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Hou G, Hao M, Duan J, Han MH. The Formation and Function of the VTA Dopamine System. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3875. [PMID: 38612683 PMCID: PMC11011984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The midbrain dopamine system is a sophisticated hub that integrates diverse inputs to control multiple physiological functions, including locomotion, motivation, cognition, reward, as well as maternal and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that binds to G-protein-coupled receptors. Dopamine also works together with other neurotransmitters and various neuropeptides to maintain the balance of synaptic functions. The dysfunction of the dopamine system leads to several conditions, including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, major depression, schizophrenia, and drug addiction. The ventral tegmental area (VTA) has been identified as an important relay nucleus that modulates homeostatic plasticity in the midbrain dopamine system. Due to the complexity of synaptic transmissions and input-output connections in the VTA, the structure and function of this crucial brain region are still not fully understood. In this review article, we mainly focus on the cell types, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, ion channels, receptors, and neural circuits of the VTA dopamine system, with the hope of obtaining new insight into the formation and function of this vital brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Hou
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China (M.H.); (J.D.)
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mei Hao
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China (M.H.); (J.D.)
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiawen Duan
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China (M.H.); (J.D.)
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming-Hu Han
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China (M.H.); (J.D.)
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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2
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Mann LG, Claassen DO. Mesial temporal dopamine: From biology to behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:1141-1152. [PMID: 38057945 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
While colloquially recognized for its role in pleasure, reward, and affect, dopamine is also necessary for proficient action control. Many motor studies focus on dopaminergic transmission along the nigrostriatal pathway, using Parkinson's disease as a model of a dorsal striatal lesion. Less attention to the mesolimbic pathway and its role in motor control has led to an important question related to the limbic-motor network. Indeed, secondary targets of the mesolimbic pathway include the hippocampus and amygdala, and these are linked to the motor cortex through the substantia nigra and thalamus. The modulatory impact of dopamine in the hippocampus and amygdala in humans is a focus of current investigations. This review explores dopaminergic activity in the mesial temporal lobe by summarizing dopaminergic networks and transmission in these regions and examining their role in behaviour and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah G Mann
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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3
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Paul SM, Potter WZ. Finding new and better treatments for psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:3-9. [PMID: 37582978 PMCID: PMC10700311 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to most fields of medicine, progress to discover and develop new and improved psychiatric drugs has been slow and disappointing. The vast majority of currently prescribed drugs to treat schizophrenia, mood and anxiety disorders are arguably no more effective than the first generation of psychiatric drugs introduced well over 50 years ago. With only a few exceptions current psychiatric drugs work via the same fundamental mechanisms of action as first-generation agents. Here we describe the reasons for this slow progress and outline a number of areas of research that involve a greater reliance on experimental therapeutics utilizing recent advances in neuroscience to better understand disease biology. We exemplify the potential impact of these areas of research focus with several recent examples of novel agents that have emerged and which support our optimism that newer, more effective and better tolerated agents, are on the horizon. Together with existing drugs these newer agents and novel mechanisms could offer markedly improved functional outcomes for the millions of people still disabled by psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Paul
- Karuna Therapeutics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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4
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Koeglsperger T, Rumpf SL, Schließer P, Struebing FL, Brendel M, Levin J, Trenkwalder C, Höglinger GU, Herms J. Neuropathology of incidental Lewy body & prodromal Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:32. [PMID: 37173733 PMCID: PMC10182593 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00622-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with a loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Despite symptomatic therapies, there is currently no disease-modifying treatment to halt neuronal loss in PD. A major hurdle for developing and testing such curative therapies results from the fact that most DA neurons are already lost at the time of the clinical diagnosis, rendering them inaccessible to therapy. Understanding the early pathological changes that precede Lewy body pathology (LBP) and cell loss in PD will likely support the identification of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and help to differentiate LBP-dependent and -independent alterations. Several previous studies identified such specific molecular and cellular changes that occur prior to the appearance of Lewy bodies (LBs) in DA neurons, but a concise map of such early disease events is currently missing. METHODS Here, we conducted a literature review to identify and discuss the results of previous studies that investigated cases with incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD), a presumed pathological precursor of PD. RESULTS Collectively, our review demonstrates numerous cellular and molecular neuropathological changes occurring prior to the appearance of LBs in DA neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our review provides the reader with a summary of early pathological events in PD that may support the identification of novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets and aid to the development of disease-modifying strategies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Koeglsperger
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Svenja-Lotta Rumpf
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Schließer
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix L Struebing
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Brendel
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Levin
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Study Unit, DZNE - German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Paracelsus-Elena Klinik, Kassel, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Günter U Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Department of Translational Brain Research, DZNE-German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Neuropathology and Prion Research, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377, Munich, Germany
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5
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Meng L, Wang M, Gao Y, Chen L, Wang K, Gao W, Liu Q. Dopamine D1 receptor agonist alleviates acute lung injury via modulating inflammatory responses in macrophages and barrier function in airway epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 202:2-16. [PMID: 36965538 PMCID: PMC10033496 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) or its severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening illness without effective therapeutic interventions currently. Multiple lines of evidence indicated that overwhelming inflammatory responses and impaired epithelial barrier contributed to the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS. Recently, dopamine (DA) system was identified to participate in various pulmonary diseases. Here, we discovered that dopamine D1-like receptors mainly expressed in macrophages and airway epithelial cells (AECs), which were downregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in ALI mouse lung. SKF38393 (SKF) is a selective agonist for D1-like receptors and was demonstrated to inhibit excessive inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in THP-1 cell-derived macrophages and Beas-2B cells, as well as improve airway epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by LPS stimulation. Moreover, SKF administration could effectively decrease pulmonary inflammation, ameliorate tissue damage in the LPS-triggered ALI mice. The broad protective actions of SKF might be attributed to the activation of Nrf2 antioxidative system by use of the specific inhibitor, ML385. This study offers evidence of potent immunoregulatory activity of SKF in macrophages, AECs as well as ALI mouse model, which opens novel therapeutic avenues for the intervention of ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Meng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, 250002, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, PR China
| | - Muyun Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, PR China
| | - Yixuan Gao
- Department of Gynecology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, 250021, PR China
| | - Liangzhi Chen
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, 250002, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, PR China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, PR China.
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong, 250002, PR China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, PR China.
