1
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Moro S, Spencer SE, Lester DW, Nübling F, Sommer M, Costantini G. Molecular-Scale Imaging Enables Direct Visualization of Molecular Defects and Chain Structure of Conjugated Polymers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11655-11664. [PMID: 38652866 PMCID: PMC11080458 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers have become materials of choice for applications ranging from flexible optoelectronics to neuromorphic computing, but their polydispersity and tendency to aggregate pose severe challenges to their precise characterization. Here, the combination of vacuum electrospray deposition (ESD) with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used to acquire, within the same experiment, assembly patterns, full mass distributions, exact sequencing, and quantification of polymerization defects. In a first step, the ESD-STM results are successfully benchmarked against NMR for low molecular mass polymers, where this technique is still applicable. Then, it is shown that ESD-STM is capable of reaching beyond its limits by characterizing, with the same accuracy, samples that are inaccessible to NMR. Finally, a recalibration procedure is proposed for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) mass distributions, using ESD-STM results as a reference. The distinctiveness of the molecular-scale information obtained by ESD-STM highlights its role as a crucial technique for the characterization of conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Moro
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | | | - Daniel W. Lester
- Polymer
Characterisation Research Technology Platform, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Fritz Nübling
- Institute
for Macromolecular Chemistry, University
of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute
for Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09111, Germany
- Center
for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | - Giovanni Costantini
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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2
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Xu LY, Wang W, Yang X, Wang S, Shao Y, Chen M, Sun R, Min J. Real-time monitoring polymerization degree of organic photovoltaic materials toward no batch-to-batch variations in device performance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1248. [PMID: 38341407 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45510-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymerization degree plays a vital role in material properties. Previous methodologies of molecular weight control generally cannot suppress or alleviate batch-to-batch variations in device performance, especially in polymer solar cells. Herein, we develop an in-situ photoluminescence system in tandem with a set of analysis and processing procedures to track and estimate the polymerization degree of organic photovoltaic materials. To support the development of this protocol, we introduce polymer acceptor PYT constructed by near-infrared Y-series small molecule acceptors via Stille polymerization, and shed light on the correlations between molecular weight, spectral parameters, and device efficiencies that enable the design of the optical setup and confirm its feasibility. The universality is verified in PYT derivatives with stereoregularity and fluoro-substitution as well as benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-based polymers. Overall, our result provides a tool to tailor suitable conjugated oligomers applied to polymer solar cells and other organic electronics for industrial scalability and desired cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yong Xu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xinrong Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mingxia Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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3
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Li Y, Yuan X, Kim S, Zhang Y, Xie D, Tan X, Yang C, Huang X, Huang F, Cao Y, Duan C. Revealing the Molecular Weight Effect on Highly Efficient Polythiophene Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37294863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polythiophenes (PTs) are promising electron donors in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to their simple structures and excellent synthetic scalability. Benefiting from the rational molecular design, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PT solar cells has been greatly improved. Herein, five batches of the champion PT (P5TCN-F25) with molecular weights ranging from 30 to 87 kg mol-1 were prepared, and the effect of the molecular weight on the blend film morphology and photovoltaic performance of PT solar cells was systematically investigated. The results showed that the PCEs of the devices improved first and then maintained a high value with the increase of molecular weight, and the highest PCE of 16.7% in binary PT solar cells was obtained. Further characterizations revealed that the promotion in photovoltaic performance mainly comes from finer phase separation structures and more compact molecular packing in the blend film. The best device stabilities were also achieved by polymers with high molecular weights. Overall, this study highlights the importance of optimizing the molecular weight for PTs and offers directions to further improve the PCE of PT solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youle Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiyue Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Seoyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongsheng Xie
