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Catanzaro E, Bishayee A, Fimognari C. On a Beam of Light: Photoprotective Activities of the Marine Carotenoids Astaxanthin and Fucoxanthin in Suppression of Inflammation and Cancer. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E544. [PMID: 33143013 PMCID: PMC7692561 DOI: 10.3390/md18110544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Every day, we come into contact with ultraviolet radiation (UVR). If under medical supervision, small amounts of UVR could be beneficial, the detrimental and hazardous effects of UVR exposure dictate an unbalance towards the risks on the risk-benefit ratio. Acute and chronic effects of ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B involve mainly the skin, the immune system, and the eyes. Photodamage is an umbrella term that includes general phototoxicity, photoaging, and cancer caused by UVR. All these phenomena are mediated by direct or indirect oxidative stress and inflammation and are strictly connected one to the other. Astaxanthin (ASX) and fucoxanthin (FX) are peculiar marine carotenoids characterized by outstanding antioxidant properties. In particular, ASX showed exceptional efficacy in counteracting all categories of photodamages, in vitro and in vivo, thanks to both antioxidant potential and activation of alternative pathways. Less evidence has been produced about FX, but it still represents an interesting promise to prevent the detrimental effect of UVR. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of digging into the marine ecosystem to look for new compounds that could be beneficial for human health and confirm that the marine environment is as much as full of active compounds as the terrestrial one, it just needs to be more explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Catanzaro
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, corso d’Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
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Fernandez-Flores A, Varela-Vazquez A, Mayan MD, Fonseca E. Expression of connexin 43 by atypical fibroxanthoma. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 48:247-254. [PMID: 32851695 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Connexins are transmembrane channel proteins that interconnect adjacent cells and allow the exchange of signaling molecules between cells and the extracellular milieu. They have been investigated in many tumors to obtain information about tumor nature, behavior, and prognosis. METHODS Herein, we present a study on the immunohistochemical expression of connexin (Cx) 43 in 16 cases of atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX). For the immunohistochemical staining, a tissue array was obtained from the paraffin-embedded blocks. RESULTS The expression was membranous and cytoplasmic in all cases. Thirteen cases (81.25%) showed strong staining. In the other three cases (18.75%), the staining was medium. None of the cases showed nuclear staining. Fifteen out of 16 cases showed a diffuse pattern, and only one case showed a focal pattern. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Cx43 may play an important role in the natural behavior of AFX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernandez-Flores
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada, Spain.,Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital de la Reina, Ponferrada, Spain.,Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC). University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Adrian Varela-Vazquez
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC). University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maria D Mayan
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC). University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC). University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
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Chen ML, Lin YH, Yang CM, Hu ML. Lycopene inhibits angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting MMP-2/uPA system through VEGFR2-mediated PI3K-Akt and ERK/p38 signaling pathways. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:889-99. [PMID: 22707264 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Limited in vitro data show that lycopene may be anti-angiogenic but with unclear mechanisms. Here, we employed ex vivo and in vivo assays to substantiate the anti-angiogenic action of lycopene and determined its molecular mechanisms in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). METHODS AND RESULTS The anti-angiogenic activity of lycopene was confirmed by ex vivo rat aortic ring and in vivo chorioallantoic membrane assays. Furthermore, the in vivo matrigel plug assay in mice demonstrated that lycopene implanted s.c. at the highest dose used (400 μg/plug) completely inhibited the formation of vascular endothelial cells induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As expected, lycopene inhibited tube formation, invasion, and migration in HUVECs, and such actions were accompanied by reduced activities of matrix metalloproteinase-2, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and protein expression of Rac1, and by enhancing protein expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Moreover, lycopene attenuated VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2)-mediated phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and Akt as well as protein expression of PI3K. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate the anti-angiogenic effect of lycopene both in vitro and in vivo. The anti-angiogenic activity of lycopene may involve inhibition of MMP-2/uPA system through VEGFR2-mediated PI3K-Akt and ERK/p38 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Portsmouth D, Hlavaty J, Renner M. Suicide genes for cancer therapy. Mol Aspects Med 2007; 28:4-41. [PMID: 17306358 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2006.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The principle of using suicide genes for gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) of cancer has gained increasing significance during the 20 years since its inception. The astute application of suitable GDEPT systems should permit tumour ablation in the absence of off-target toxicity commonly associated with classical chemotherapy, a hypothesis which is supported by encouraging results in a multitude of pre-clinical animal models. This review provides a clear explanation of the rationale behind the GDEPT principle, outlining the advantages and limitations of different GDEPT strategies with respect to the roles of the bystander effect, the immune system and the selectivity of the activated prodrug in contributing to their therapeutic efficacy. An in-depth analysis of the most widely used suicide gene/prodrug combinations is presented, including details of the latest advances in enzyme and prodrug optimisation and results from the most recent clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Portsmouth
- Research Institute for Virology and Biomedicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Kun Y, Ssonko Lule U, Xiao-Lin D. Lycopene: Its Properties and Relationship to Human Health. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/87559120600864753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Evaluation of the human genome suggests that all members of the connexin family of gap-junction proteins have now been successfully identified. This large and diverse family of proteins facilitates a number of vital cellular functions coupled with their roles, which range from the intercellular propagation of electrical signals to the selective intercellular passage of small regulatory molecules. Importantly, the extent of gap-junctional intercellular communication is under the direct control of regulatory events associated with channel assembly and turnover, as the vast majority of connexins have remarkably short half-lives of only a few hours. Since most cell types express multiple members of the connexin family, compensatory mechanisms exist to salvage tissue function in cases when one connexin is mutated or lost. However, numerous studies of the last decade have revealed that mutations in connexin genes can also lead to severe and debilitating diseases. In many cases, single point mutations lead to dramatic effects on connexin trafficking, assembly and channel function. This review will assess the current understanding of wild-type and selected disease-linked mutant connexin transport through the secretory pathway, gap-junction assembly at the cell surface, internalization and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Laird
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1.
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7
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Fernández JA. Anticancer properties of saffron, Crocus sativus Linn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-557x(05)02018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
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Daubrawa F, Sies H, Stahl W. Astaxanthin diminishes gap junctional intercellular communication in primary human fibroblasts. J Nutr 2005; 135:2507-11. [PMID: 16251602 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.11.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid found in plants and algae; it provides the color of marine seafood such as salmon, lobster, or shrimp. Carotenoids are antioxidants and exhibit other biological functions, including effects on gap junctional communication important for homeostasis, growth control, and development of cells. Cancer cells have an impaired gap junctional intercellular communication. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on gap junctional intercellular communication in vitro. Primary human skin fibroblasts were exposed to carotenoids from 0.001 to 10 micromol/L, and gap junctional communication was measured with a dye transfer assay. After incubation with canthaxanthin for 24 and 72 h, intercellular communication increased, whereas it was strongly diminished by astaxanthin at levels > 0.1 micromol/L. Inhibition was reversed when astaxanthin was withdrawn. Western blot analysis showed that after exposure to canthaxanthin, the amount of the gap junction protein connexin43 was increased. Incubation with astaxanthin led to a change in the phosphorylation pattern of connexin43, shifting from higher to lower phosphorylation states. We suggest that astaxanthin affects channel function by changing the phosphorylation pattern of connexin43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicitas Daubrawa
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Shi J, Qu Q, Kakùda Y, Yeung D, Jiang Y. Stability and Synergistic Effect of Antioxidative Properties of Lycopene and Other Active Components. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2005; 44:559-73. [PMID: 15969328 DOI: 10.1080/15417060490908962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Shi
- Guelph Food Research Program, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ontario, Canada.
