperature.
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8
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Hladysh S, Murmiliuk A, Vohlídal J, Havlíček D, Sedlařík V, Štěpánek M, Zedník J. Combination of phosphonium and ammonium pendant groups in cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes based on regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) polymer chains. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Benatto L, Marchiori CFN, da Luz MGE, Koehler M. Electronic and structural properties of fluorene–thiophene copolymers as function of the composition ratio between the moieties: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20447-20458. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Through theoretical analysis, we study relevant properties of some molecular structures formed by oligothiophenes (T) and dioctylfluorenes (F) units, like the exciton binding energy (Eb) and dipole moment, important for the efficiency of different kinds of optical and electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Benatto
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Paraná
- Curitiba
- Brazil
| | - C. F. N. Marchiori
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Paraná
- Curitiba
- Brazil
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
| | - M. G. E. da Luz
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Paraná
- Curitiba
- Brazil
| | - M. Koehler
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Paraná
- Curitiba
- Brazil
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10
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Willis-Fox N, Gutacker A, Browne MP, Khan AR, Lyons MEG, Scherf U, Evans RC. Selective recognition of biologically important anions using a diblock polyfluorene–polythiophene conjugated polyelectrolyte. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence detection of nucleotide phosphates with a polyfluorene–polythiophene diblock copolymer is demonstrated, accompanied by determination of the sensor mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Willis-Fox
- School of Chemistry and CRANN
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Andrea Gutacker
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro) and Institute for Polymer Technology
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Michelle P. Browne
- School of Chemistry and CRANN
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Amir R. Khan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology
- University of Dublin
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Dublin 2
| | - Michael E. G. Lyons
- School of Chemistry and CRANN
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Ireland
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmakro) and Institute for Polymer Technology
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- School of Chemistry and CRANN
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
- Ireland
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy
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11
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Das S, Routh P, Ghosh R, Chatterjee DP, Nandi AK. Water-soluble ionic polythiophenes for biological and analytical applications. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Das
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
| | - Parimal Routh
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
| | - Radhakanta Ghosh
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
| | - Dhruba P Chatterjee
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
| | - Arun K Nandi
- Polymer Science Unit; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata - 700032 India
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12
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Knaapila M, Stewart B, Costa T, Rogers SE, Pragana J, Fonseca SM, Valente AJM, Ramos ML, Murtinho D, Pereira JC, Mallavia R, Burrows HD. Incorporation of a Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolyte CPE within an Aqueous Poly(vinyl alcohol) Sol. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Telma Costa
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sarah E. Rogers
- Rutherford
Appleton
Laboratory, ISIS STFC, Chilton OX11 0QX, Oxon, U.K
| | - Joana Pragana
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia M. Fonseca
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Artur J. M. Valente
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M. Luisa Ramos
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dina Murtinho
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Costa Pereira
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto
de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miquel Hernandez de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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Hladysh S, Bondarev D, Svoboda J, Vohlídal J, Vrbata D, Zedník J. Novel conjugated polyelectrolytes based on polythiophene bearing phosphonium side groups. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Houston JE, Kraft M, Mooney I, Terry AE, Scherf U, Evans RC. Charge-Mediated Localization of Conjugated Polythiophenes in Zwitterionic Model Cell Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8141-8153. [PMID: 27434827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The selective engineering of conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE)-phospholipid interfaces is poised to play a key role in the design of advanced biomedical and biotechnological devices. Herein, we report a strategic study to investigate the relationship between the charge of the CPE side group and their association with zwitterionic phospholipid bilayers. The interaction of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) phospholipid vesicles with a series of poly(thiophene)s bearing zwitterionic, cationic, or anionic terminal groups (P3Zwit, P3TMAHT and P3Anionic, respectively) has been probed. Although all CPEs showed an affinity for the zwitterionic vesicles, the calculated partition coefficients determined using photoluminescence spectroscopy suggested preferential incorporation within the lipid bilayer in the order P3Zwit > P3Anionic ≫ P3TMAHT. The polarity probe Prodan was used to further qualify the position of the CPE inside the vesicle bilayers via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies. The varying proximity of the CPEs to Prodan was reflected in the Stern-Volmer quenching constants and decreased in the order P3Anionic > P3TMAHT ≫ P3Zwit. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed an increase in the hydrodynamic diameter of the DPPC vesicles upon addition of each poly(thiophene), but to the greatest extent for P3Anionic. Small-angle neutron scattering studies also revealed that P3Anionic specifically increased the thickness of the headgroup region of the phospholipid bilayer. Epifluorescence and atomic force microscopy imaging showed that P3TMAHT formed amorphous agglomerates on the vesicle surface, P3Zwit was buried throughout the bilayer, and P3Anionic formed a shell of protruding chains around the surface, which promoted vesicle fusion. The global data indicate three distinctive modes of interaction for the poly(thiophene)s within DPPC vesicles, whereby the nature of the association is ultimately controlled by the pendant charge group on each CPE chain. Our results suggest that charge-mediated self-assembly may provide a simple and effective route to design luminescent CPE probes capable of specific localization within phospholipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Houston
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, University of Dublin, Trinity College , College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mario Kraft