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxin Tan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Changduk Yang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Xuelong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
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4
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Huang G, Wu N, Wang X, Zhang G, Qiu L. Role of Molecular Weight in the Mechanical Properties and Charge Transport of Conjugated Polymers Containing Siloxane Side Chains. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200149. [PMID: 35592913 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The molecular weight is a key factor affecting the properties of conjugated polymers. To determine the critical molecular weights of conjugated polymers modified with siloxane side chains, poly-diketo-pyrrolopyrrole-selenophene (PTDPPSe-5Si) samples with molecular weights ranging from 20 to 350 kDa are synthesized. The critical molecular weight of the polymer is determined in the range of 60-100 kDa by testing the viscosity of the solution. When the molecular weight of the 27-60 kDa polymers is below the critical molecular weight, they exhibit a high crystallinity and low ductility. When the molecular weight of the 100 kDa polymer reaches the critical molecular weight, the crystallinity decreases, and the ductility increases. As the molecular weight increases, the polymer film also gradually changes from brittle to ductile. Furthermore, when the molecular weight of the 315 kDa polymer is much higher than the critical molecular weight, the film exhibits a significant ductility, which results in the polymer films showing no pronounced cracks after high-percentage stretching. Additionally, due to the oriented alignment of the molecular chains caused by stretching, the carrier mobility in the parallel direction becomes 2.14-fold of the initial film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Huang
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Ning Wu
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Guobing Zhang
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Longzhen Qiu
- National Engineering Lab of Special Display Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Academy of Opto-Electronic Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.,Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
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5
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Li T, He Q, Guan Y, Liao J, He Y, Luo X, Cao W, Cui Z, Jia S, Liu A, Yao S, Guan X, Zhang H, Lu D. Influence of molecular weight and the change of solvent solubility on β conformation and chains condensed state structure for poly (9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) in solution. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Liu Y, Yuan X, Wu J, Hu X, Zhu N, Guo K. Access to high-molecular-weight poly(γ-butyrolactone) by using simple commercial catalysts. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The simple commercial organomagnesium catalysts were utilized for efficient access to high-molecular-weight poly(γ-butyrolactone) and facile manipulation of the reaction conditions enabled the polymer topology controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuan Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China
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7
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Radford CL, Kelly TL. Controlling solid-state structure and film morphology in non-fullerene organic photovoltaic devices. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2021-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have long promised to provide renewable energy in a scalable, cost-effective way; however, for years, their relatively low efficiency has been a significant barrier to commercialization. Recent progress on cell efficiency means that OSCs are now much more competitive with other established technologies. These key advancements have come from better understanding and controlling the molecular structure, solid-state packing, and film morphology of the light absorbing layer. This focused review will explore the different ways that the solid-state structure and film morphology of the light absorbing layer can be controlled. It will examine the key features of an efficient light absorbing layer and present guiding principles for creating efficient OSCs. The future directions and remaining research questions of this field will be briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase L. Radford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Timothy L. Kelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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8