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6
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Bhattacharyya K. The story of levodopa: A long and arduous journey. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:124-130. [PMID: 35342258 PMCID: PMC8954318 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_474_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (L-dopa) is the gold standard in the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). It dates back to 1500 to 1000 BC when it was used in the Indian Ayurvedic and Chinese system of medicine. Certain beans such as velvet beans and broad beans contain L-dopa. The plant Mucuna pruriens (Mp) or velvet bean, cultivated in Eastern India and Southern China, contains L-dopa at a concentration of 5% and was used for the management of PD. Later, workers have documented the neuroprotective, neurorestorative, and immunomodulatory properties of Mp. Double-blind studies conducted in the Western world have proved the efficacy of Mp and reported some toxic side effects as well. In the Western world, the credit for isolating L-dopa from the seeds of Vicia faba or broad bean goes to Markus Guggenheim, a biochemist from Sweden in 1913. However, it has been used with success ever since Arvid Carlsson established the reversibility of reserpine-induced akinesia in rabbits in the late 1950s with the use of intravenous dopamine, and Oleh Hornykiewicz demonstrated its deficiency in the striatum in 1960–1961. George Cotzias used it in patients in a low and slow incremental fashion in 1967, and Melvin Yahr and his colleagues performed double-blind study on in-patients with success in 1969. Complications with its long-term use, particularly the on-off phenomenon, and dyskinesias appeared soon, and measures have been undertaken to reduce their incidence. Researches on alternative modes of delivery are carried out in various centers, and others are under investigation in the laboratories.
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7
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Fahn S. What Is the Most Important and Impactful Paper Related to Movement Disorder Therapy Published in the 20th Century? Mov Disord Clin Pract 2021; 8:993-996. [PMID: 34631934 PMCID: PMC8485602 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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8
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Gopar-Cuevas Y, Duarte-Jurado AP, Diaz-Perez RN, Saucedo-Cardenas O, Loera-Arias MJ, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Rodriguez-Rocha H, Garcia-Garcia A. Pursuing Multiple Biomarkers for Early Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5517-5532. [PMID: 34350555 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) ranks first in the world as a neurodegenerative movement disorder and occurs most commonly in an idiopathic form. PD patients may have motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, including cognitive and behavioral changes, and symptoms related to autonomic nervous system (ANS) failures, such as gastrointestinal, urinary, and cardiovascular symptoms. Unfortunately, the diagnostic accuracy of PD by general neurologists is relatively low. Currently, there is no objective molecular or biochemical test for PD; its diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, mainly by cardinal motor symptoms, which manifest when patients have lost about 60-80% of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a panel of biomarkers for the early and accurate diagnosis of PD. Once the disease is accurately diagnosed, it may be easier to unravel idiopathic PD's pathogenesis, and ultimately, finding a cure. This review discusses several biomarkers' potential to set a panel for early idiopathic PD diagnosis and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yareth Gopar-Cuevas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Ana P Duarte-Jurado
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Rosa N Diaz-Perez
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.,Departamento de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Delegación Nuevo León, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Maria J Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.
| | - Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 64460, Monterrey, Mexico.
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9
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Surmeier DJ. Beyond Just Connectivity - Neuronal Activity Drives α-Synuclein Pathology. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1487-1488. [PMID: 34302385 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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10
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Thomas GEC, Zarkali A, Ryten M, Shmueli K, Gil-Martinez AL, Leyland LA, McColgan P, Acosta-Cabronero J, Lees AJ, Weil RS. Regional brain iron and gene expression provide insights into neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2021; 144:1787-1798. [PMID: 33704443 PMCID: PMC8320305 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of specific neuronal populations in Parkinson's disease are poorly understood. Oxidative stress secondary to brain iron accumulation is one postulated mechanism. We measured iron deposition in 180 cortical regions of 96 patients with Parkinson's disease and 35 control subjects using quantitative susceptibility mapping. We estimated the expression of 15 745 genes in the same regions using transcriptomic data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Using partial least squares regression, we then identified the profile of gene transcription in the healthy brain that underlies increased cortical iron in patients with Parkinson's disease relative to controls. Applying gene ontological tools, we investigated the biological processes and cell types associated with this transcriptomic profile and identified the sets of genes with spatial expression profiles in control brains that correlated significantly with the spatial pattern of cortical iron deposition in Parkinson's disease. Gene ontological analyses revealed that these genes were enriched for biological processes relating to heavy metal detoxification, synaptic function and nervous system development and were predominantly expressed in astrocytes and glutamatergic neurons. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the genes differentially expressed in Parkinson's disease are associated with the pattern of cortical expression identified in this study. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into regional selective vulnerabilities in Parkinson's disease, particularly the processes involving iron accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mina Ryten
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, UCL, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Karin Shmueli
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Malet Place Engineering Building, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ana Luisa Gil-Martinez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Peter McColgan
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
| | | | - Andrew J Lees
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| | - Rimona S Weil
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
- Movement Disorders Consortium, UCL, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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11
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Chen YH, Yu SJ, Wu KJ, Wang YS, Tsai HM, Liao LW, Chen S, Hsieh W, Chen H, Hsu SC, Chen ML, Hoffer BJ, Wang Y. Downregulation of α-Synuclein Protein Levels by an Intracellular Single-Chain Antibody. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 10:573-590. [PMID: 32176654 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-191787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of α-synuclein (αSyn) in the dopaminergic neurons is a common pathology seen in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Overproduction of αSyn potentiates the formation of oligomeric αSyn aggregates and enhances dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Downregulating intracellular monomeric αSyn prevents the formation of αSyn oligomers and is a potential therapeutic strategy to attenuate the progression of PD. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of gene delivery of αSyn-specific single-chain antibodies in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS The plasmids for αSyn and selective antibodies (NAC32, D10, and VH14) were constructed and were transfected to HEK293 and SH-SY5Y cells. Co-expression of αSyn with NAC32, but not D10 or VH14, profoundly downregulated αSyn protein, but not αSyn mRNA levels in these cells. The interaction of αSyn and NAC32 antibody was next examined in vivo. Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-αSyn combined with AAV-NAC32 or AAV-sc6H4 (a negative control virus) were stereotactically injected into the substantia nigra of adult rats. AAV-NAC32 significantly reduced AAV-encoded αSyn levels in the substantia nigra and striatum and increased tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum. Also, in the animals injected with AAV-NAC32 alone, endogenous αSyn protein levels were significantly downregulated in the substantia nigra. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that AAV-mediated gene transfer of NAC32 is a feasible approach for reducing the expression of target αSyn protein in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsiang Chen
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Seong-Jin Yu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Jen Wu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Syuan Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Min Tsai
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Liao
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shuchun Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei Hsieh
- Department of Life Science, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hsi Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Liang Chen
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzy Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yun Wang
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
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Abstract
Heterogeneity is an increasingly appreciated feature of dopamine signaling in the striatum. Hamid et al. (2021) leverage a variety of imaging techniques to reveal striking spatiotemporal patterns of dopamine signals in mouse dorsal striatum. Time will tell what this means for reinforcement learning in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F Cruz
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Joseph J Paton
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal.
