1
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Lu G, Tran VNH, Wu W, Ma M, Li L. Neuropeptidomics of the American Lobster Homarus americanus. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:1757-1767. [PMID: 38644788 PMCID: PMC11118981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The American lobster, Homarus americanus, is not only of considerable economic importance but has also emerged as a premier model organism in neuroscience research. Neuropeptides, an important class of cell-to-cell signaling molecules, play crucial roles in a wide array of physiological and psychological processes. Leveraging the recently sequenced high-quality draft genome of the American lobster, our study sought to profile the neuropeptidome of this model organism. Employing advanced mass spectrometry techniques, we identified 24 neuropeptide precursors and 101 unique mature neuropeptides in Homarus americanus. Intriguingly, 67 of these neuropeptides were discovered for the first time. Our findings provide a comprehensive overview of the peptidomic attributes of the lobster's nervous system and highlight the tissue-specific distribution of these neuropeptides. Collectively, this research not only enriches our understanding of the neuronal complexities of the American lobster but also lays a foundation for future investigations into the functional roles that these peptides play in crustacean species. The mass spectrometry data have been deposited in the PRIDE repository with the identifier PXD047230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyuan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Vu Ngoc Huong Tran
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Wenxin Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
| | - Min Ma
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
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2
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Ma J, Yan L, Yang J, He Y, Wu L. Effect of Modification Strategies on the Biological Activity of Peptides/Proteins. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300481. [PMID: 38009768 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of biologically active peptides/proteins with functional moieties is an effective strategy to control their biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, enzymatic digestion, and toxicity. This review focuses on the characteristics of different modification strategies and their effects on the biological activity of peptides/proteins and illustrates their relevant applications and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Ma
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liang Yan
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingkui Yang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yujian He
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Li Wu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
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3
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Wang S, Chen K, Guo F, Zhu W, Liu C, Dong H, Yu JQ, Lei X. C-H Glycosylation of Native Carboxylic Acids: Discovery of Antidiabetic SGLT-2 Inhibitors. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1129-1139. [PMID: 37396867 PMCID: PMC10311666 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
C-Glycosides are critical motifs embedded in many bioactive natural products. The inert C-glycosides are privileged structures for developing therapeutic agents owing to their high chemical and metabolic stability. Despite the comprehensive strategies and tactics established in the past few decades, highly efficient C-glycoside syntheses via C-C coupling with excellent regio-, chemo-, and stereoselectivity are still needed. Here, we report the efficient Pd-catalyzed glycosylation of C-H bonds promoted by weak coordination with native carboxylic acids without external directing groups to install various glycals to the structurally diverse aglycon parts. Mechanistic evidence points to the participation of a glycal radical donor in the C-H coupling reaction. The method has been applied to a wide range of substrates (over 60 examples), including many marketed drug molecules. Natural product- or drug-like scaffolds with compelling bioactivities have been constructed using a late-stage diversification strategy. Remarkably, a new potent sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor with antidiabetic potential has been discovered, and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of drug molecules have been changed using our C-H glycosylation approach. The method developed here provides a powerful tool for efficiently synthesizing C-glycosides to facilitate drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanshan Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kaiqi Chen
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fusheng Guo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenneng Zhu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chendi Liu
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoran Dong
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Xiaoguang Lei
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic
Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department
of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,
Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center, and Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Institute
for Cancer Research, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China
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4
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Barman P, Joshi S, Sharma S, Preet S, Sharma S, Saini A. Strategic Approaches to Improvise Peptide Drugs as Next Generation Therapeutics. Int J Pept Res Ther 2023; 29:61. [PMID: 37251528 PMCID: PMC10206374 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-023-10524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the occurrence of a wide variety of drug-resistant diseases has led to an increase in interest in alternate therapies. Peptide-based drugs as an alternate therapy hold researchers' attention in various therapeutic fields such as neurology, dermatology, oncology, metabolic diseases, etc. Previously, they had been overlooked by pharmaceutical companies due to certain limitations such as proteolytic degradation, poor membrane permeability, low oral bioavailability, shorter half-life, and poor target specificity. Over the last two decades, these limitations have been countered by introducing various modification strategies such as backbone and side-chain modifications, amino acid substitution, etc. which improve their functionality. This has led to a substantial interest of researchers and pharmaceutical companies, moving the next generation of these therapeutics from fundamental research to the market. Various chemical and computational approaches are aiding the production of more stable and long-lasting peptides guiding the formulation of novel and advanced therapeutic agents. However, there is not a single article that talks about various peptide design approaches i.e., in-silico and in-vitro along with their applications and strategies to improve their efficacy. In this review, we try to bring different aspects of peptide-based therapeutics under one article with a clear focus to cover the missing links in the literature. This review draws emphasis on various in-silico approaches and modification-based peptide design strategies. It also highlights the recent progress made in peptide delivery methods important for their enhanced clinical efficacy. The article would provide a bird's-eye view to researchers aiming to develop peptides with therapeutic applications. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchali Barman
- Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology (UIEAST), Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Shubhi Joshi
- Energy Research Centre, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Sheetal Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, U.T 160014 India
| | - Simran Preet
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, U.T 160014 India
| | - Shweta Sharma
- Institute of Forensic Science and Criminology (UIEAST), Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Avneet Saini
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, U.T 160014 India
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5