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Leenaers P, van Eersel H, Li J, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. Influence of Regioregularity on the Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Diketopyrrolopyrrole Polymers Comprising Asymmetric Monomers. Macromolecules 2020; 53:7749-7758. [PMID: 32981968 PMCID: PMC7513466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Two asymmetric thiophene (T)/pyridine (Py) flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) polymers with a regiorandom and regioregular conjugated backbone are synthesized via a Stille polycondensation to investigate the effect of regioregularity on their optoelectronic properties and photovoltaic performance in fullerene-based polymer solar cells. Surprisingly, both polymers possess very similar optical bandgap, energy levels, and photovoltaic performance. These findings, combined with a factor of 19 reactivity difference between the two end groups of the asymmetric DPP monomer, intuitively suggest the formation of regular chain segments in the random polymer. However, by modeling the random polymerization reaction with a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulation, evidence is obtained for exclusive formation of a fully random polymer structure. UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra of three extended DPP chromophores, containing the donor segments (T-T-T, Py-T-Py, and Py-T-T) present in the regiorandom polymer, confirm that regioregularity of the backbone has a negligible influence on the optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter
J. Leenaers
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harm van Eersel
- Simbeyond
B.V., Groene Loper 5, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Junyu Li
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, 5612
AJ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Chochos CL, Spanos M, Katsouras A, Tatsi E, Drakopoulou S, Gregoriou VG, Avgeropoulos A. Current status, challenges and future outlook of high performance polymer semiconductors for organic photovoltaics modules. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Wang X, Tang A, Chen F, Zhou E. Side-chain effect in ethenylene fused thiophene-vinylene-thiophene (ETVT) based photovoltaic polymers. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Heintges GHL, Janssen RAJ. On the homocoupling of trialkylstannyl monomers in the synthesis of diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers and its effect on the performance of polymer-fullerene photovoltaic cells. RSC Adv 2019; 9:15703-15714. [PMID: 35521400 PMCID: PMC9064343 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02670c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocoupling of monomers in a palladium-catalyzed copolymerization of donor–acceptor polymers affects the perfect alternating structure and may deteriorate the performance of such materials in solar cells. Here we investigate the effect of homocoupling bis(trialkylstannyl)-thiophene and -bithiophene monomers in two low band gap poly(diketopyrrolopyrrole-alt-oligothiophene) polymers by deliberately introducing extended oligothiophene defects in a controlled fashion. We find that extension of the oligothiophene by one or two thiophenes and creating defects up to at least 10% does not significantly affect the opto-electronic properties of the polymers or their photovoltaic performance as electron donor in solar cells in combination with [6,6]-phenyl C71 butytic acid methyl ester as acceptor. By using model reactions, we further demonstrate that for the optimized synthetic protocol and palladium-catalyst system the naturally occurring defect concentration in the polymers is expected to be less than 0.5%. By introducing homocoupled segments in a conjugated polymer in a controlled fashion it is possible to assess the effect of structural defects on the performance of polymer solar cells.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël H. L. Heintges
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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12
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Lai YY, Huang VH, Lee HT, Yang HR. Stacking Principles on π- and Lamellar Stacking for Organic Semiconductors Evaluated by Energy Decomposition Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:18656-18662. [PMID: 31458431 PMCID: PMC6643516 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two stacking manners, that is, π- and lamellar stacking, are generally found for organic semiconductors, in which the π-stacking occurs between conjugated groups and the lamellar stacking refers to the separation of the conjugated and aliphatic moieties. The stacking principles are yet not well-defined. In this work, extended transition state-natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV), an energy decomposition analysis, is utilized to examine the π- and lamellar stacking for a series of naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (R-NDI) crystals. The crucial role of dispersion is validated. The perception that π-stacking is merely determined by the conjugated moiety is challenged. The stacking principles are associated with the closest packing model. Nanoscopic phase separation of conjugated and aliphatic moieties and the formation of lamellar and herringbone motifs in the R-NDIs can thus be clarified. Moreover, the interactions between NDI and the alkyl chain are investigated, revealing that the interactions can be significant, being contradictory to the conventional point of view. Along with R-NDIs, additional organic crystals consisting of various conjugated functionalities and substituents are also investigated by ETS-NOCV. The sampling scope is up to 108 conjugated molecules. The dominant role of dispersion force irrespective of the variation in the conjugated moieties and substituents is further confirmed. It is envisaged that the established principles are applicable to other organic semiconductors. The perspective toward the π- and lamellar stacking might be modified, paving the way for ultimate morphological control.