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13
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Majali MA, Sunnaa M, Chand P. Emerging Pharmacotherapies for Motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2021; 34:263-273. [PMID: 34219526 DOI: 10.1177/08919887211018275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second commonest neurodegenerative disorder in the older adult and is characterized by progressive disabling motor symptoms of bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, postural instability and also non motor symptoms that affect quality of life. The pharmacotherapy of PD consists of oral, transdermal, and subcutaneous medications, as well as invasive advanced therapies at later stages of the disease. PD medications are often started as monotherapy but with the progression of the illness often there is a need to add more medications and frequently comprises of a challenging polypharmacotherapy. Adverse effects of pharmacotherapy often add to the problems of adequate treatment. Patients and physicians have to prioritize treatment goals on the most disabling symptoms and the safest and most effective treatments. Almost every year newer medications and modes of delivery continue to be researched and added to the therapeutic armamentarium. This review article outlines existing and emerging pharmacotherapies for motor symptoms in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Majali
- Department Of Neurology, 12274St Louis University School of Medicine, Spring, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael Sunnaa
- Department Of Neurology, 12274St Louis University School of Medicine, Spring, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pratap Chand
- Department Of Neurology, 12274St Louis University School of Medicine, Spring, St Louis, MO, USA
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14
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Protective Effect of Compound Formula Rehmannia against Neurotoxicity and Apoptosis Induced by α-Syn in In Vivo and In Vitro Models of Parkinson's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:5201912. [PMID: 32879633 PMCID: PMC7448250 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5201912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of compound formula Rehmannia (CFR) against the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). After the in vivo and in vitro models of PD were established with overexpression α-syn induced, CFR was administrated into the PD model rats for 6 weeks or SK-N-SH cells with coincubation for 48 h. Apomorphine-induced rotation test, CCK8 assay, TUNEL assay, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot assay were performed to evaluate the behavioral changes, cell viability, cell apoptosis, α-syn, GSK-3β, P-GSK-3β (Ser9), P-GSK-3β (Tyr216), and β-catenin expression in PD rats or SK-N-SH cells. PD rat behavior results showed that the rotation numbers were significantly decreased in the CFR treatment group comparing with the AAV-α-syn PD model group. The cell viability suppressed by H2O2 and α-syn in SK-N-SH model cells was also significantly improved with CFR administration. Cell apoptosis and α-syn overexpression observed in PD rats and SK-N-SH cells were also inhibited by CFR treatment. Furthermore, the protein expression of α-syn, GSK-3β, P-GSK-3β (Ser9), P-GSK-3β (Tyr216), and β-catenin in in vivo and in vitro was also significantly regulated by CFR. The present study suggested that CFR may be considered as a potential neuroprotective agent against PD, and this application will require further investigation.
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Zheng H, Shi C, Luo H, Fan L, Yang Z, Hu X, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Hu Z, Fan Y, Yang J, Mao C, Xu Y. α-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease: Does a Prion-Like Mechanism of Propagation from Periphery to the Brain Play a Role? Neuroscientist 2020; 27:367-387. [PMID: 32729773 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420943180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases, defined as motor and non-motor symptoms associated with the loss of dopaminergic neurons and a decreased release of dopamine (DA). Currently, PD patients are believed to have a neuropathological basis denoted by the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) or Lewy neurites (LNs), which mostly comprise α-synuclein (α-syn) inclusions. Remarkably, there is a growing body of evidence indicating that the inclusions undergo template-directed aggregation and propagation via template-directed among the brain and peripheral organs, mainly in a prion-like manner. Interestingly, some studies reported that an integral loop was reminiscent of the mechanism of Parkinson's disease, denoting that α-syn as prionoid was transmitted from the periphery to the brain via specific pathways. Also the systematic life cycle of α-syn in the cellular level is illustrated. In this review, we critically assess landmark evidence in the field of Parkinson's disease with a focus on the genesis and prion-like propagation of the α-syn pathology. The anatomical and cell-to-cell evidences are discussed to depict the theory behind the propagation and transferred pathways. Furthermore, we highlight effective therapeutic perspectives and clinical trials targeting prion-like mechanisms. Major controversies surrounding this topic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory for Pharmacology of Liver Diseases, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinchao Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhengwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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16
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Loss of fragile X mental retardation protein precedes Lewy pathology in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 139:319-345. [PMID: 31768670 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder and is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the gradual appearance of α-synuclein (α-syn)-containing neuronal protein aggregates. Although the exact mechanism of α-syn-mediated cell death remains elusive, recent research suggests that α-syn-induced alterations in neuronal excitability contribute to cell death in PD. Because the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) controls the expression and function of numerous neuronal genes related to neuronal excitability and synaptic function, we here investigated the role of FMRP in α-syn-associated pathological changes in cell culture and mouse models of PD as well as in post-mortem human brain tissue from PD patients. We found FMRP to be decreased in cultured DA neurons and in the mouse brain in response to α-syn overexpression. FMRP was, furthermore, lost in the SNc of PD patients and in patients with early stages of incidental Lewy body disease (iLBD). Unlike fragile X syndrome (FXS), FMR1 expression in response to α-syn was regulated by a mechanism involving Protein Kinase C (PKC) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Reminiscent of FXS neurons, α-syn-overexpressing cells exhibited an increase in membrane N-type calcium channels, increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2, eIF4E and S6, increased overall protein synthesis, and increased expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). FMRP affected neuronal function in a PD animal model, because FMRP-KO mice were resistant to the effect of α-syn on striatal dopamine release. In summary, our results thus reveal a new role of FMRP in PD and support the examination of FMRP-regulated genes in PD disease progression.
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Henderson MX, Sengupta M, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VMY. Alzheimer's disease tau is a prominent pathology in LRRK2 Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:183. [PMID: 31733655 PMCID: PMC6858668 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD). While the clinical presentation of LRRK2 mutation carriers is similar to that of idiopathic PD (iPD) patients, the neuropathology of LRRK2 PD is less clearly defined. Lewy bodies (LBs) composed of α-synuclein are a major feature of iPD, but are not present in all LRRK2 PD cases. There is some evidence that tau may act as a neuropathological substrate in LB-negative LRRK2 PD, but this has not been examined systematically. In the current study, we examined α-synuclein, tau, and amyloid β (Aβ) pathologies in 12 LRRK2 mutation carriers. We find that α-synuclein pathology is present in 63.6% of LRRK2 mutation carriers, but tau pathology can be found in 100% of carriers and is abundant in 91% of carriers. We further use an antibody which selectively binds Alzheimer's disease (AD)-type tau and use quantitative analysis of tau pathology to demonstrate that AD tau is the prominent type of tau present in LRRK2 mutation carriers. Abundant Aβ pathology can also be found in LRRK2 mutation carriers and is consistent with comorbid AD pathology. Finally, we assessed the association of neuropathology with clinical features in LRRK2 mutation carriers and idiopathic individuals and find that LRRK2 PD shares clinical and pathological features of idiopathic PD. The prevalence of AD-type tau pathology in LRRK2 PD is an important consideration for understanding PD pathogenesis and refining clinical trial inclusion and progression criterion.