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Phetsanthad A, Roycroft C, Li L. Enrichment and fragmentation approaches for enhanced detection and characterization of endogenous glycosylated neuropeptides. Proteomics 2023; 23:e2100375. [PMID: 35906894 PMCID: PMC9884999 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202100375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated neuropeptides were recently discovered in crustaceans, a model organism with a well-characterized neuroendocrine system. Several workflows exist to characterize enzymatically digested peptides; however, the unique properties of endogenous neuropeptides require methods to be re-evaluated. We investigate the use of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) enrichment and different fragmentation methods to further probe the expression of glycosylated neuropeptides in Callinectes sapidus. During the evaluation of HILIC, we observed the necessity of a less aqueous solvent for endogenous peptide samples. This modification enabled the number of detected neuropeptide glycoforms to increase almost two-fold, from 18 to 36. Product ion-triggered electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation enabled the site-specific detection of 55 intact N- and O-linked glycoforms, while the faster stepped collision energy higher-energy collisional dissociation resulted in detection of 25. Additionally, applying this workflow to five neuronal tissues enabled the characterization of 36 more glycoforms of known neuropeptides and 11 more glycoforms of nine putative novel neuropeptides. Overall, the database of glycosylated neuropeptides in crustaceans was largely expanded from 18 to 136 glycoforms of 40 neuropeptides from 10 neuropeptide families. Both macro- and micro-heterogeneity were observed, demonstrating the chemical diversity of this simple invertebrate, establishing a framework to use crustacean to probe modulatory effects of glycosylation on neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Phetsanthad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Caroline Roycroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA,College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA,School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA,Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Lingjun Li, School of Pharmacy & Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705-2222, Phone: (608) 265-8491, Fax: (608) 262-5345,
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6
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Mordhorst S, Ruijne F, Vagstad AL, Kuipers OP, Piel J. Emulating nonribosomal peptides with ribosomal biosynthetic strategies. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:7-36. [PMID: 36685251 PMCID: PMC9811515 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide natural products are important lead structures for human drugs and many nonribosomal peptides possess antibiotic activity. This makes them interesting targets for engineering approaches to generate peptide analogues with, for example, increased bioactivities. Nonribosomal peptides are produced by huge mega-enzyme complexes in an assembly-line like manner, and hence, these biosynthetic pathways are challenging to engineer. In the past decade, more and more structural features thought to be unique to nonribosomal peptides were found in ribosomally synthesised and posttranslationally modified peptides as well. These streamlined ribosomal pathways with modifying enzymes that are often promiscuous and with gene-encoded precursor proteins that can be modified easily, offer several advantages to produce designer peptides. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress in this emerging research area by comparing structural features common to both nonribosomal and ribosomally synthesised and posttranslationally modified peptides in the first part and highlighting synthetic biology strategies for emulating nonribosomal peptides by ribosomal pathway engineering in the second part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Mordhorst
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Fleur Ruijne
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anna L Vagstad
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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7
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Design of amino acid- and carbohydrate-based anticancer drugs to inhibit polymerase η. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18461. [PMID: 36323739 PMCID: PMC9630280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase η (polη) is of significant value for designing new families of anticancer drugs. This protein takes a role in many stages of the cell cycle, including DNA replication, translesion DNA synthesis, and the repairing process of DNA. According to many studies, a high level of expression of polη in most cases has been associated with low rates of patients' survival, regardless of considering the stage of tumor cells. Thus, the design of new drugs with fewer side effects to inhibit polη in cancerous cells has attracted attention in recent years. This project aims to design and explore the alternative inhibitors for polη, which are based on carbohydrates and amino acids. In terms of physicochemical properties, they are similar to the traditional anticancer drugs such as Cytarabine (cytosine arabinose). These alternative inhibitors are supposed to disrupt the DNA replication process in cancerous cells and prevent the tumor cells from mitosis. These newly designed structures, which are based on natural products, are expected to be non-toxic and to have the same chemotherapeutic impact as the traditional agents. The combinatorial use of quantum mechanics studies and molecular dynamic simulation has enabled us to precisely predict the inhibition mechanism of the newly designed structure, which is based on carbohydrates and amino acids, and compare it with that of the traditional chemotherapeutic drugs such as Cytarabine. Our results suggest that the inhibitors containing the natural building blocks of amino acid and carbohydrate could be considered alternative drugs for Cytarabine to block polη.
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8
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Ślusarz MJ. Molecular insights into the mechanism of sugar-modified enkephalin binding to opioid receptors. Comput Biol Chem 2022; 101:107783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Lee YS. Peptidomimetics and Their Applications for Opioid Peptide Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091241. [PMID: 36139079 PMCID: PMC9496382 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite various advantages, opioid peptides have been limited in their therapeutic uses due to the main drawbacks in metabolic stability, blood-brain barrier permeability, and bioavailability. Therefore, extensive studies have focused on overcoming the problems and optimizing the therapeutic potential. Currently, numerous peptide-based drugs are being marketed thanks to new synthetic strategies for optimizing metabolism and alternative routes of administration. This tutorial review briefly introduces the history and role of natural opioid peptides and highlights the key findings on their structure-activity relationships for the opioid receptors. It discusses details on opioid peptidomimetics applied to develop therapeutic candidates for the treatment of pain from the pharmacological and structural points of view. The main focus is the current status of various mimetic tools and the successful applications summarized in tables and figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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10
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Apostol CR, Bernard K, Tanguturi P, Molnar G, Bartlett MJ, Szabò L, Liu C, Ortiz JB, Saber M, Giordano KR, Green TRF, Melvin J, Morrison HW, Madhavan L, Rowe RK, Streicher JM, Heien ML, Falk T, Polt R. Design and Synthesis of Brain Penetrant Glycopeptide Analogues of PACAP With Neuroprotective Potential for Traumatic Brain Injury and Parkinsonism. FRONTIERS IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 1. [PMID: 35237767 PMCID: PMC8887546 DOI: 10.3389/fddsv.2021.818003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for curative therapies to treat neurodegenerative disorders. Most mainstay treatments currently on the market only alleviate specific symptoms and do not reverse disease progression. The Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), an endogenous neuropeptide hormone, has been extensively studied as a potential regenerative therapeutic. PACAP is widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and exerts its neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects via the related Class B GPCRs PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2, at which the hormone shows roughly equal activity. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) also activates these receptors, and this close analogue of PACAP has also shown to promote neuronal survival in various animal models of acute and progressive neurodegenerative diseases. However, PACAP's poor pharmacokinetic profile (non-linear PK/PD), and more importantly its limited blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability has hampered development of this peptide as a therapeutic. We have demonstrated that glycosylation of PACAP and related peptides promotes penetration of the BBB and improves PK properties while retaining efficacy and potency in the low nanomolar range at its target receptors. Furthermore, judicious structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies revealed key motifs that can be modulated to afford compounds with diverse selectivity profiles. Most importantly, we have demonstrated that select PACAP glycopeptide analogues (2LS80Mel and 2LS98Lac) exert potent neuroprotective effects and anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of traumatic brain injury and in a mild-toxin lesion model of Parkinson's disease, highlighting glycosylation as a viable strategy for converting endogenous peptides into robust and efficacious drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Apostol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kelsey Bernard