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (Buwmakro) and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal , Gauss-Str. 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ian Mooney
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, University of Dublin, Trinity College , College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ann E Terry
- ISIS, STFC, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (Buwmakro) and Institute for Polymer Technology, Bergische Universität Wuppertal , Gauss-Str. 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Rachel C Evans
- School of Chemistry and CRANN, University of Dublin, Trinity College , College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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15
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Burrows HD, Costa T, Ramos ML, Valente AJM, Stewart B, Justino LLG, Almeida AIA, Catarina NL, Mallavia R, Knaapila M. Self-assembled systems of water soluble metal 8-hydroxyquinolates with surfactants and conjugated polyelectrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16629-40. [PMID: 26817700 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the interaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate (8-HQS) with the metal ions Al(iii) and Zn(ii) in aqueous solution in the presence of tetraalkylammonium surfactants using UV/vis absorption, fluorescence, NMR spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements, complemented by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Under appropriate conditions, complexes between 8-HQS and metal ions form rapidly, and have similar electronic, spectroscopic and photophysical properties to the corresponding metal quinolates, such as Alq3. These interact with the cationic surfactants, leading to marked increases in fluorescence intensity. However, significant differences are seen in the behavior of the two metal ions. With aluminium, a stable [Al(8-QS)3](3-) anion is formed, and interacts, predominantly through electrostatic interactions, with the surfactant, without disrupting the metal ion coordination sphere. In contrast, with Zn(ii), there is a competition between the metal ion and surfactants in the interaction with 8-HQS, although the [Zn(8-QS)2(H2O)2](2-) species is stable at appropriate pH and surfactant concentration. The studies are extended to systems with the conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) poly-(9,9-bis(6-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)-fluorene-phenylene bromide (HTMA-PFP), which has a similar alkylammonium chain to the surfactants. Mixing metal salt, 8-HQS and HTMA-PFP in the presence of a nonionic surfactant leads to the formation of a metal complex/CPE supramolecular assembly between the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the metal/8-HQS complex, as demonstrated by electronic energy transfer. The potential of these systems in sensing, light harvesting, and electron injection/transport layers in organic semiconductor devices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Burrows
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Telma Costa
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Luisa Ramos
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Artur J M Valente
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Licinia L G Justino
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Aline I A Almeida
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nathanny Lessa Catarina
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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16
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Langton MJ, Serpell CJ, Beer PD. Anion Recognition in Water: Recent Advances from a Supramolecular and Macromolecular Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:1974-87. [PMID: 26612067 PMCID: PMC4755225 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of anions in water remains a key challenge in modern supramolecular chemistry, and is essential if proposed applications in biological, medical, and environmental arenas that typically require aqueous conditions are to be achieved. However, synthetic anion receptors that operate in water have, in general, been the exception rather than the norm to date. Nevertheless, a significant step change towards routinely conducting anion recognition in water has been achieved in the past few years, and this Review highlights these approaches, with particular focus on controlling and using the hydrophobic effect, as well as more exotic interactions such as C-H hydrogen bonding and halogen bonding. We also look beyond the field of small-molecule recognition into the macromolecular domain, covering recent advances in anion recognition based on biomolecules, polymers, and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Langton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Paul D Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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17
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Houston JE, Kraft M, Scherf U, Evans RC. Sequential detection of multiple phase transitions in model biological membranes using a red-emitting conjugated polyelectrolyte. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12423-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01553k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charge-mediated assembly of an anionic poly(thiophene) leads to a highly sensitive probe of membrane order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E. Houston
- School of Chemistry
- University of Dublin
- Trinity College
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | - Mario Kraft
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmacro) and Institute for Polymer Technology
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group (buwmacro) and Institute for Polymer Technology
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal
- Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Rachel C. Evans
- School of Chemistry
- University of Dublin
- Trinity College
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
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18
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Langton MJ, Serpell CJ, Beer PD. Anionenerkennung in Wasser: aktuelle Fortschritte aus supramolekularer und makromolarer Sicht. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Langton
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Christopher J. Serpell
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Vereinigtes Königreich
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building; University of Kent; Canterbury Kent CT2 7NH Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Paul D. Beer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory; Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA Vereinigtes Königreich
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19
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Huynh TP, Sharma PS, Sosnowska M, D'Souza F, Kutner W. Functionalized polythiophenes: Recognition materials for chemosensors and biosensors of superior sensitivity, selectivity, and detectability. Prog Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Zhao L, Liu CF, Xu WD, Jiang Y, Lai WY, Huang W. Donor–Acceptor Star-Shaped Conjugated Macroelectrolytes: Synthesis, Light-Harvesting Properties, and Self-Assembly-Induced Förster Resonance Energy Transfer. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:6730-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei-Dong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays (KLOEID) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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21