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18
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Safety and Tolerability of Pharmacotherapies for Parkinson’s Disease in Geriatric Patients. Drugs Aging 2019; 36:511-530. [DOI: 10.1007/s40266-019-00654-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Monzani E, Nicolis S, Dell'Acqua S, Capucciati A, Bacchella C, Zucca FA, Mosharov EV, Sulzer D, Zecca L, Casella L. Dopamin, oxidativer Stress und Protein‐Chinonmodifikationen bei Parkinson und anderen neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Monzani
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italien
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabio A. Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical TechnologiesNational Research Council of Italy Segrate (Mailand) Italien
| | - Eugene V. Mosharov
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew York State Psychiatric Institute New York NY USA
- Departments Neurology, PharmacologyColumbia University Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew York State Psychiatric Institute New York NY USA
- Departments Neurology, PharmacologyColumbia University Medical Center New York NY USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical TechnologiesNational Research Council of Italy Segrate (Mailand) Italien
- Department of PsychiatryColumbia University Medical CenterNew York State Psychiatric Institute New York NY USA
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pavia 27100 Pavia Italien
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20
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Monzani E, Nicolis S, Dell'Acqua S, Capucciati A, Bacchella C, Zucca FA, Mosharov EV, Sulzer D, Zecca L, Casella L. Dopamine, Oxidative Stress and Protein-Quinone Modifications in Parkinson's and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6512-6527. [PMID: 30536578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is the most important catecholamine in the brain, as it is the most abundant and the precursor of other neurotransmitters. Degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons of substantia nigra pars compacta in Parkinson's disease represents the best-studied link between DA neurotransmission and neuropathology. Catecholamines are reactive molecules that are handled through complex control and transport systems. Under normal conditions, small amounts of cytosolic DA are converted to neuromelanin in a stepwise process involving melanization of peptides and proteins. However, excessive cytosolic or extraneuronal DA can give rise to nonselective protein modifications. These reactions involve DA oxidation to quinone species and depend on the presence of redox-active transition metal ions such as iron and copper. Other oxidized DA metabolites likely participate in post-translational protein modification. Thus, protein-quinone modification is a heterogeneous process involving multiple DA-derived residues that produce structural and conformational changes of proteins and can lead to aggregation and inactivation of the modified proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Monzani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Nicolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Bacchella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio A Zucca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate (Milano), Italy
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luigi Zecca
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, Segrate (Milano), Italy.,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luigi Casella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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21
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Synthesis and Characterization of 3-(1-((3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl)amino)ethylidene)-chroman-2,4-dione as a Potential Antitumor Agent. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:2069250. [PMID: 30906500 PMCID: PMC6393868 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2069250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The newly synthesized coumarin derivative with dopamine, 3-(1-((3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl)amino)ethylidene)-chroman-2,4-dione, was completely structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. It was shown that several types of hydrogen bonds are present, which additionally stabilize the structure. The compound was tested in vitro against different cell lines, healthy human keratinocyte HaCaT, cervical squamous cell carcinoma SiHa, breast carcinoma MCF7, and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2. Compared to control, the new derivate showed a stronger effect on both healthy and carcinoma cell lines, with the most prominent effect on the breast carcinoma MCF7 cell line. The molecular docking study, obtained for ten different conformations of the new compound, showed its inhibitory nature against CDKS protein. Lower inhibition constant, relative to one of 4-OH-coumarine, proved stronger and more numerous interactions with CDKS protein. These interactions were carefully examined for both parent molecule and derivative and explained from a structural point of view.
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22
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Uhl GR. Dopamine compartmentalization, selective dopaminergic vulnerabilities in Parkinson's disease and therapeutic opportunities. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:406-415. [PMID: 30847375 PMCID: PMC6389739 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive depletion of selected dopamine neurons is central to much Parkinson's disease (PD) disability. Although symptomatic treatments can ameliorate the disabilities that this neuronal depletion causes, no current strategy is documented to slow these losses. There is substantial evidence that dopamine in intracytoplasmic/extravesicular neuronal compartments can be toxic. Here, I review evidence that supports roles for dopamine compartmentalization, mediated largely by serial actions of plasma membrane SLC6A3/DAT and vesicular SLC18A2/VMAT2 transporters, in the selective patterns of dopamine neuronal loss found in PD brains. This compartmentalization hypothesis for the dopamine cell type specificity of PD lesions nominates available drugs for amelioration of damage arising from miscompartmentalized dopamine and raises cautions in using other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Uhl
- Neurology and Research Services New Mexico VA HealthCare System Albuquerque New Mexico 87108.,Biomedical Research Institute of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87108.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico 87108.,Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore Maryland 21287
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23
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Thirupathi A, Chang YZ. Brain Iron Metabolism and CNS Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1173:1-19. [PMID: 31456202 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9589-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is the most abundant trace element in the human body. It is well known that iron is an important component of hemoglobin involved in the transport of oxygen. As a component of various enzymes, it participates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Iron in the nervous system is also involved in the metabolism of catecholamine neurotransmitters and is involved in the formation of myelin. Therefore, iron metabolism needs to be strictly regulated. Previous studies have shown that iron deficiency in the brain during infants and young children causes mental retardation, such as delayed development of language and body balance, and psychomotor disorders. However, if the iron is excessively deposited in the aged brain, it is closely related to the occurrence of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Friedreich's ataxia. Therefore, it is important to fully study and understand the mechanism of brain iron metabolism and its regulation. On this basis, exploring the relationship between brain iron regulation and the occurrence of nervous system diseases and discovering new therapeutic targets related to iron metabolism have important significance for breaking through the limitation of prevention and treatment of nervous system diseases. This review discusses the complete research history of iron and its significant role in the pathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Thirupathi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 20, Nan Er Huan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 20, Nan Er Huan Eastern Road, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei Province, China.
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24
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Bagley MC, Ekelöf M, Rock K, Patisaul H, Muddiman DC. IR-MALDESI mass spectrometry imaging of underivatized neurotransmitters in brain tissue of rats exposed to tetrabromobisphenol A. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7979-7986. [PMID: 30317443 PMCID: PMC6235718 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to develop tools for assessing possible neurotoxicity, particularly for chemicals where the mode of action is poorly understood. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a highly abundant brominated flame retardant, has lately been targeted for neurotoxicity analysis by concerned public health entities in the EU and USA because it is a suspected thyroid disruptor and neurotoxicant. In this study, infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) coupled to a Q Exactive Plus mass spectrometer was used for the analysis of neurotransmitters in the brains of rats exposed to TBBPA in gestation and lactation through their mothers. Three neurotransmitters of interest were studied in three selected regions of the brain: caudate putamen, substantia nigra (SN), and dorsal raphe. Stable isotope labeled (SIL) standards were used as internal standards and a means to achieve relative quantification. This study serves as a demonstration of a new application of IR-MALDESI, namely that neurotransmitter distributions can be confidently and rapidly imaged without derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caleb Bagley
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Måns Ekelöf
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kylie Rock
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27691, USA
| | - Heather Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27691, USA
| | - David C Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27691, USA.