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | | | - Gabriella Molnar
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mitchell J Bartlett
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lajos Szabò
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - J Bryce Ortiz
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Maha Saber
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Katherine R Giordano
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Phoenix Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Tabitha R F Green
- Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - James Melvin
- Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Helena W Morrison
- College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Lalitha Madhavan
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Rachel K Rowe
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Child Health, The University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael L Heien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Torsten Falk
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Physiological Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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11
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Sauer CS, Phetsanthad A, Riusech OL, Li L. Developing mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of neuropeptides. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:607-621. [PMID: 34375152 PMCID: PMC8522511 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1967146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropeptides are signaling molecules originating in the neuroendocrine system that can act as neurotransmitters and hormones in many biochemical processes. Their exact function is difficult to characterize, however, due to dependence on concentration, post-translational modifications, and the presence of other comodulating neuropeptides. Mass spectrometry enables sensitive, accurate, and global peptidomic analyses that can profile neuropeptide expression changes to understand their roles in many biological problems, such as neurodegenerative disorders and metabolic function. AREAS COVERED We provide a brief overview of the fundamentals of neuropeptidomic research, limitations of existing methods, and recent progress in the field. This review is focused on developments in mass spectrometry and encompasses labeling strategies, post-translational modification analysis, mass spectrometry imaging, and integrated multi-omic workflows, with discussion emphasizing quantitative advancements. EXPERT OPINION Neuropeptidomics is critical for future clinical research with impacts in biomarker discovery, receptor identification, and drug design. While advancements are being made to improve sensitivity and accuracy, there is still room for improvement. Better quantitative strategies are required for clinical analyses, and these methods also need to be amenable to mass spectrometry imaging, post-translational modification analysis, and multi-omics to facilitate understanding and future treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ashley Phetsanthad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Olga L. Riusech
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53075, USA
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12
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Apostol CR, Hay M, Polt R. Glycopeptide drugs: A pharmacological dimension between "Small Molecules" and "Biologics". Peptides 2020; 131:170369. [PMID: 32673700 PMCID: PMC7448947 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are an important class of molecules with diverse biological activities. Many endogenous peptides, especially neuropeptides and peptide hormones, play critical roles in development and regulating homeostasis. Furthermore, as drug candidates their high receptor selectivity and potent binding leads to reduced off-target interactions and potential negative side effects. However, the therapeutic potential of peptides is severely hampered by their poor stability in vivo and low permeability across biological membranes. Several strategies have been successfully employed over the decades to address these concerns, and one of the most promising strategies is glycosylation. It has been demonstrated in numerous cases that glycosylation is an effective synthetic approach to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles and membrane permeability of peptides. The effects of glycosylation on peptide stability and peptide-membrane interactions in the context of blood-brain barrier penetration will be explored. Numerous examples of glycosylated analogues of endogenous peptides targeting class A and B G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) with an emphasis on O-linked glycopeptides will be reviewed. Notable examples of N-, S-, and C-linked glycopeptides will also be discussed. A small section is devoted to synthetic methods for the preparation of glycopeptides and requisite amino acid glycoside building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Apostol
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Meredith Hay
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Dept. of Physiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Dept. of Chemistry & Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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13
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Song H, Allison SJ, Brabec V, Bridgewater HE, Kasparkova J, Kostrhunova H, Novohradsky V, Phillips RM, Pracharova J, Rogers NJ, Shepherd SL, Scott P. Glycoconjugated Metallohelices have Improved Nuclear Delivery and Suppress Tumour Growth In Vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Song
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Simon J. Allison
- School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Viktor Brabec
- The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | | | - Jana Kasparkova
- The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Roger M. Phillips
- School of Applied Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Jitka Pracharova
- The Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics Kralovopolska 135 61265 Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Biophysics Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Faculty of Science Palacký University Šlechtitelů 27 78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Nicola J. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
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14
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Song H, Allison SJ, Brabec V, Bridgewater HE, Kasparkova J, Kostrhunova H, Novohradsky V, Phillips RM, Pracharova J, Rogers NJ, Shepherd SL, Scott P. Glycoconjugated Metallohelices have Improved Nuclear Delivery and Suppress Tumour Growth In Vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14677-14685. [PMID: 32489012 PMCID: PMC7497174 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monosaccharides are added to the hydrophilic face of a self-assembled asymmetric FeII metallohelix, using CuAAC chemistry. The sixteen resulting architectures are water-stable and optically pure, and exhibit improved antiproliferative selectivity against colon cancer cells (HCT116 p53+/+ ) with respect to the non-cancerous ARPE-19 cell line. While the most selective compound is a glucose-appended enantiomer, its cellular entry is not mainly glucose transporter-mediated. Glucose conjugation nevertheless increases nuclear delivery ca 2.5-fold, and a non-destructive interaction with DNA is indicated. Addition of the glucose units affects the binding orientation of the metallohelix to naked DNA, but does not substantially alter the overall affinity. In a mouse model, the glucose conjugated compound was far better tolerated, and tumour growth delays for the parent compound (2.6 d) were improved to 4.3 d; performance as good as cisplatin but with the advantage of no weight loss in the subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Song
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Simon J. Allison
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | - Viktor Brabec
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of BiophysicsKralovopolska 13561265BrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Jana Kasparkova
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of BiophysicsKralovopolska 13561265BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Hana Kostrhunova
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of BiophysicsKralovopolska 13561265BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Vojtech Novohradsky
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of BiophysicsKralovopolska 13561265BrnoCzech Republic
| | - Roger M. Phillips
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | - Jitka Pracharova
- The Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of BiophysicsKralovopolska 13561265BrnoCzech Republic
- Department of BiophysicsCentre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural ResearchFaculty of SciencePalacký UniversityŠlechtitelů 2778371OlomoucCzech Republic
| | | | | | - Peter Scott
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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15