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13
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Tatsi E, Spanos M, Katsouras A, Squeo BM, Ibraikulov OA, Zimmermann N, Heiser T, Lévêque P, Gregoriou VG, Avgeropoulos A, Leclerc N, Chochos CL. Effect of Aryl Substituents and Fluorine Addition on the Optoelectronic Properties and Organic Solar Cell Performance of a High Efficiency Indacenodithienothiophene-alt
-Quinoxaline π-Conjugated Polymer. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Tatsi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
| | - Michael Spanos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue Athens 11635 Greece
| | - Athanasios Katsouras
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
| | - Benedetta M. Squeo
- Advent Technologies SA; Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street, Platani-Rio Patra 26504 Greece
| | - Olzhas A. Ibraikulov
- Laboratoire ICube; CNRS, Université de Strasbourg; UMR7357, 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Nicolas Zimmermann
- Laboratoire ICube; CNRS, Université de Strasbourg; UMR7357, 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Thomas Heiser
- Laboratoire ICube; CNRS, Université de Strasbourg; UMR7357, 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Patrick Lévêque
- Laboratoire ICube; CNRS, Université de Strasbourg; UMR7357, 23 rue du Loess 67037 Strasbourg France
| | - Vasilis G. Gregoriou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue Athens 11635 Greece
- Advent Technologies SA; Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street, Platani-Rio Patra 26504 Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie; l’Environnement et la Santé; Université de Strasbourg; Ecole Européenne de Chimie; Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Christos L. Chochos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering; University of Ioannina; Ioannina 45110 Greece
- Advent Technologies SA; Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street, Platani-Rio Patra 26504 Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation; Institute of Biology; Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology; 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue Athens 11635 Greece
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14
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Leone AK, Mueller EA, McNeil AJ. The History of Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings Should Inspire the Future of Catalyst-Transfer Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15126-15139. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Leone
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Emily A. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Anne J. McNeil
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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15
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Más-Montoya M, Li J, Wienk MM, Meskers SCJ, Janssen RAJ. Effects of fluorination and thermal annealing on charge recombination processes in polymer bulk-heterojunction solar cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2018; 6:19520-19531. [PMID: 30713689 PMCID: PMC6333271 DOI: 10.1039/c8ta03031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of fluorination on the photovoltaic properties of an alternating conjugated polymer composed of 4,8-di-2-thienylbenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene (BDT) and 4,7-bis([2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)-benzo-2-1-3-thiadiazole (4TBT) units in bulk-heterojunction solar cells. The unsubstituted and fluorinated polymers afford very similar open-circuit voltages and fill factor values, but the fluorinated polymer performed better due to enhanced aggregation which provides a higher photocurrent. The photovoltaic performance of both materials improved upon thermal annealing at 150-200 °C as a result of a significantly increased fill factor and open-circuit voltage, counteracted by a slight loss in photocurrent. Detailed studies of the morphology, light intensity dependence, external quantum efficiency and electroluminescence allowed the exploration of the effects of fluorination and thermal annealing on the charge recombination and the nature of the donor-acceptor interfacial charge transfer states in these films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Más-Montoya
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Junyu Li
- DSM DMSC R&D Solutions , P.O. Box 18 , 6160 MD Geleen , The Netherlands
| | - Martijn M Wienk
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Stefan C J Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems , Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513 , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
- Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research , De Zaale 20 , 5612 AJ Eindhoven , The Netherlands .
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16
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Chochos CL, Chávez P, Bulut I, Lévêque P, Spanos M, Tatsi E, Katsouras A, Avgeropoulos A, Gregoriou VG, Leclerc N. Experimental and theoretical investigations on the optical and electrochemical properties of π-conjugated donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) compounds toward a universal model. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:124902. [PMID: 30278667 DOI: 10.1063/1.5049670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of nine (9) donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) π-conjugated small molecules were synthesized via palladium catalyzed Stille aromatic cross-coupling reactions by the combination of six (6) heterocycle building blocks (thiophene, furan, thiazole, 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole, 2,1,3-pyridinothiadiazole, thienothiadiazole) acting as electron donating (thiazole, furan, thiophene) and electron deficient (benzothiadiazole, pyridinethiadiazole, thienothiadiazole) units. These model compounds enable determining the correspondence between the theoretical and experimental optical and electrochemical properties for the first time, via Density Functional Theory (DFT), time-dependent DFT, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, accordingly. The obtained theoretical models can be utilized for the design and synthesis of new DAD structures with precise optical bandgaps, absorption maxima, and energy levels suitable for different optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos L Chochos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Patricia Chávez