- Molecular Education, Technology and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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25
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Dimić D, Milenković D, Dimitrić Marković J, Marković Z. Antiradical activity of catecholamines and metabolites of dopamine: theoretical and experimental study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:12970-12980. [PMID: 28480927 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01716b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The importance of molecules with antiradical potency that are produced in the human body has significantly increased. Among others, neurotransmitters and their metabolites act as the first line of defense against oxidative stress in the peripheral endocrine and the central nervous systems. Dopamine (DO), epinephrine (EP), norepinephrine (NE), l-DOPA, catechol, and three metabolites of dopamine (3-methoxytyramine (3-MT), homovanillic acid (HO), and 3,4-dihydrophenylacetic acid (DOPAC)) were investigated for their antiradical potency via computational methods and DPPH assay. Density functional theory calculations were used to determine the most probable reaction mechanism based on the thermodynamic parameters. These results suggested that hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)/proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET) mechanisms are preferable in polar solvents. Several techniques were employed to differentiate between HAT and PCET mechanisms via examination of the transition state structures. Kinetic studies of HAT/PCET and electron transfer (ET) reactions, the second step of SPLET, have proven that ET is much faster for an order of 105-106. Based on this, it was concluded that SPLET was the dominant mechanism for the antiradical activity towards DPPH radicals in polar solvents. The findings suggest that all the investigated molecules can be classified as excellent antiradical scavengers, except for 3-MT and homovanillic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dimić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 12-16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Republic of Serbia
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26
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Ivica N, Richter U, Sjöbom J, Brys I, Tamtè M, Petersson P. Changes in neuronal activity of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic networks induced by acute dopaminergic manipulations in rats. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 47:236-250. [PMID: 29250896 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The basal ganglia are thought to be particularly sensitive to changes in dopaminergic tone, and the realization that reduced dopaminergic signaling causes pronounced motor dysfunction is the rationale behind dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. It has, however, proven difficult to identify which neurophysiological changes that ultimately lead to motor dysfunctions. To clarify this, we have here recorded neuronal activity throughout the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits in freely behaving rats during periods of immobility following acute dopaminergic manipulations, involving both vesicular dopamine depletion and antagonism of D1 and D2 type dopamine receptors. Synchronized and rhythmic activities were detected in the form of betaband oscillations in local field potentials and as cortical entrainment of action potentials in several basal ganglia structures. Analyses of the temporal development of synchronized oscillations revealed a spread from cortex to gradually also include deeper structures. In addition, firing rate changes involving neurons in all parts of the network were observed. These changes were typically relatively balanced within each structure, resulting in negligible net rate changes. Animals treated with D1 receptor antagonist showed a rapid onset of hypokinesia that preceded most of the neurophysiological changes, with the exception of these balanced rate changes. Parallel rate changes in functionally coupled ensembles of neurons in different structures may therefore be the first step in a cascade of neurophysiological changes underlying motor symptoms in the parkinsonian state. We suggest that balanced rate changes in distributed networks are possible mechanism of disease that should be further investigated in conditions involving dopaminergic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedjeljka Ivica
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrike Richter
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Joel Sjöbom
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ivani Brys
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Tamtè
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Petersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurotechnology, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, BMC, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
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Parkinson's Disease Is Not Simply a Prion Disorder. J Neurosci 2017; 37:9799-9807. [PMID: 29021297 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1787-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion that prion-like spreading of misfolded α-synuclein (α-SYN) causes Parkinson's disease (PD) has received a great deal of attention. Although attractive in its simplicity, the hypothesis is difficult to reconcile with postmortem analysis of human brains and connectome-mapping studies. An alternative hypothesis is that PD pathology is governed by regional or cell-autonomous factors. Although these factors provide an explanation for the pattern of neuronal loss in PD, they do not readily explain the apparently staged distribution of Lewy pathology in many PD brains, the feature of the disease that initially motivated the spreading hypothesis by Braak and colleagues. While each hypothesis alone has its shortcomings, a synthesis of the two can explain much of what we know about the etiopathology of PD.Dual Perspectives Companion Paper: Prying into the Prion Hypothesis for Parkinson's Disease, by Patrik Brundin and Ronald Melki.
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Surmeier DJ, Halliday GM, Simuni T. Calcium, mitochondrial dysfunction and slowing the progression of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:202-209. [PMID: 28780195 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is characterized by progressively distributed Lewy pathology and neurodegeneration. The motor symptoms of clinical Parkinson's disease (cPD) are unequivocally linked to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Several features of these neurons appear to make them selectively vulnerable to factors thought to cause cPD, like aging, genetic mutations and environmental toxins. Among these features, Ca2+ entry through Cav1 channels is particularly amenable to pharmacotherapy in early stage cPD patients. This review outlines the linkage between these channels, mitochondrial oxidant stress and cPD pathogenesis. It also summarizes considerations that went into the design and execution of the ongoing Phase 3 clinical trial with an inhibitor of these channels - isradipine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, 2006, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Tanya Simuni
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
Measures of the severity of cognitive impairment or parkinsonism are the usual endpoints in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), but are critically hampered by their lack of disease sensitivity and specificity. Due to the high failure rate of clinical trials, the rate of regulatory approval for efficacious new drugs has stagnated in the past few decades, with the gap between basic science discovery and clinical application metaphorically termed the “Valley of Death”. While the causes for this are probably multiple and complex, the usage of biomarkers as surrogate endpoints, particularly when they are molecularly-specific for the disease, has achieved some success in cancer trials, and it is likely that neurodegenerative disease trials would benefit from the same approach. As dementia and parkinsonism are not disease-specific clinical syndromes, both AD and PD trials have been flawed by reliance on clinical diagnosis and clinical endpoints. Clinical improvement has been a requirement for regulatory approval, but molecularly-specific biomarkers should improve both diagnostic accuracy and tracking of disease progression, allowing quicker screening of drug candidates. However, even when a molecularly-specific biomarker is found, such as amyloid imaging for AD, it may not reflect the entire extant molecular disease repertoire and may not serve equally well in the different roles of preclinical detection, diagnostic confirmation and surrogate endpoint, necessitating the usage of two, three or more biomarkers, deployed in series or in parallel.