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Wtorek K, Piekielna-Ciesielska J, Janecki T, Janecka A. The search for opioid analgesics with limited tolerance liability. Peptides 2020; 130:170331. [PMID: 32497566 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reducing the well-known side effects of opioids prescribed to treat chronic pain remains unresolved, despite extensive research in this field. Among several options to tackle this problem the synthesis of multifunctional compounds containing hybridized structures gained a lot of interest. Recently, extensively investigated are combinations of opioid agonist and antagonist pharmacophores embodied in a single molecule. To this end, agonism at the μ opioid receptor (MOR) with simultaneous antagonism at the δ opioid receptor (DOR) emerged as a promising avenue to obtaining novel analogs devoid of serious adverse effects associated with morphine-based analgesics. In this review we covered up-to-date research on the synthesis of peptide-based ligands with MOR agonist/DOR antagonist profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Wtorek
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Janecki
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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16
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Duskey JT, Ottonelli I, Da Ros F, Vilella A, Zoli M, Kovachka S, Spyrakis F, Vandelli MA, Tosi G, Ruozi B. Novel peptide-conjugated nanomedicines for brain targeting: In vivo evidence. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 28:102226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Bracke N, Janssens Y, Wynendaele E, Tack L, Maes A, van de Wiele C, Sathekge M, de Spiegeleer B. Blood-brain barrier transport kinetics of NOTA-modified proteins: the somatropin case. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE ITALIAN ASSOCIATION OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE (AIMN) [AND] THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOPHARMACOLOGY (IAR), [AND] SECTION OF THE SOCIETY OF... 2020; 64:105-114. [PMID: 29697217 DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4785.18.03025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemical modifications such as PEG, polyamine and radiolabeling on proteins can alter their pharmacokinetic behavior and their blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport characteristics. NOTA, i.e. 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid, is a bifunctional chelating agent that has attracted the interest of the scientific community for its high complexation constant with metals like gallium. Until now, the comparative BBB transport characteristics of NOTA-modified proteins versus unmodified proteins are not yet described. METHODS Somatropin (i.e. recombinant human growth hormone), NOTA-conjugated somatropin and gallium-labelled NOTA-conjugated somatropin were investigated for their brain penetration characteristics (multiple time regression and capillary depletion [CD]) in an in vivo mice model to determine the blood-brain transfer properties. RESULTS The three compounds showed comparable initial brain influx, with Kin=0.38±0.14 µL/(g×min), 0.36±0.16 µL/(g×min) and 0.28±0.18 µL/(g×min), respectively. CD indicated that more than 80% of the influxed compounds reached the brain parenchyma. All three compounds were in vivo stable in serum and brain during the time frame of the experiments. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that modification of NOTA as well as gallium chelation onto proteins, in casu somatropin, does not lead to a significantly changed pharmacokinetic profile at the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bracke
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yorick Janssens
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Liesa Tack
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alex Maes
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, AZ Groeninge, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Mike Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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18
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Alavi SE, Cabot PJ, Moyle PM. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Strategies To Improve Their Efficiency. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2278-2295. [PMID: 31050435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing in global prevalence and is associated with serious health problems (e.g., cardiovascular disease). Various treatment options are available for T2DM, including the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). GLP-1 is a therapeutic peptide secreted from the intestines following food intake, which stimulates the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. The native GLP-1 has a very short plasma half-life, owning to renal clearance and degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4. To overcome this issue, various GLP-1 agonists with increased resistance to proteolytic degradation and reduced renal clearance have been developed, with several currently marketed. Strategies, such as controlled release delivery systems, methods to reduce renal clearance (e.g., PEGylation and conjugation to antibodies), and methods to improve proteolytic stability (e.g., stapling, cyclization, and glycosylation) provide means to further improve the ability of GLP-1 analogs. These will be discussed in this literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , 4102 , Australia
| | - Peter J Cabot
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , 4102 , Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Woolloongabba , 4102 , Australia
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19
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Stefanucci A, Lei W, Pieretti S, Dimmito MP, Luisi G, Novellino E, Nowakowski M, Koźmiński W, Mirzaie S, Zengin G, Streicher JM, Mollica A. Novel Cyclic Biphalin Analogues by Ruthenium-Catalyzed Ring Closing Metathesis: in Vivo and in Vitro Biological Profile. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:450-456. [PMID: 30996778 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we report the application of the ring-closing metathesis (RCM) to the preparation of two cyclic olefin-bridged analogues of biphalin (Tyr-d-Ala-Gly-Phe-NH-NH ← Phe ← Gly ← d-Ala ← Tyr), using the second generation Grubbs' catalyst. The resulting cis- and trans-cyclic isomers were identified, fully characterized, and tested in vitro at μ (ΜΟR), δ (DOR), and κ (KOR) opioid receptors and in vivo for antinociceptive activity. Both were shown to be full agonists at MOR and potential partial antagonists at DOR, with low potency KOR agonism. They also share a strong antinociceptive effect after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and intravenous (i.v.) administration, higher than that of the cyclic biphalin analogues containing a disulfide bridge between the side chains of two d-Cys or d-Pen residues, previously described by our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azzurra Stefanucci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Stefano Pieretti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale Ricerca e Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Grazia Luisi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michał Nowakowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Koźmiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sako Mirzaie
- Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Adriano Mollica
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Chieti-Pescara “G. d’Annunzio”, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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20
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Wadzinski TJ, Steinauer A, Hie L, Pelletier G, Schepartz A, Miller SJ. Rapid phenolic O-glycosylation of small molecules and complex unprotected peptides in aqueous solvent. Nat Chem 2018; 10:644-652. [PMID: 29713033 PMCID: PMC5964040 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0041-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylated natural products and synthetic glycopeptides represent a significant and growing source of biochemical probes and therapeutic agents. However, methods that enable the aqueous glycosylation of endogenous amino acid functionality in peptides without the use of protecting groups are scarce. Here, we report a transformation that facilitates the efficient aqueous O-glycosylation of phenolic functionality in a wide range of small molecules, unprotected tyrosine, and tyrosine residues embedded within a range of complex, fully unprotected peptides. The transformation, which uses glycosyl fluoride donors and is promoted by Ca(OH)2, proceeds rapidly at room temperature in water, with good yields and selective formation of unique anomeric products depending on the stereochemistry of the glycosyl donor. High functional group tolerance is observed, and the phenol glycosylation occurs selectively in the presence of virtually all side chains of the proteinogenic amino acids with the singular exception of Cys. This method offers a highly selective, efficient, and operationally simple approach for the protecting-group-free synthesis of O-aryl glycosides and Tyr-O-glycosylated peptides in water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liana Hie