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Knaapila M, Costa T, Garamus VM, Kraft M, Drechsler M, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of a Cationic All Conjugated Fluorene–Thiophene Diblock Copolymer with Aqueous DNA. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3231-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Telma Costa
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Helmholz-Zentrum
Geesthacht: Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung
GmbH, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mario Kraft
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research - Laboratory for Soft Matter
Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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22
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Liu X, Shi L, Zhang Z, Fan Q, Huang Y, Su S, Fan C, Wang L, Huang W. Monodispersed nanoparticles of conjugated polyelectrolyte brush with high charge density for rapid, specific and label-free detection of tumor marker. Analyst 2015; 140:1842-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an02384f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and label-free detection of human α-fetoprotein (AFP) based on selective superquenching of monodispersed nanoparticles of conjugated polyelectrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfen Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Lin Shi
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Quli Fan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Yanqin Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Shao Su
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201800
- China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays and Institute of Advanced Materials
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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23
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Wu WC, Chang HH. Fluorescent polymeric micelles containing fluorene derivatives for monitoring drug encapsulation and release. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Knaapila M, Costa T, Garamus VM, Kraft M, Drechsler M, Scherf U, Burrows HD. Conjugated Polyelectrolyte (CPE) Poly{3-[6-(N-methylimidazolium)hexyl]-2,5-thiophene} Complexed with DNA: Relation between Colloidal Level Solution Structure and Chromic Effects. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500714k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Knaapila
- Physics
Department, Institute for Energy Technology, NO-2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Telma Costa
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vasil M. Garamus
- Helmholz-Zentrum
Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Mario Kraft
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bayreuth
Institute of Macromolecular Research - Laboratory for Soft Matter
Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular
Chemistry Group, University of Wuppertal, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Department
of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungwoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; College of Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; College of Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
| | - Ji Young Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; College of Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-744 Korea
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26
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Houston JE, Patterson AR, Jayasundera AC, Schmitt W, Evans RC. Charge-modulated self-assembly and growth of conjugated polyelectrolyte–polyoxometalate hybrid networks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:5233-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Vishnoi P, Walawalkar MG, Sen S, Datta A, Patwari GN, Murugavel R. Selective fluorescence sensing of polynitroaromatic explosives using triaminophenylbenzene scaffolds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:10651-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00930d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C3-Symmetric 1,3,5-tris(4′-aminophenyl)benzene has been employed as a selective fluorescence chemosensor for polynitroaromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratap Vishnoi
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
| | | | - Saumik Sen
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
| | - Anindya Datta
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
| | - G. Naresh Patwari
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
| | - Ramaswamy Murugavel
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
- Mumbai, India-400 076
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28
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Davies ML, Douglas P, Burrows HD, Martincigh B, Miguel MDG, Scherf U, Mallavia R, Douglas A. In Depth Analysis of the Quenching of Three Fluorene–Phenylene-Based Cationic Conjugated Polyelectrolytes by DNA and DNA Bases. J Phys Chem B 2013; 118:460-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp409491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Davies
- School
of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, U.K
| | - Peter Douglas
- Chemistry
Group, School of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park Swansea, SA2 8PP, U.K
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Hugh D. Burrows
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bice Martincigh
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Maria da Graça Miguel
- Departamento
de Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Makromolekulare
Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto
de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche 03202, Spain
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29
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Robb MJ, Ku SY, Hawker CJ. 25th anniversary article: no assembly required: recent advances in fully conjugated block copolymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:5686-700. [PMID: 24115326 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fully conjugated block copolymers have emerged as promising materials that combine semiconducting properties with the ability to self-assemble at the nanoscale. The convergence of these two features has tremendous implications for a number of fundamental molecular assembly and transport questions, while also offering unique advantages for a variety of applications. For example, a nanostructured active layer in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices may provide for efficient charge separation while simultaneously affording continuous, unimpeded pathways for charge carriers to migrate to their respective electrodes within each individual microphase. This review details the recent progress made in the preparation and application of fully conjugated block copolymers and serves as a comprehensive reference for the materials that have been reported in the literature to date. Focus is placed on fully conjugated block copolymers prepared using chemistries that are relevant to high-performance polymers in organic electronics research, for example Stille, Suzuki-Miyaura, and Yamamoto coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J Robb
- Materials Department, Materials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mitsubishi Chemical Center for Advanced Materials, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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