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Surmeier DJ, Obeso JA, Halliday GM. Selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2017; 18:101-113. [PMID: 28104909 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular α-synuclein (α-syn)-rich protein aggregates called Lewy pathology (LP) and neuronal death are commonly found in the brains of patients with clinical Parkinson disease (cPD). It is widely believed that LP appears early in the disease and spreads in synaptically coupled brain networks, driving neuronal dysfunction and death. However, post-mortem analysis of human brains and connectome-mapping studies show that the pattern of LP in cPD is not consistent with this simple model, arguing that, if LP propagates in cPD, it must be gated by cell- or region-autonomous mechanisms. Moreover, the correlation between LP and neuronal death is weak. In this Review, we briefly discuss the evidence for and against the spreading LP model, as well as evidence that cell-autonomous factors govern both α-syn pathology and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - José A Obeso
- Centro Integral de Neurociencias A.C. (CINAC), HM Puerta del Sur, Hospitales de Madrid, Mostoles and CEU San Pablo University, 28938 Madrid, Spain.,Network Center for Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto Carlos III, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales and Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney 2052, Australia
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Lohr KM, Masoud ST, Salahpour A, Miller GW. Membrane transporters as mediators of synaptic dopamine dynamics: implications for disease. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:20-33. [PMID: 27520881 PMCID: PMC5209277 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine was first identified as a neurotransmitter localized to the midbrain over 50 years ago. The dopamine transporter (DAT; SLC6A3) and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2; SLC18A2) are regulators of dopamine homeostasis in the presynaptic neuron. DAT transports dopamine from the extracellular space into the cytosol of the presynaptic terminal. VMAT2 then packages this cytosolic dopamine into vesicular compartments for subsequent release upon neurotransmission. Thus, DAT and VMAT2 act in concert to move the transmitter efficiently throughout the neuron. Accumulation of dopamine in the neuronal cytosol can trigger oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, suggesting that the proper compartmentalization of dopamine is critical for neuron function and risk of disease. For decades, studies have examined the effects of reduced transporter function in mice (e.g. DAT-KO, VMAT2-KO, VMAT2-deficient). However, we have only recently been able to assess the effects of elevated transporter expression using BAC transgenic methods (DAT-tg, VMAT2-HI mice). Complemented with in vitro work and neurochemical techniques to assess dopamine compartmentalization, a new focus on the importance of transporter proteins as both models of human disease and potential drug targets has emerged. Here, we review the importance of DAT and VMAT2 function in the delicate balance of neuronal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Lohr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shababa T Masoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Immunomodulatory Effects Mediated by Dopamine. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:3160486. [PMID: 27795960 PMCID: PMC5067323 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3160486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), has modulatory functions at the systemic level. The peripheral and central nervous systems have independent dopaminergic system (DAS) that share mechanisms and molecular machinery. In the past century, experimental evidence has accumulated on the proteins knowledge that is involved in the synthesis, reuptake, and transportation of DA in leukocytes and the differential expression of the D1-like (D1R and D5R) and D2-like receptors (D2R, D3R, and D4R). The expression of these components depends on the state of cellular activation and the concentration and time of exposure to DA. Receptors that are expressed in leukocytes are linked to signaling pathways that are mediated by changes in cAMP concentration, which in turn triggers changes in phenotype and cellular function. According to the leukocyte lineage, the effects of DA are associated with such processes as respiratory burst, cytokine and antibody secretion, chemotaxis, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity. In clinical conditions such as schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, Tourette syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS), there are evident alterations during immune responses in leukocytes, in which changes in DA receptor density have been observed. Several groups have proposed that these findings are useful in establishing clinical status and clinical markers.
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Klietz M, Keber U, Carlsson T, Chiu WH, Höglinger GU, Weihe E, Schäfer MKH, Depboylu C. l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia is associated with a deficient numerical downregulation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA-expressing neurons. Neuroscience 2016; 331:120-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Abstract
Although levodopa is widely recognized as the most effective therapy for Parkinson disease (PD), its introduction 5 decades ago was preceded by several years of uncertainty and equivocal clinical results. The translation of basic neuroscience research by Arvid Carlsson and Oleh Hornykiewicz provided a logical pathway for treating PD with levodopa. Yet the pioneering clinicians who transformed PD therapeutics with this drug--among them Walther Birkmayer, Isamu Sano, Patrick McGeer, George Cotzias, Melvin Yahr, and others--faced many challenges in determining whether the concept and the method for replenishing deficient striatal dopamine was correct. This article reviews highlights in the early development of levodopa therapy. In addition, it provides an overview of emerging drug delivery strategies that show promise for improving levodopa's pharmacologic limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A LeWitt
- From the Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Department of Neurology (S.F.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.
| | - Stanley Fahn
- From the Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Henry Ford Hospital; Department of Neurology (P.A.L.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; and Department of Neurology (S.F.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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Jörg M, May LT, Mak FS, Lee KCK, Miller ND, Scammells PJ, Capuano B. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of dual acting ligands targeting the adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Med Chem 2014; 58:718-38. [PMID: 25490054 DOI: 10.1021/jm501254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A relatively new strategy in drug discovery is the development of dual acting ligands. These molecules are potentially able to interact at two orthosteric binding sites of a heterodimer simultaneously, possibly resulting in enhanced subtype selectivity, higher affinity, enhanced or modified physiological response, and reduced reliance on multiple drug administration regimens. In this study, we have successfully synthesized a series of classical heterobivalent ligands as well as a series of more integrated and "drug-like" dual acting molecules, incorporating ropinirole as a dopamine D2 receptor agonist and ZM 241385 as an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. The best compounds of our series maintained the potency of the original pharmacophores at both receptors (adenosine A2A and dopamine D2). In addition, the integrated dual acting ligands also showed promising results in preliminary blood-brain barrier permeability tests, whereas the classical heterobivalent ligands are potentially more suited as pharmacological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Fahn S. The medical treatment of Parkinson disease from James Parkinson to George Cotzias. Mov Disord 2014; 30:4-18. [PMID: 25491387 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It took exactly 150 years since James Parkinson's description in 1817 of the illness bearing his name until the development of effective therapy for this disorder, namely, the introduction of high-dosage levodopa by George Cotzias in 1967. During the first 50 years, no effective therapy was available, but neurologists reported using different agents, including metals. Then, around 1867, Charcot found solanaceous alkaloids to be somewhat helpful, and these became the accepted and popular therapy for the next 75 years. When basic scientists discovered that these alkaloids had central antimuscarinic activity, pharmaceutical chemists developed synthetic chemical agents that were equally effective, with possibly less adverse effects, and around 1950 these synthetic drugs became the standard medical therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). The link between dopamine and PD did not take place until 1957, 140 years after Parkinson's Essay. The clue came from research on reserpine, a drug derived from the Rauwolfia plant that caused a sedative effect, now recognized as a drug-induced parkinsonian state. Initial investigations revealed that reserpine caused the release and depletion of serotonin stores in the brain. With that knowledge, Arvid Carlsson, a young pharmacologist in Sweden, decided to explore the possibility that reserpine might also affect brain catecholamines. In his now famous, elegant, and simple experiment, he showed that injecting l-dopa, the precursor of catecholamines, alleviated the reserpine-induced parkinsonian state in animals, whereas the precursor of serotonin failed to do so. Carlsson then developed a highly sensitive assay to measure dopamine, and his lab found that dopamine is selectively present in high concentrations in the striatum and that administered l-dopa could restore the dopamine depleted by reserpine. Carlsson postulated that all these findings implicate dopamine in motor disorders. Oleh Hornykiewicz, a young pharmacologist in Vienna, on being aware of the regional localization of brain dopamine, decided to measure it in the brains of people who had PD and postencephalitic parkinsonism. In 1960, he reported finding markedly depleted dopamine in the striatum in these conditions. Immediately