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Scott J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The opioid receptor system plays a major role in the regulation of mood, reward, and pain. The opioid receptors therefore make attractive targets for the treatment of many different conditions, including pain, depression, and addiction. However, stimulation or blockade of any one opioid receptor type often leads to on-target adverse effects that limit the clinical utility of a selective opioid agonist or antagonist. Literature precedent suggests that the opioid receptors do not act in isolation and that interactions among the opioid receptors and between the opioid receptors and other proteins may produce clinically useful targets. Multifunctional ligands have the potential to elicit desired outcomes with reduced adverse effects by allowing for the activation of specific receptor conformations and/or signaling pathways promoted as a result of receptor oligomerization or crosstalk. In this chapter, we describe several classes of multifunctional ligands that interact with at least one opioid receptor. These ligands have been designed for biochemical exploration and the treatment of a wide variety of conditions, including multiple kinds of pain, depression, anxiety, addiction, and gastrointestinal disorders. The structures, pharmacological utility, and therapeutic drawbacks of these classes of ligands are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School and the Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Deanna Montgomery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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22
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Oswald M, Geissler S, Goepferich A. Targeting the Central Nervous System (CNS): A Review of Rabies Virus-Targeting Strategies. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2177-2196. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Oswald
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Geissler
- Chemical & Pharmaceutical Development, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department for Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 94030 Regensburg, Germany
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23
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Rosa M, Gonzalez-Nunez V, Barreto-Valer K, Marcelo F, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Calle LP, Arévalo JC, Rodríguez RE, Jiménez-Barbero J, Arsequell G, Valencia G. Role of the sugar moiety on the opioid receptor binding and conformation of a series of enkephalin neoglycopeptides. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2260-2265. [PMID: 28284867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation by simple sugars is a drug discovery alternative that has been explored with varying success for enhancing the potency and bioavailability of opioid peptides. Long ago we described two O-glycosides having either β-Glucose and β-Galactose of (d-Met2, Pro5)-enkephalinamide showing one of the highest antinociceptive activities known. Here, we report the resynthesis of these two analogs and the preparation of three novel neoglycopeptide derivatives (α-Mannose, β-Lactose and β-Cellobiose). Binding studies to cloned zebrafish opioid receptors showed very small differences of affinity between the parent compound and the five glycopeptides thus suggesting that the nature of the carbohydrate moiety plays a minor role in determining the binding mode. Indeed, NMR conformational studies, combined with molecular mechanics calculations, indicated that all glycopeptides present the same major conformation either in solution or membrane-like environment. The evidences provided here highlight the relevance for in vivo activity of the conjugating bond between the peptide and sugar moieties in opioid glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mònica Rosa
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Gonzalez-Nunez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Katherine Barreto-Valer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Filipa Marcelo
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE Faculdade Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Julia Sánchez-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis P Calle
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, E-48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Juan C Arévalo
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel E Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technological Park, E-48160 Derio, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao E-48013, Spain; Department of Organic Chemistry II, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, EHU/UPV, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gemma Arsequell
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gregorio Valencia
- Instituto de Química Avanzada de Cataluña (IQAC-CSIC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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Moradi SV, Hussein WM, Varamini P, Simerska P, Toth I. Glycosylation, an effective synthetic strategy to improve the bioavailability of therapeutic peptides. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2492-2500. [PMID: 28660018 PMCID: PMC5477030 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04392a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of peptides is a promising strategy for modulating the physicochemical properties of peptide drugs and for improving their absorption through biological membranes. This review highlights various methods for the synthesis of glycoconjugates and recent progress in the development of glycosylated peptide therapeutics. Furthermore, the impacts of glycosylation in overcoming the existing barriers that restrict oral and brain delivery of peptides are described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayli Varasteh Moradi
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Pegah Varamini
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Pavla Simerska
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia .
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , St. Lucia , QLD 4072 , Australia
- The University of Queensland , School of Pharmacy , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
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25
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Banks WA. From blood-brain barrier to blood-brain interface: new opportunities for CNS drug delivery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:275-92. [PMID: 26794270 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 654] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders is achieving sufficient blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Research in the past few decades has revealed that the BBB is not only a substantial barrier for drug delivery to the CNS but also a complex, dynamic interface that adapts to the needs of the CNS, responds to physiological changes, and is affected by and can even promote disease. This complexity confounds simple strategies for drug delivery to the CNS, but provides a wealth of opportunities and approaches for drug development. Here, I review some of the most important areas that have recently redefined the BBB and discuss how they can be applied to the development of CNS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Banks
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, Washington 98108, USA
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26
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Endocytosis of Nanomedicines: The Case of Glycopeptide Engineered PLGA Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:74-89. [PMID: 26102358 PMCID: PMC4491652 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of nanomedicine as a new strategy for drug delivery and targeting prompted the interest in developing approaches toward basic and clinical neuroscience. Despite enormous advances on brain research, central nervous system (CNS) disorders remain the world's leading cause of disability, in part due to the inability of the majority of drugs to reach the brain parenchyma. Many attempts to use nanomedicines as CNS drug delivery systems (DDS) were made; among the various non-invasive approaches, nanoparticulate carriers and, particularly, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) seem to be the most interesting strategies. In particular, the ability of poly-lactide-co-glycolide NPs (PLGA-NPs) specifically engineered with a glycopeptide (g7), conferring to NPs' ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) in rodents at a concentration of up to 10% of the injected dose, was demonstrated in previous studies using different routes of administrations. Most of the evidence on NP uptake mechanisms reported in the literature about intracellular pathways and processes of cell entry is based on in vitro studies. Therefore, beside the particular attention devoted to increasing the knowledge of the rate of in vivo BBB crossing of nanocarriers, the subsequent exocytosis in the brain compartments, their fate and trafficking in the brain surely represent major topics in this field.