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ibrahim Bulut
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Lévêque
- Laboratoire ICube, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, UMR7357, 23 Rue du Loess, 67037 Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Spanos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Elisavet Tatsi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Athanasios Katsouras
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens 11635, Greece
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, Université de Strasbourg, Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
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17
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18
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Low-bandgap semiconducting polymers based on sulfur-containing phenacene-type molecules for transistor and solar cell applications. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Lee SM, Park KH, Jung S, Park H, Yang C. Stepwise heating in Stille polycondensation toward no batch-to-batch variations in polymer solar cell performance. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1867. [PMID: 29760443 PMCID: PMC5951883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
For a given π-conjugated polymer, the batch-to-batch variations in molecular weight (Mw) and polydispersity index (Ð) can lead to inconsistent process-dependent material properties and consequent performance variations in the device application. Using a stepwise-heating protocol in the Stille polycondensation in conjunction with optimized processing, we obtained an ultrahigh-quality PTB7 polymer having high Mw and very narrow Ð. The resulting ultrahigh-quality polymer-based solar cells demonstrate up to 9.97% power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), which is over 24% enhancement from the control devices fabricated with commercially available PTB7. Moreover, we observe almost negligible batch-to-batch variations in the overall PCE values from ultrahigh-quality polymer-based devices. The proposed stepwise polymerization demonstrates a facile and effective strategy for synthesizing high-quality semiconducting polymers that can significantly improve device yield in polymer-based solar cells, an important factor for the commercialization of organic solar cells, by mitigating device-to-device variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Myeon Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungon Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesung Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Jaglarz J, Małek A, Sanetra J. Thermal Dependence of Optical Parameters of Thin Polythiophene Films Blended with PCBM. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10040454. [PMID: 30966489 PMCID: PMC6415214 DOI: 10.3390/polym10040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this work is to show the thermal dependence of the refractive and extinction indices of conjugated polymer films used in optoelectronics devices. Herein, we present the results of optical investigations performed for the following polymers: poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT), and their blends with [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). For our analysis, we chose well-known polythiophenes such P3HT and P3OT, often used in photovoltaic cells. Our addition of PCMB to the polythiophenes allows their conversion efficiency to be increased. This paper presents the results of our investigation determining the spectral dispersion of optical constants in a wavelength range of 190–1700 nm by using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Furthermore, we show the temperature dependence of the refractive indices of polythiophene films for a heating and a cooling process in the temperature range 25–130 °C. Additionally, thermo-optic coefficients and an optical gap were established and are presented in the paper, followed by a discussion on the conditions of the thermal stability of polythiophene blends and reversibility issues in thermal processes. Our paper presents a new and fresh analysis of depolarization beams after their reflection from the studied films. The paper presents the results of thermo-optical studies of polymer blends which have not been included in previously published works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Jaglarz
- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Department, Cracow University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 37 str., 31-867 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Anna Małek
- Department of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Sanetra
- Institute of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 str., 30-841 Cracow, Poland.
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21
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Chochos CL, Singh R, Gregoriou VG, Kim M, Katsouras A, Serpetzoglou E, Konidakis I, Stratakis E, Cho K, Avgeropoulos A. Enhancement of the Power-Conversion Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells via Unveiling an Appropriate Rational Design Strategy in Indacenodithiophene- alt-quinoxaline π-Conjugated Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:10236-10245. [PMID: 29508996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the photovoltaic parameters, photophysical properties, optoelectronic properties, self-assembly, and morphology variations in a series of high-performance donor-acceptor (D-A) π-conjugated polymers based on indacenodithiophene and quinoxaline moieties as a function of the number-average molecular weight ([Formula: see text]), the nature of aryl substituents, and the enlargement of the polymer backbone. One of the most important outcome is that from the three optimization approaches followed to tune the chemical structure toward enhanced photovoltaic performance in bulk heterojunction solar cell devices with the fullerene derivative [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester as the electron acceptor, the choice of the aryl substituent is the most efficient rational design strategy. Incorporation of thienyl rings as substituents versus phenyl rings accelerates the electron-hole extraction process to the respective electrode, despite the slightly lower recombination lifetime and, thus, improves the electrical performance of the device. Single-junction solar cells based on ThIDT-TQxT feature a maximum power-conversion efficiency of 7.26%. This study provides significant insights toward understanding of the structure-properties-performance relationship for D-A π-conjugated polymers in solid state, which provide helpful inputs for the design of next-generation polymeric semiconductors for organic solar cells with enhanced performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos L Chochos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