after, Hornykiewicz teamed up with the geriatrician, Walther Birkmayer, to inject small doses of l-dopa intravenously (IV) into PD patients. They found benefit and pursued this treatment, but the gastrointestinal side effects limited the dosage, and many neurologists were doubtful that the effects from l-dopa were any better than those with antimuscarinic agents. A number of neurologists tested such low doses of IV l-dopa and even higher oral dosages, but without showing any dramatic benefit, not better than the antimuscarinics. Some of these studies were small, controlled trials. This general lack of efficacy with l-dopa prevailed, and neurologists were discouraged about l-dopa until 1967, when George C. Cotzias, a neuropharmacologist in New York, reported his results. He thought that PD may be result from the loss of neuromelanin in the substantia nigra, and he decided to try to replenish the depleted neuromelanin. Among the agents he tried was dl-dopa. He wisely began with low oral doses and increased the dosage slowly and steadily, thereby limiting the gastrointestinal complication. He also treated his patients for a long duration, months in a government-supported hospital. In the accompanying videotape of an interview Cotzias gave in 1970, he describes much of his success to be able to observe his patients over months while building up the dosage very slowly and observe for signs of toxicity. When higher doses, usually over 12 g/day, were reached, dramatic antiparkinsonian effects were observed, and a revolutionary new treatment for PD was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Fahn
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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Lees AJ, Tolosa E, Olanow CW. Four pioneers of L-dopa treatment: Arvid Carlsson, Oleh Hornykiewicz, George Cotzias, and Melvin Yahr. Mov Disord 2014; 30:19-36. [PMID: 25488030 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Four individuals stand out as pioneers of the early work that led to levodopa becoming a revolutionary new treatment for Parkinson's disease: Arvid Carlsson, Oleh Hornykiewicz, George C. Cotzias, and Melvin D. Yahr. All four were MDs. The first three had extra training in pharmacology, and in fact did their research in pharmacology. The fourth was a clinical neurologist, the only one in this group with those credentials. The story starts with Carlsson, who became interested in studying the mechanism of reserpine's sedative effect, now recognized as a drug-induced parkinsonian state. A key experiment in 1957 showed that levodopa (l-dopa) could alleviate the immobility induced by reserpine in animals. Carlsson then showed that reserpine depleted brain dopamine, and that l-dopa restored it. Carlsson developed a sensitive fluorescent technique to measure dopamine levels, and his laboratory also showed the distribution of dopamine in animal brain to be highest in the striatum. Within a year, Carlsson postulated that dopamine appears to play a role in motor function. His proposal that dopamine serves as a neurotransmitter in brain was met with much skepticism, but he persisted and continued to study brain dopamine, eventually leading to being awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2000. Hornykiewicz also went into pharmacology research after graduating from medical school. Fortuitously, his assigned first project was on the blood pressure effects of dopamine, recognized as a precursor of norepinephrine. When he completed his postdoctoral studies, Carlsson's work on the reserpinized animal and on the regional distribution of brain dopamine was published. This inspired Hornykiewicz to determine dopamine levels in patients with Parkinson's disease. He obtained postmortem material, and his 1960 paper showed a marked depletion of dopamine in the striatum in this disorder. He went on in subsequent papers to correlate severity of parkinsonian features with the amount of striatal dopamine depletion. In the meantime, after his discovery of low dopamine in brains of patients with Parkinson's disease, Hornykiewicz persuaded Walther Birkmayer to inject l-dopa into patients. They reported success and continued this treatment, usually combining it with the use of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. However, the response was limited in duration, and subsequent trials by others were not achieving similar success, and many failed to find any benefit. The fulfilment of the l-dopa story stemmed from the hypothesis held by Cotzias that Parkinson's disease was caused by loss of brain neuromelanin in the substantia nigra. Although Cotzias's research had been in pharmacology, he also headed a clinical pharmacology research group at a federal laboratory on Long Island, New York, USA. He decided to try to restore this pigment in patients, not animals, and one of the three drugs he tried was d,l-dopa. As reported in his 1967 article, d,l-dopa proved to be dramatically successful in reversing the symptoms, but at extremely high dosages and with considerable hematologic adverse effects. Cotzias immediately tested l-dopa and found the same benefit with half the dosage and without the hematologic problems. Yahr was a clinical neurologist who had been treating patients with PD with available therapy and also headed a federally financed research group investigating the disorder. Always on the lookout for potential new treatments, he was initially skeptical about l-dopa when studies with low doses were being reported. Seeing videos of patients presented by Cotzias, however, he realized that the results needed confirmation through a double-blind controlled clinical trial. He proceeded to develop and execute such a trial with l-dopa, duplicating Cotzias's success. Both Cotzias and Yahr had encountered motor fluctuations and dyskinesias, but the amelioration of bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor was so pronounced that these adverse effects did not prevent regulatory approval of l-dopa, and almost 50 years later l-dopa remains the most effective pharmacologic agent for treating Parkinson's disease. This article relates the personal stories of these four pioneers and how they achieved their success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lees
- The National Hospital, Queen Square and University College London, London, UK
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Meiser J, Weindl D, Hiller K. Complexity of dopamine metabolism. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:34. [PMID: 23683503 PMCID: PMC3693914 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
: Parkinson's disease (PD) coincides with a dramatic loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. A key player in the loss of dopaminergic neurons is oxidative stress. Dopamine (DA) metabolism itself is strongly linked to oxidative stress as its degradation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DA oxidation can lead to endogenous neurotoxins whereas some DA derivatives show antioxidative effects. Therefore, DA metabolism is of special importance for neuronal redox-homeostasis and viability.In this review we highlight different aspects of dopamine metabolism in the context of PD and neurodegeneration. Since most reviews focus only on single aspects of the DA system, we will give a broader overview by looking at DA biosynthesis, sequestration, degradation and oxidation chemistry at the metabolic level, as well as at the transcriptional, translational and posttranslational regulation of all enzymes involved. This is followed by a short overview of cellular models currently used in PD research. Finally, we will address the topic from a medical point of view which directly aims to encounter PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Meiser
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Weindl
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
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Smith Y, Wichmann T, Factor SA, DeLong MR. Parkinson's disease therapeutics: new developments and challenges since the introduction of levodopa. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:213-46. [PMID: 21956442 PMCID: PMC3238085 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The demonstration that dopamine loss is the key pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), and the subsequent introduction of levodopa have revolutionalized the field of PD therapeutics. This review will discuss the significant progress that has been made in the development of new pharmacological and surgical tools to treat PD motor symptoms since this major breakthrough in the 1960s. However, we will also highlight some of the challenges the field of PD therapeutics has been struggling with during the past decades. The lack of neuroprotective therapies and the limited treatment strategies for the nonmotor symptoms of the disease (ie, cognitive impairments, autonomic dysfunctions, psychiatric disorders, etc.) are among the most pressing issues to be addressed in the years to come. It appears that the combination of early PD nonmotor symptoms with imaging of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system offers a promising path toward the identification of PD biomarkers, which, once characterized, will set the stage for efficient use of neuroprotective agents that could slow down and alter the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Remington G, Agid O, Foussias G. Schizophrenia as a disorder of too little dopamine: implications for symptoms and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 11:589-607. [PMID: 21469931 DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antipsychotics represent the first effective therapy for schizophrenia, with their benefits linked to dopamine D2 blockade. Schizophrenia was soon identified as a hyperdopaminergic disorder, and antipsychotics proved to be reasonably effective in controlling positive symptoms. However, over the years, schizophrenia has been reconceptualized more broadly, now defined as a heterogeneous disorder with multiple symptom domains. Negative and cognitive features, not particularly responsive to antipsychotic therapy, have taken on increased importance--current thinking suggests that these domains predate the onset of positive symptoms and are more closely tied to functional outcome. That they are better understood in the context of decreased dopamine activity suggests that schizophrenia may fundamentally represent a hypodopaminergic disorder. This shift in thinking has important theoretical implications from the standpoint of etiology and pathophysiology, but also clinically in terms of treatment and drug development.