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27
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Ballet S, Betti C, Novoa A, Tömböly C, Uhd Nielsen C, Helms HC, Lesniak A, Kleczkowska P, Chung NN, Lipkowski AW, Brodin B, Tourwé D, Schiller PW. In Vitro Membrane Permeation Studies and in Vivo Antinociception of Glycosylated Dmt 1-DALDA Analogues. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:352-357. [PMID: 24839540 DOI: 10.1021/ml4004765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the μ opioid receptor (MOR) ligands DALDA (Tyr-d-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2) and Dmt1-DALDA (Dmt-d-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH2, Dmt = 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine) were glycosylated at the N- or C-terminus. Subsequently, the modified peptides were subjected to in vitro and in vivo evaluation. In contrast to the N-terminally modified peptide (3), all peptide analogues derivatized at the C-terminus (4-7) proved to possess high affinity and agonist potency at both MOR and DOR (δ opioid receptor). Results of the Caco-2 monolayer permeation, as well as in vitro blood-brain barrier model experiments, showed that, in the case of compound 4, the glycosylation only slightly diminished the lumen-to-blood and blood-to-lumen transport. Altogether, these experiments were indicative of transcellular transport but not active transport. In vivo assays demonstrated that the peptides were capable of (i) crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and (ii) activating both the spinal ascending as well as the descending opioid pathways, as determined by the tail-flick and hot-plate assays, respectively. In contrast to the highly selective MOR agonist Dmt1-DALDA 1, compounds 4-7 are mixed MOR/DOR agonists, expected to produce reduced opioid-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Ballet
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Betti
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Novoa
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári, krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- The
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans Christian Helms
- The
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Lesniak
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nga N. Chung
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W
1R7, Canada
| | - Andrzej W. Lipkowski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, United States
| | - Birger Brodin
- The
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter W. Schiller
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2W
1R7, Canada
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Mosberg HI, Yeomans L, Anand JP, Porter V, Sobczyk-Kojiro K, Traynor JR, Jutkiewicz EM. Development of a bioavailable μ opioid receptor (MOPr) agonist, δ opioid receptor (DOPr) antagonist peptide that evokes antinociception without development of acute tolerance. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3148-53. [PMID: 24641190 PMCID: PMC3993928 DOI: 10.1021/jm5002088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described a cyclic tetrapeptide, 1, that displays μ opioid receptor (MOPr) agonist and δ opioid receptor (DOPr) antagonist activity, a profile associated with a reduced incidence of opioid tolerance and dependence. Like many peptides, 1 has poor bioavailability. We describe here an analogue of 1 with an added C-terminal β-glucosylserine residue, Ser(β-Glc)NH2, a modification that has previously been shown to improve bioavailability of opioid peptides. The resulting peptide, 4, exhibits full antinociceptive efficacy in the mouse warm water tail withdrawal assay after intraperitoneal administration with potency similar to that of morphine. Further, 4 does not give rise to acute tolerance and thus represents a promising lead for the development of opioid analgesics with reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry I Mosberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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29
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Li Y, St Louis L, Knapp BI, Muthu D, Anglin B, Giuvelis D, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R. Can amphipathic helices influence the CNS antinociceptive activity of glycopeptides related to β-endorphin? J Med Chem 2014; 57:2237-46. [PMID: 24576160 PMCID: PMC3983389 DOI: 10.1021/jm400879w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylated β-endorphin analogues of various amphipathicity were studied in vitro and in vivo in mice. Opioid binding affinities of the O-linked glycopeptides (mono- or disaccharides) and unglycosylated peptide controls were measured in human receptors expressed in CHO cells. All were pan-agonists, binding to μ-, δ-, or κ-opioid receptors in the low nanomolar range (2.2-35 nM K(i)'s). The glycoside moiety was required for intravenous (i.v.) but not for intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) activity. Circular dichroism and NMR indicated the degree of helicity in H2O, aqueous trifluoroethanol, or micelles. Glycosylation was essential for activity after i.v. administration. It was possible to manipulate the degree of helicity by the alteration of only two amino acid residues in the helical address region of the β-endorphin analogues without destroying μ-, δ-, or κ-agonism, but the antinociceptive activity after i.v. administration could not be directly correlated to the degree of helicity in micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and BIO5, The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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30
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Anand JP, Porter-Barrus VR, Waldschmidt HV, Yeomans L, Pogozheva ID, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Translation of structure-activity relationships from cyclic mixed efficacy opioid peptides to linear analogues. Biopolymers 2014; 102:107-14. [PMID: 24436042 PMCID: PMC4132888 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Most opioid analgesics used in the treatment of pain are mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists. While effective, there are significant drawbacks to opioid use, including the development of tolerance and dependence. However, the coadministration of a MOR agonist with a delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist slows the development of MOR-related side effects, while maintaining analgesia. We have previously reported a series of cyclic mixed efficacy MOR agonist/DOR antagonist ligands. Here we describe the transfer of key features from these cyclic analogs to linear sequences. Using the linear MOR/DOR agonist, Tyr-DThr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Ser-NH2 (DTLES), as a lead scaffold, we replaced Phe(4) with bulkier and/or constrained aromatic residues shown to confer DOR antagonism in our cyclic ligands. These replacements failed to confer DOR antagonism in the DTLES analogs, presumably because the more flexible linear ligands can adopt binding poses that will fit in the narrow binding pocket of the active conformations of both MOR and DOR. Nonetheless, the pharmacological profile observed in this series, high affinity and efficacy for MOR and DOR with selectivity relative to KOR, has also been shown to reduce the development of unwanted side effects. We further modified our lead MOR/DOR agonist with a C-terminal glucoserine to improve bioavailability. The resulting ligand displayed high efficacy and potency at both MOR and DOR and no efficacy at KOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Anand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109
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31
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Varamini P, Toth I. Lipid- and sugar-modified endomorphins: novel targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:155. [PMID: 24379782 PMCID: PMC3862115 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endomorphins are endogenous opioid peptides that cause potent antinociception in rodent models of acute and neuropathic pain with less undesirable side effects than opioid alkaloids. However, endomorphins are poorly suited to clinical applications because of low membrane permeability and a susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Glycosylation and lipidation have proven to be two of the most robust approaches for the generation of new therapeutic endomorphin derivatives. Conjugation with lipoamino acids (LAA) confers an amphipathic character to the peptide, which improved interaction between the peptide and the lipid bilayer of the cell membranes, increasing permeability. Glycosylation can also improve peptide stability and blood brain barrier (BBB) transport. It is believed that an endocytotic mechanism (transcytosis) is responsible for the systemic delivery of water-soluble glycopeptides. This review discusses the application of glycosylation and lipidation strategies to improve the drug-like properties of endomorphins. Pharmacologically active endomorphin analogs with less adverse effects are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Varamini
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia ; Medicinal Chemistry Department, School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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32
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33
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Chen YS, Toth I, Danesh-Meyer HV, Green CR, Rupenthal ID. Cytotoxicity and vitreous stability of chemically modified connexin43 mimetic peptides for the treatment of optic neuropathy. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2322-31. [PMID: 23696181 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuropathy is associated with retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss leading to optic nerve damage and visual impairment. Unregulated connexin (Cx) hemichannel opening plays a role in RGC loss. Thus, inhibition via Cx43-specific mimetic peptides (MP) may prevent further cell death. However, the highly hydrophilic character and poor stability of native peptides prevent their efficient delivery across biological membranes. The present study aimed to improve the stability of Cx43 MP by conjugation to C12-lipoamino acid (C12-Laa) or sugar groups. Unmodified and modified Cx43 MP were synthesized using solid-phase peptide synthesis. Their functionality was assessed by propidium iodide (PI) uptake into NT2 cells, a human testicular carcinoma progenitor cell line able to differentiate into astrocytes, whereas the stability in ocular vitreous was measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. PI uptake studies showed inhibition of hemichannel opening for unmodified and modified Cx43 MP. Stability measurements revealed improved stability of modified Cx43 MP, with two Laa groups increasing the peptide half-life in bovine vitreous more than twofold. Conjugation to C12 -Laa or sugar did not affect the functionality of Cx43 MP, but addition of two C12-Laa groups significantly improved peptide stability. Laa-modifications may therefore offer improved stability and retinal delivery of peptides in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Shan Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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34
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Tosi G, Ruozi B, Belletti D, Vilella A, Zoli M, Vandelli MA, Forni F. Brain-targeted polymeric nanoparticles: in vivo evidence of different routes of administration in rodents. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:1373-83. [PMID: 23565661 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED AIMS, MATERIALS & METHODS: The capacity of polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) to reach the target regardless of the administration route is a neglected field of investigation in pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Therefore, after having demonstrated in previous studies that glycopeptide-engineered NPs (g7-NPs) were able to reach the brain after intravenous administrations in rodents, this article aims to evaluate whether they can reach the CNS when administered by different routes. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS The confocal microphotographs on murine brain sections showed the capability of g7-NPs to reach the target also after intraperitoneal, intranasal and oral administrations. This could open new vistas for the future application of g7-NPs in the therapeutic treatment of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tosi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, 41125, Modena, Italy.