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Yeh SL, Hu ML. Oxidized beta-carotene inhibits gap junction intercellular communication in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1677-84. [PMID: 14563393 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its antioxidant activity, beta-carotene (BC) is known to enhance gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) by up-regulation of connexin 43 (Cx43), an action that may be important in its control of tumor growth. Surprisingly, two clinical trials on supplemental BC suggest that BC may increase lung cancer incidence in smokers. Recently, an animal study indicated that a very high dose of BC (50 mg/kg b.w./day for 5 days) decreases GJIC in rat liver, while a lower dose (5 mg/kg b.w./day) increases GJIC. It is unclear how high-doses of BC inhibit GJIC. In this study, we tested whether oxidized BC (OBC, obtained by heating BC at 60 degrees C in open air for 1 h) may inhibit GJIC. We incubated a human lung cancer cell line (A549) with OBC or BC at 2-10 microM for 5 days. Cell viability (by Trypan-blue assay), GJIC (by scrape-loading dye transfer) and Cx43 expression (by western blotting and immunocytochemical localization) were measured to investigate the effects of OBC and BC on GJIC and the possible mechanisms. The results show that OBC at concentrations lower than 10 microM did not significantly affect cell viability. However, OBC at 5 muM inhibited GJIC, whereas BC at 5 microM markedly increased GJIC. The loss of GJIC in A549 induced by OBC accompanied the aberrant localization and phosphorylation of connexin43 (Cx43). These changes in the expression of Cx43 induced by OBC were similar to those induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a tumor promoter. Thus, our results suggest that in vivo inhibition of GJIC by a high dose of BC on GJIC is, at least in part, attributable to the effect of OBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lan Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Nutritional Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
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Livny O, Kaplan I, Reifen R, Polak-Charcon S, Madar Z, Schwartz B. Oral Cancer Cells Differ From Normal Oral Epithelial Cells in Tissuelike Organization and in Response to Lycopene Treatment: An Organotypic Cell Culture Study. Nutr Cancer 2003; 47:195-209. [PMID: 15087273 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4702_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We established distinctive monolayer and organotypic cell culture techniques to assess possible differences in cross-talk and spatial and structural organization of oral cancer cells compared with normal oral cells and also to evaluate possible differential responses of the cells to carotenoids. In monolayers, we investigated the effect of lycopene on the proliferation of an established oral cancer cell line, KB-1, and compared it with a primary cell line obtained from normal oral mucosa. Lycopene exerted a significant inhibitory effect on KB-1 cell proliferation inducing a dose-dependent downregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) associated with upregulation of connexin-43 (Cx-43) expression, whereas in the normal oral mucosal cells lycopene did not affect either PCNA expression, which was very low, or the expression of Cx-43, which was basically very high. Lycopene significantly inhibited the formation of colonies induced by the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (MCA) on normal oral cells and almost completely abrogated the hyperplastic effect induced by MCA. KB-1 cells and normal oral epithelial cells in the organotypic cell culture method differed in their stratification and intercellular adhesion patterns as well as in the expression profile of cytokeratins, vimentin, and Cx-43. Lycopene induced Cx-43 expression in KB-1 cells grown by the organotypic raft method, similar to KB-1 cells grown as monolayers. We conclude that lycopene is a promising chemopreventive, pro-differentiating, and anticarcinogenic agent. No adverse effects of lycopene were detected in normal cells cultured in either monolayer or organotypic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Livny
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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12
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Aust O, Ale-Agha N, Zhang L, Wollersen H, Sies H, Stahl W. Lycopene oxidation product enhances gap junctional communication. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:1399-407. [PMID: 12909274 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00148-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids as well as their metabolites and oxidation products stimulate gap junctional communication (GJC) between cells, which is thought to be one of the protective mechanisms related to cancer-preventive activities of these compounds. Increased intake of lycopene by consumption of tomatoes or tomato products has been epidemiologically associated with a diminished risk of prostate cancer. Here, we report a stimulatory effect of a lycopene oxidation product on GJC in rat liver epithelial WB-F344 cells. The active compound was obtained by complete in vitro oxidation of lycopene with hydrogen peroxide/osmium tetroxide. For structural analysis high performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, ultraviolet/visible-, and infrared spectrophotometry were applied. The biologically active oxidation product was identified as 2,7,11-trimethyl-tetradecahexaene-1,14-dial. The present data indicate a potential role of lycopene degradation products in cell signaling enhancing cell-to-cell communication via gap junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Aust
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Postfach 10 10 07, D-40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
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13