- Advent Technologies SA , Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street , Platani-Rio, 26504 Patras , Greece
| | - Ranbir Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- Advent Technologies SA , Patras Science Park, Stadiou Street , Platani-Rio, 26504 Patras , Greece
- National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF) , 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue , Athens 11635 , Greece
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Athanasios Katsouras
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
| | - Efthymis Serpetzoglou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion 71110 , Crete , Greece
| | - Ioannis Konidakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion 71110 , Crete , Greece
| | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , P.O. Box 1527, Heraklion 71110 , Crete , Greece
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 790-784 , Korea
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering , University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110 , Greece
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22
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Sukhikh AS, Basova TV, Gromilov SA. The use of 2D diffractometry data for oriented samples in the choice of a unit cell. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022476617050146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Cho HJ, Kang SJ, Lee SM, Jeong M, Kim G, Noh YY, Yang C. Influence of Simultaneous Tuning of Molecular Weights and Alkyl Substituents of Poly(thienoisoindigo-alt-naphthalene)s on Morphology and Change Transport Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:30755-30763. [PMID: 28825468 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To simultaneously assess the impact of molecular weight (Mn) and alkyl substituent variations of polymers on the structural and optoelectronic properties, herein, we conduct a systematic study of a series of poly(thienoisoindigo-alt-naphthalene) (PTIIG-Np)-based polymers containing different alkyl substituents (2-hexyldecyl (HD), 2-octyldodecyl (OD), and 2-decyltetradecyl (DT) chains) and Mn's (low (L) and high (H)). All of the polymers produce almost identical energy levels, whereas their optical spectra show a clear dependence on Mn's and the alkyl substituents. Interestingly, increasing the alkyl substituent sizes of the polymers steadily increases the lamellar d-spacings (d100), ultimately leading to a densely packed lamellar structure for PTIIGHD-Np. In addition, both H-PTIIGOD-Np and H-PTIIGDT-Np exhibit larger π-stacking crystallites than the corresponding low-Mn polymers, while for PTIIGHD-Np, their size increases in the low-Mn batch. Ultimately, L-PTIIGHD-Np shows the best hole mobility of 1.87 cm2 V-1 s-1 in top-gate and bottom-contact organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with a poly(methyl methacrylate), which is nearly 1 order of magnitude higher than other polymers tested in this study. Our results demonstrate that the simultaneous Mn and alkyl substituent engineering of the polymers can optimize their film morphology to produce high-performance OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Cho
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Ju Kang
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Myeon Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingyu Jeong
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoungsik Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Young Noh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University , 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Perovtronics Research Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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24
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Eremin DB, Ananikov VP. Understanding active species in catalytic transformations: From molecular catalysis to nanoparticles, leaching, “Cocktails” of catalysts and dynamic systems. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Mori H, Hara S, Nishinaga S, Nishihara Y. Solar Cell Performance of Phenanthrodithiophene–Isoindigo Copolymers Depends on Their Thin-Film Structure and Molecular Weight. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mori
- Research
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and ‡Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular
Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1
Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shuto Hara
- Research
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and ‡Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular
Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1
Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nishinaga
- Research
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and ‡Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular
Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1
Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yasushi Nishihara
- Research
Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and ‡Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular
Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1
Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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26
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Efrem A, Wang K, Jia T, Wang M. Direct arylation polymerization toward a narrow bandgap donor-acceptor conjugated polymer of alternating 5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole and alkyl-quarternarythiophene: From synthesis, optoelectronic properties to devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amsalu Efrem
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive 637459 Singapore
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive 637459 Singapore
| | - Tao Jia
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive 637459 Singapore
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; 62 Nanyang Drive 637459 Singapore
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27