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35
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Koch S, Schollmeyer D, Löwe H, Kunz H. C-Glycosyl Amino Acids through Hydroboration-Cross-Coupling ofexo-Glycals and Their Application in Automated Solid-Phase Synthesis. Chemistry 2013; 19:7020-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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36
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Varamini P, Mansfeld FM, Blanchfield JT, Wyse BD, Smith MT, Toth I. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of an Orally Active Glycosylated Endomorphin-1. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5859-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300418d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruce D. Wyse
- School of Pharmacy, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Maree T. Smith
- School of Pharmacy, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Pharmacy, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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37
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Aldrich JV, McLaughlin JP. Opioid Peptides: Potential for Drug Development. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2012; 9:e1-e70. [PMID: 23316256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptors are important targets for the treatment of pain and potentially for other disease states (e.g. mood disorders and drug abuse) as well. Significant recent advances have been made in identifying opioid peptide analogs that exhibit promising in vivo activity for treatment of these maladies. This review focuses on the development and evaluation of opioid peptide analogs demonstrating activity after systemic administration, and recent clinical evaluations of opioid peptides for possible therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane V Aldrich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
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38
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Drug transport into the central nervous system: using newer findings about the blood–brain barriers. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2012; 2:152-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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39
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Roman DL, Traynor JR. Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins as drug targets: modulating G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signal transduction. J Med Chem 2011; 54:7433-40. [PMID: 21916427 DOI: 10.1021/jm101572n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Roman
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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40
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Yeomans L, Muthu D, Lowery JJ, Martinez HN, Abrell L, Lin G, Strom K, Knapp BI, Bidlack JM, Bilsky EJ, Polt R. Phosphorylation of enkephalins: NMR and CD studies in aqueous and membrane-mimicking environments. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:749-56. [PMID: 21801311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of l-serine-containing enkephalin analogs has been explored as an alternative to glycosylation in an effort to increase blood-brain barrier permeability and CNS bioavailability of peptide pharmacophores. Two enkephalin-based peptides were modified for these studies, a set related to DTLES, a mixed μ/δ-agonist, and one related to DAMGO, a highly selective μ-agonist. Each unglycosylated peptide was compared to its phosphate, its mono-benzylphosphate ester, and its β-d-glucoside. Binding was characterized in membrane preparations from Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human μ, δ and κ-opiate receptors. Antinociception was measured in mice using the 55 °C tail-flick assay. To estimate bioavailability, the antinociceptive effect of each opioid agonist was evaluated after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intravenous administration (i.v.) of the peptides. Circular dichroism methods and high-field nuclear magnetic resonance were used in the presence and absence of sodium dodecylsulfate to understand how the presence of a membrane might influence the peptide conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Yeomans
- Carl S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, BIO5, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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41
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Tosi G, Fano RA, Bondioli L, Badiali L, Benassi R, Rivasi F, Ruozi B, Forni F, Vandelli MA. Investigation on mechanisms of glycopeptide nanoparticles for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2011; 6:423-36. [PMID: 21542682 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Nanoneuroscience, based on the use polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), represents an emerging field of research for achieving an effective therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) glyco-heptapetide-conjugated NPs (g7-NPs) were shown to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, the in vivo mechanisms of the BBB crossing of this kind of NP has not been investigated until now. This article aimed to develop a deep understanding of the mechanism of BBB crossing of the modified NPs. MATERIALS & METHODS Loperamide and rhodamine-123 (model drugs unable to cross the BBB) were loaded into NPs, composed of a mixture of PLGA, differently modified with g7 or with a random sequence of the same aminoamids (random-g7). To study brain targeting of these model drugs, loaded NPs were administered via the tail vein in rats in order to perform both pharmacological studies and biodistribution analysis along with fluorescent, confocal and electron microscopy analysis, in order to achieve the NP BBB crossing mechanism. Computational analysis on the conformation of the g7- and random-g7-NPs of the NP surface was also developed. RESULTS Only loperamide delivered to the brain with g7-NPs created a high central analgesia, corresponding to the 14% of the injected dose, and data were confirmed by biodistribution studies. Electron photomicrographs showed the ability of g7-NPs in crossing the BBB as evidenced by several endocytotic vesicles and macropinocytotic processes. The computational analysis on g7 and random-g7 showed a different conformation (linear vs globular), thus suggesting a different interaction with the BBB. CONCLUSION Taken together, this evidence suggested that g7-NP BBB crossing is enabled by multiple pathways, mainly membrane-membrane interaction and macropinocytosis-like mechanisms. The results of the computational analysis showed the Biousian structure of the g7 peptide, in contrast to random-g7 peptide (globular conformation), suggesting that this difference is pivotal in explaining the BBB crossing and allowing us to hypothesize regarding the mechanism of BBB crossing by g7-NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Tosi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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42