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Abdel-Baky HH, . EMG, . ANEB, . GSEB. Chemoprevention of Penzo[a]pyrene-induced Carcinogen and Lipid Peroxidation in Mice by Lipophilic Algae Extracts (Phycotene). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2002. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2002.185.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Naves MMV, Silveira ER, Dagli MLZ, Moreno FS. Effects of beta-carotene and vitamin A on oval cell proliferation and connexin 43 expression during hepatic differentiation in the rat(1). J Nutr Biochem 2001; 12:685-692. [PMID: 12031251 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(01)00187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of beta-carotene and vitamin A administrations were evaluated in an in vivo model of hepatic cell differentiation. For this purpose, male Wistar rats received beta-carotene (70 mg/kg of body weight), vitamin A (10 mg/kg of body weight) or corn oil (control group), by gavage and at every other day during the entire experimental period. After 4 consecutive weeks of treatment, the animals were submitted to the AAF/PH model of hepatic cell differentiation (6 x 20 mg of AAF [2-acetylaminofluorene]/kg of body weight and partial hepatectomy) and killed on different days following the surgery (until day 16 after hepatectomy). Liver samples were collected for determination of beta-carotene, retinol and retinyl palmitate concentrations, for histopathological (hematoxilin-eosin) examination, for immunohistochemical detection of glutathione S-transferase, as well as for the evaluation of connexin 43 (a structural protein of gap junctions of oval cells) expression by northern blot analysis. Compared to controls, the oval cell proliferation peaks (observed by histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry) and connexin 43 expression peaks, were postponed to later days after hepatectomy, in a similar way in beta-carotene and vitamin A treated animals. Compared to the other experimental groups, the vitamin A treated group showed an increase in connexin 43 expression. It was concluded that beta-carotene and vitamin A modulated oval cell proliferation and connexin 43 expression, delaying both events. These findings suggest that beta-carotene and vitamin A can modulate the hepatic differentiation process in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Margareth V. Naves
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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15
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Hieber AD, King TJ, Morioka S, Fukushima LH, Franke AA, Bertram JS. Comparative effects of all-trans beta-carotene vs. 9-cis beta-carotene on carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation and connexin 43 expression in murine 10T1/2 cells and on the differentiation of human keratinocytes. Nutr Cancer 2001; 37:234-44. [PMID: 11142098 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc372_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
9-cis beta-Carotene was extracted from a commercial extract of the algae Dunaliella salina (Betatene), and its actions on proliferation and gene expression were examined in murine 10T1/2 cells and human HaCaT keratinocytes. The 9-cis isomer was less active than all-trans beta-carotene in reducing proliferation and in upregulating expression of connexin 43 in 10T1/2 cells. However, it had comparable ability to suppress carcinogen-induced neoplastic transformation. When tested in HaCaT cells in organotypic culture, it was less active in inducing connexin 43 expression and suppressing expression of keratin K1. In this assay the all-trans isomer was highly active at 10(-6) M, whereas 10(-5) M 9-cis beta-carotene was required to produce a comparable effect. Only small reductions in expression of the basal keratin 5 were seen. All-trans and 9-cis retinoic acids, potential metabolites of beta-carotene isomers, were studied in the same systems. In contrast to the carotenoids, the 9-cis isomer of retinoic acid was approximately 10-fold more active in suppressing neoplastic transformation and inducing connexin 43 expression in both cell types than the all-trans isomer. The retinoic acid isomers were about equipotent in suppressing K1 expression. Cellular levels of 9-cis beta-carotene were approximately 3.5-fold lower than levels of all-trans beta-carotene, suggesting that part, but not all, of this decreased activity of the 9-cis isomer was due to decreased cell uptake. Thus 9-cis beta-carotene is consistently less active than the all-trans isomer; that 9-cis retinoic acid is, in general, much more potent than the all-trans isomer suggests little or no conversion from the carotenoid to the retinoid under these culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Hieber
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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King TJ, Fukushima LH, Hieber AD, Shimabukuro KA, Sakr WA, Bertram JS. Reduced levels of connexin43 in cervical dysplasia: inducible expression in a cervical carcinoma cell line decreases neoplastic potential with implications for tumor progression. Carcinogenesis 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.6.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hsu M, Andl T, Li G, Meinkoth JL, Herlyn M. Cadherin repertoire determines partner-specific gap junctional communication during melanoma progression. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 9):1535-42. [PMID: 10751145 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.9.