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Pouliot JR, Grenier F, Blaskovits JT, Beaupré S, Leclerc M. Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization: Simplicity for Conjugated Polymer Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14225-14274. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Rémi Pouliot
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Grenier
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Serge Beaupré
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada
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28
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Livi F, Gobalasingham NS, Thompson BC, Bundgaard E. Analysis of diverse direct arylation polymerization (DArP) conditions toward the efficient synthesis of polymers converging with stille polymers in organic solar cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Livi
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
- DTU EnergyTechnical University of DenmarkRoskilde DK‐4000 Denmark
| | - Nemal S. Gobalasingham
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Barry C. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Loker Hydrocarbon Research InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles California90089‐1661
| | - Eva Bundgaard
- DTU EnergyTechnical University of DenmarkRoskilde DK‐4000 Denmark
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29
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Burrows HD, Costa T, Ramos ML, Valente AJM, Stewart B, Justino LLG, Almeida AIA, Catarina NL, Mallavia R, Knaapila M. Self-assembled systems of water soluble metal 8-hydroxyquinolates with surfactants and conjugated polyelectrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16629-40. [PMID: 26817700 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the interaction of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate (8-HQS) with the metal ions Al(iii) and Zn(ii) in aqueous solution in the presence of tetraalkylammonium surfactants using UV/vis absorption, fluorescence, NMR spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements, complemented by DFT calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Under appropriate conditions, complexes between 8-HQS and metal ions form rapidly, and have similar electronic, spectroscopic and photophysical properties to the corresponding metal quinolates, such as Alq3. These interact with the cationic surfactants, leading to marked increases in fluorescence intensity. However, significant differences are seen in the behavior of the two metal ions. With aluminium, a stable [Al(8-QS)3](3-) anion is formed, and interacts, predominantly through electrostatic interactions, with the surfactant, without disrupting the metal ion coordination sphere. In contrast, with Zn(ii), there is a competition between the metal ion and surfactants in the interaction with 8-HQS, although the [Zn(8-QS)2(H2O)2](2-) species is stable at appropriate pH and surfactant concentration. The studies are extended to systems with the conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) poly-(9,9-bis(6-N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)-fluorene-phenylene bromide (HTMA-PFP), which has a similar alkylammonium chain to the surfactants. Mixing metal salt, 8-HQS and HTMA-PFP in the presence of a nonionic surfactant leads to the formation of a metal complex/CPE supramolecular assembly between the conjugated polyelectrolyte and the metal/8-HQS complex, as demonstrated by electronic energy transfer. The potential of these systems in sensing, light harvesting, and electron injection/transport layers in organic semiconductor devices is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Burrows
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Telma Costa
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - M Luisa Ramos
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Artur J M Valente
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Beverly Stewart
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Licinia L G Justino
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Aline I A Almeida
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nathanny Lessa Catarina
- Centro de Química, Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Mallavia
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Matti Knaapila
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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30
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Leclerc N, Chávez P, Ibraikulov OA, Heiser T, Lévêque P. Impact of Backbone Fluorination on π-Conjugated Polymers in Organic Photovoltaic Devices: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8010011. [PMID: 30979109 PMCID: PMC6432616 DOI: 10.3390/polym8010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Solution-processed bulk heterojunction solar cells have experienced a remarkable acceleration in performances in the last two decades, reaching power conversion efficiencies above 10%. This impressive progress is the outcome of a simultaneous development of more advanced device architectures and of optimized semiconducting polymers. Several chemical approaches have been developed to fine-tune the optoelectronics and structural polymer parameters required to reach high efficiencies. Fluorination of the conjugated polymer backbone has appeared recently to be an especially promising approach for the development of efficient semiconducting polymers. As a matter of fact, most currently best-performing semiconducting polymers are using fluorine atoms in their conjugated backbone. In this review, we attempt to give an up-to-date overview of the latest results achieved on fluorinated polymers for solar cells and to highlight general polymer properties’ evolution trends related to the fluorination of their conjugated backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leclerc
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, ICPEES, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Patricia Chávez
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé, ICPEES, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Olzhas A Ibraikulov
- Laboratoire ICube, DESSP, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67037, France.
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Thomas Heiser
- Laboratoire ICube, DESSP, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67037, France.
| | - Patrick Lévêque
- Laboratoire ICube, DESSP, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 23 rue du Loess, Strasbourg 67037, France.
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