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Goetz CG. The history of Parkinson's disease: early clinical descriptions and neurological therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2011; 1:a008862. [PMID: 22229124 PMCID: PMC3234454 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although components of possible Parkinson's disease can be found in very early documents, the first clear medical description was written in 1817 by James Parkinson. In the mid-1800s, Jean-Martin Charcot was particularly influential in refining and expanding this early description and in disseminating information internationally about Parkinson's disease. He separated Parkinson's disease from multiple sclerosis and other disorders characterized by tremor, and he recognized cases that later would likely be classified among the Parkinsonism-plus syndromes. Early treatments of Parkinson's disease were based on empirical observation, and anticholinergic drugs were used as early as the nineteenth century. The discovery of dopaminergic deficits in Parkinson's disease and the synthetic pathway of dopamine led to the first human trials of levodopa. Further historically important anatomical, biochemical, and physiological studies identified additional pharmacological and neurosurgical targets for Parkinson's disease and allow modern clinicians to offer an array of therapies aimed at improving function in this still incurable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Goetz
- Department of Neurological Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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Keller GA, Czerniuk P, Bertuola R, Spatz JG, Assefi AR, Di Girolamo G. Comparative Bioavailability of 2 Tablet Formulations of Levodopa/Benserazide in Healthy, Fasting Volunteers: A Single-Dose, Randomized-Sequence, Open-Label Crossover Study. Clin Ther 2011; 33:500-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Selegiline, the R-optical enantiomer of deprenyl (phenyl-isopropyl-methyl-propargylamine), was almost exclusively used MAO-B inhibitor during the past decades to treat Parkinson's disease. Oral treatment prolongs the need of levodopa administration. Selegiline is rapidly metabolized by the microsomal enzymes to amphetamine, methamphetamine, and desmethyl-deprenyl. In addition, the flavin-containing monooxigenase is synthesizing deprenyl-N-oxide. Selegiline in rather low concentrations (10⁻⁹-10⁻¹³ M), does not influence MAO-B, but it has an antiapoptotic activity in tissue culture. The neuroprotective effect of selegiline has a biphasic character. In higher concentrations than 10⁻⁷ M increases the rate of apoptosis (proapoptotic activity). The metabolites are also taking part in the complex pharmacological activity of selegiline. The simultaneous presence of the pro- and antiapoptotic effects of selegiline and its metabolites frequently hindered its clinical usage. During the past years rasagiline has been introduced to replace selegiline in clinical application. MAO-B inhibitors beside their effect on the enzyme MAO-B could hold different spectrum of pharmacological activities. Selegiline is administered orally and it possesses an intensive "first pass" metabolism. To circumvent the "first pass" metabolism, parenteral administration of the drug might lead to different distribution and pharmacological activity of selegiline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Magyar
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Viallet F, Gayraud D, Bonnefoi B, Renie L, Aurenty R. Morbo di Parkinson idiopatico: aspetti clinici, diagnostici e terapeutici. Neurologia 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1634-7072(10)70494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Hardy J, Lewis P, Revesz T, Lees A, Paisan-Ruiz C. The genetics of Parkinson's syndromes: a critical review. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:254-65. [PMID: 19419854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic analysis has identified many loci designated as PARK loci (OMIM #168600). Many of these loci do not refer to idiopathic Parkinson's disease which is characterized by Lewy body pathology, but rather to clinical parkinsonisms. In this review, besides reviewing the genetic of the disorder, we argue that this designation is misleading and that if we seek to understand the pathogenesis, we should study the genetics of Lewy body diseases: these include not only idiopathic Parkinson's disease, but also such disparate syndromes as Hallevorden-Spatz disease and Niemann-Pick Type C.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Institute and Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, England, UK.
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D'hoedt D, Bertrand D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: an overview on drug discovery. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:395-411. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220902841045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Levodopa serves as the gold standard of anti-parkinsonian therapy and nearly every patient with Parkinson's disease eventually receives this drug. To improve upon levodopa therapy, several forms of treatment have been devised to augment its actions, and new delivery systems are under development. This new research offers promise for improving outcomes with this highly effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A LeWitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, and the Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48034, USA.
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Smith Y, Villalba R. Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine in the basal ganglia: an overview of its anatomical organization in normal and Parkinsonian brains. Mov Disord 2009; 23 Suppl 3:S534-47. [PMID: 18781680 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system is the characteristic neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease and therapy is primarily based on a dopamine replacement strategy. Dopamine has long been recognized to be a key neuromodulator of basal ganglia function, essential for normal motor activity. The recent years have witnessed significant advances in our knowledge of dopamine function in the basal ganglia. Although the striatum remains the main functional target of dopamine, it is now appreciated that there is dopaminergic innervation of the pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. A new dopaminergic- thalamic system has also been uncovered, setting the stage for a direct dopamine action on thalamocortical activity. The differential distribution of D1 and D2 receptors on neurons in the direct and indirect striato-pallidal pathways has been re-emphasized, and cholinergic interneurons are recognized as an intermediary mediator of dopamine-mediated communication between the two pathways. The importance and specificity of dopamine in regulating morphological changes in striatal projection neurons provides further evidence for the complex and multifarious mechanisms through which dopamine mediates its functional effects in the basal ganglia. In this review, the role of basal ganglia dopamine and its functional relevance in normal and pathological conditions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Lewitt
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, and the Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, USA.
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