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced gap junction activity has long been implicated in tumorigenesis. To elucidate the potential role of intercellular communication in melanoma development, we examined gap junctional capability of melanocytic cells from various stages of tumor progression in coculture models using dye transfer assays. Normal melanocytes coupled with keratinocytes by gap junctional formation, whereas melanoma cells did not. Instead, melanoma cells communicated among themselves and with fibroblasts. This switch in communication partners coincided with a shift from E-cadherin to N-cadherin expression during melanoma development. Forced expression of E-cadherin by adenoviral gene transfer in N-cadherin-expressing melanoma cells restored gap junctional compatibility with keratinocytes. Our data suggest that (1) melanocyte transformation is associated with loss of the pre-existing gap junctional activity with keratinocytes but a concomitant gain of communication with a newly juxtaposed cell type, the fibroblasts, (2) the specificity of gap junctional formation during melanoma development is determined by the cadherin profile on the melanocytic cells and (3) the overall gap junctional activity of melanocytic cells is not reduced with transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hsu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic agents have been those that either kill cancer cells to a differential degree over the non-cancer cells or those chemicals that either block the induction of tumors in carcinogen-treated animals or retard transplanted tumors in animals. Carcinogenesis is a multi-stage, multi-mechanism process, involving the irreversible alteration of a stem cell ("initiation"), followed by the clonal proliferation of the initiated cell ("promotion"). To develop a strategy for intervention with chemoprevention/chemotherapeutic chemicals, the basic mechanism(s) of carcinogenesis must be understood. Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) regulates cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis and adaptive functions of differentiated cells. Normal cells have functional GJIC while cancer cells do not. Tumor promoters and oncogenes inhibit GJIC, while anti-tumor promoter and anti-oncogene drugs can reverse the down-regulation of GJIC. Transfection of gap junction genes (connexins) has been shown to reverse the tumorigenic phenotype. If prevention/treatment of cancer is to occur, prevention of the chronic down regulation of GJIC by tumor promoters in non-tumorigenic but initiated cells or the up-regulation of GJIC in stably down-regulated GJIC in tumor cells must occur to prevent or to treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Trosko
- National Food Safety and Toxicology Center, Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
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Rautalahti MT, Virtamo JRK, Taylor PR, Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Haukka JK, Edwards BK, K�rkk�inen PA, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Huttunen J. The effects of supplementation with ?-tocopherol and ?-carotene on the incidence and mortality of carcinoma of the pancreas in a randomized, controlled trial. Cancer 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19990701)86:1<37::aid-cncr7>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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20
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β-Carotene and cancer chemoprevention: From epidemiological associations to cellular mechanisms of action. Nutr Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(98)00137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Krutovskikh V, Asamoto M, Takasuka N, Murakoshi M, Nishino H, Tsuda H. Differential dose-dependent effects of alpha-, beta-carotenes and lycopene on gap-junctional intercellular communication in rat liver in vivo. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88:1121-4. [PMID: 9473727 PMCID: PMC5921344 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1997.tb00338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to examine the relevance of alteration of gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) to chemopreventive activity against carcinogenesis, the effects of alpha- and beta-carotene as well as lycopene, typical chemopreventive carotenoids, on cell coupling via gap junctions in rat liver in vivo were studied using a direct functional dye-transfer technique. We found that all three test compounds given at a dose of 50 mg/kg-body weight (b.w.) daily, 5 times by gavage, inhibited GJIC, while similar treatment with 5 mg/kg b.w. caused enhancement, especially in the beta-carotene- and lycopene-treated groups. At the dose level of 0.5 mg/kg b.w., the three compounds had no effect. The findings show that all three agents differentially modulate GJIC depending on the dose, with beneficial effects on cell communication only detected at the one dose. The result suggests that determination of the dose of chemicals to be used is crucial for human intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Krutovskikh
- Chemotherapy Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo
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Woodall AA, Britton G, Jackson MJ. Carotenoids and protection of phospholipids in solution or in liposomes against oxidation by peroxyl radicals: relationship between carotenoid structure and protective ability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1336:575-86. [PMID: 9367186 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability of carotenoids to protect egg-yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC) lipids against oxidation by peroxyl radicals generated from azo-initiators was studied. In homogeneous organic solution, all the carotenoids tested ameliorated lipid peroxidation by AMVN, but none was as effective as alpha-tocopherol. Beta-ring carotenoids showed a correlation between protective effect and rate of carotenoid destruction. Beta,beta-Carotene and zeaxanthin, which react with peroxyl radicals at similar rates, gave a similar degree of protection in organic solution. The reactivity and protective ability of the 4,4'-diketocarotenoids, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin was less. Carotenoids incorporated into ordered membrane systems (EYPC liposomes) displayed different protective efficacies. Zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin were more effective than beta,beta-carotene against oxidation initiated in the aqueous and lipid phases. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin afforded less protection to the liposomal lipids. Lycopene was destroyed most rapidly but was least effective as an antioxidant. Located in the hydrophobic inner core of the bilayer, the hydrocarbons lycopene and beta,beta-carotene would not be in a position to readily intercept free-radicals entering the membrane from the aqueous phase. Carotenoids with polar end groups span the bilayer with their end groups located near the hydrophobic-hydrophillic interface where free-radical attack from AAPH first occurs. Hydrogen abstraction from C-4 may be one of the mechanisms of carotenoid antioxidant activity in this system. The chemical reactivity of a carotenoid is not the only factor that determines its ability to protect membranes against oxidation. The position and orientation of the carotenoid in the bilayer is also of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Woodall
- Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
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Jiang WG, Bryce RP, Mansel RE. Gamma linolenic acid regulates gap junction communication in endothelial cells and their interaction with tumour cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1997; 56:307-16. [PMID: 9150377 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-3278(97)90575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumour-endothelial cell adhesion forms a key role in the establishment of distant metastases. This study examined the effect of gamma linolenic acid (GLA), an anti-cancer polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), on both the gap junction communication of human vascular endothelial cells and tumour cell-endothelial interactions. By using scrape loading of Lucifer yellow dye, we showed that GLA at non-toxic levels increased Lucifer yellow transfer, indicating improved gap junction communication. The fatty acid also corrected the communication that was reduced by the mitogenic and motogenic factor HGF/SF. GLA inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of connexin-43, a protein that formed gap junction in this cell. When human tumour cells were added to quiescent or HGF/SF-activated endothelial cells, the presence of GLA reduced adhesion of tumour cells to the endothelium. It is concluded that GLA reduces tumour-endothelium adhesion, partly by improved gap junction communications of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Jiang
- University Department of Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
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24
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Banoub RW, Fernstrom M, Ruch RJ. Lack of growth inhibition or enhancement of gap junctional intercellular communication and connexin43 expression by beta-carotene in murine lung epithelial cells in vitro. Cancer Lett 1996; 108:35-40. [PMID: 8950206 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(96)04367-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The carotenoid, beta-carotene, has been examined in human trials as a possible lung cancer chemopreventive agent, but initial results indicate that the compound is ineffective. Here we have considered whether beta-carotene could enhance gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) and affect the growth of lung epithelial cells, since these effects may be involved in the carotenoid's chemopreventive actions. In accordance with its lack of lung cancer chemopreventive activity, beta-carotene (1-10 microM; 1-5 days treatment durations) did not affect GJIC, gap junction protein (connexin43; Cx43) expression, or growth in vitro of non-transformed (C10) or neoplastic (E9 and 82-132) murine lung epithelial cells. beta-Carotene enhanced GJIC and Cx43 expression and reduced the growth of C3H10T1/2 murine fibroblasts, however. These data indicate that the effects of beta-carotene on GJIC and growth are cell-specific which may partly explain why the carotenoid is an ineffective lung cancer chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Banoub
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43614, USA
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25
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Jyonouchi H, Sun S, Mizokami M, Gross MD. Effects of various carotenoids on cloned, effector-stage T-helper cell activity. Nutr Cancer 1996; 26:313-24. [PMID: 8910913 DOI: 10.1080/01635589609514487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin, a carotenoid without provitamin A activity, enhances murine T-helper (Th) cell clone-mediated antibody (Ab) production with suboptimal antigen (Ag) challenges. It also suppresses interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by cloned murine Th1 cells. beta-Carotene is less effective than astaxanthin. This study evaluates the effects of various carotenoids with various relative polarity, provitamin A activity, and antioxidant activity. Carotenoids tested include astaxanthin, cantaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, and lycopene, and their effects were tested at a concentration at which astaxanthin's effect was most potent. A.E7 and CDC35 cells are used as representative type 1 and type 2 Th cell (Th1 and Th2) clones, respectively. In the Th1 clone, astaxanthin, but not other carotenoids, suppressed IFN-gamma production and increased the number of Ab-secreting cells with the use of primed spleen cells. With cultures of Th1 cells and unprimed spleen cells, astaxanthin and zeaxanthin augmented the number of immunoglobulin M Ab-secreting cells. In the cultures of Th2 clone and primed spleen cells, astaxanthin, but not other carotenoids, enhanced the number of Ab-secreting cells. With unprimed spleen cells, lycopene suppressed Th2 clone-mediated Ab production. Interleukin-5 production by the Th2 clone was not significantly altered with the carotenoids tested, irrespective of the use of unprimed or primed spleen cells. Carotenoid actions on Th cells may vary in each carotenoid and do not seem to be closely associated with carotenoid antioxidant activity or relative polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jyonouchi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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