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Robertson CR, Flynn SP, White HS, Bulaj G. Anticonvulsant neuropeptides as drug leads for neurological diseases. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:741-62. [PMID: 21340067 DOI: 10.1039/c0np00048e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Anticonvulsant neuropeptides are best known for their ability to suppress seizures and modulate pain pathways. Galanin, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, neurotensin, dynorphin, among others, have been validated as potential first-in-class anti-epileptic or/and analgesic compounds in animal models of epilepsy and pain, but their therapeutic potential extends to other neurological indications, including neurodegenerative and psychatric disorders. Disease-modifying properties of neuropeptides make them even more attractive templates for developing new-generation neurotherapeutics. Arguably, efforts to transform this class of neuropeptides into drugs have been limited compared to those for other bioactive peptides. Key challenges in developing neuropeptide-based anticonvulsants are: to engineer optimal receptor-subtype selectivity, to improve metabolic stability and to enhance their bioavailability, including penetration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Here, we summarize advances toward developing systemically active and CNS-penetrant neuropeptide analogs. Two main objectives of this review are: (1) to provide an overview of structural and pharmacological properties for selected anticonvulsant neuropeptides and their analogs and (2) to encourage broader efforts to convert these endogenous natural products into drug leads for pain, epilepsy and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Robertson
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, 421 Wakara Way, STE. 360 Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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43
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Spain SG, Cameron NR. A spoonful of sugar: the application of glycopolymers in therapeutics. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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44
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Gantt RW, Peltier-Pain P, Thorson JS. Enzymatic methods for glyco(diversification/randomization) of drugs and small molecules. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1811-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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45
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Keyari CM, Polt R, Nichol GS. (S)-Methyl 2-{(S)-2-[bis-(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)methyl-idene-amino]-3-hy-droxy-propanamido}-3-methyl-butano-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 67:o13-o14. [PMID: 21522640 PMCID: PMC3050411 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810049032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The title compound, C(24)H(30)N(2)O(6), a Schiff base, adopts an extended conformation in which the meth-oxy groups are essentially coplanar with the aromatic ring to which they are bonded (mean planes fitted through the non-H atoms of each methoxyphenyl group have r.m.s. deviations of 0.078 and 0.044 Å) and the angle between mean planes fitted through the aromatic rings is 87.57 (10)°. An intra-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bond keeps the imine and amide groups essentially coplanar. A mean plane fitted through these groups has an r.m.s. deviation of 0.0545 Å. Additional O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding parallel with the a axis links the mol-ecules into a hydrogen-bonded chain in the crystal. C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions are found within the crystal packing. The compound has been assigned the S,S configuration on the basis of the chemical synthesis, which used pure homotopic l-amino acids, and we have no reason to believe that the compound has epimerized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Keyari
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Robin Polt
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Gary S. Nichol
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, 1306 E University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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46
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Lowery JJ, Raymond TJ, Giuvelis D, Bidlack JM, Polt R, Bilsky EJ. In vivo characterization of MMP-2200, a mixed δ/μ opioid agonist, in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:767-78. [PMID: 21118955 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.172866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the chemistry and antinociceptive properties of a series of glycosylated enkephalin analogs (glycopeptides) exhibiting approximately equal affinity and efficacy at δ opioid receptors (DORs) and μ opioid receptors (MORs). More detailed pharmacology of the lead glycopeptide MMP-2200 [H₂N-Tyr-D-Thr-Gly-Phe-Leu-Ser-(O-β-D-lactose)-CONH₂] is presented. MMP-2200 produced dose-related antinociception in the 55°C tail-flick assay after various routes of administration. The antinociceptive effects of MMP-2200 were blocked by pretreatment with the general opioid antagonist naloxone and partially blocked by the MOR-selective antagonist β-funaltrexamine and the DOR-selective antagonist naltrindole. The κ opioid receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine and the peripherally active opioid antagonist naloxone-methiodide were ineffective in blocking the antinociceptive effects of MMP-2200. At equi-antinociceptive doses, MMP-2200 produced significantly less stimulation of locomotor activity compared with morphine. Repeated administration of equivalent doses of morphine and MMP-2200 (twice daily for 3 days) produced antinociceptive tolerance (~13- and 5-fold rightward shifts, respectively). In acute and chronic physical dependence assays, naloxone precipitated a more severe withdrawal in mice receiving morphine compared with equivalent doses of the glycopeptide. Both morphine and MMP-2200 inhibited respiration and gastrointestinal transit. In summary, MMP-2200 acts as a mixed DOR/MOR agonist in vivo, which may in part account for its high antinociceptive potency after systemic administration, as well as its decreased propensity to produce locomotor stimulation, tolerance, and physical dependence in mice, compared with the MOR-selective agonist morphine. For other measures (e.g., gastrointestinal transit and respiration), the significant MOR component may not allow differentiation from morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Lowery
- Department of Pharmacology, University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
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NIR-labeled nanoparticles engineered for brain targeting: in vivo optical imaging application and fluorescent microscopy evidences. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 118:145-53. [PMID: 20931242 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0497-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes extremely difficult to develop efficacious strategies for targeting contrast agents and delivering drugs inside the Central Nervous System (CNS). To overcome this drawback, several kinds of CNS-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed. In particular, we proposed poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) NPs engineered with a simil-opioid glycopeptide (g7), which have already proved to be a promising tool for achieving a successful brain targeting after i.v. administration in rats. In order to obtain CNS-targeted NPs to use for in vivo imaging, we synthesized and administrated in mice PLGA NPs with double coverage: near-infrared (NIR) probe (DY-675) and g7. The optical imaging clearly showed a brain localization of these novel NPs. Thus, a novel kind of NIR-labeled NPs were obtained, providing a new, in vivo detectable nanotechnology tool. Besides, the confocal and fluorescence microscopy evidences allowed to further confirm the ability of g7 to promote not only the rat, but also the mouse BBB crossing.
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Zhang L, Robertson CR, Green BR, Pruess TH, White HS, Bulaj G. Structural requirements for a lipoamino acid in modulating the anticonvulsant activities of systemically active galanin analogues. J Med Chem 2010; 52:1310-6. [PMID: 19199479 DOI: 10.1021/jm801397w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of lipoamino acid (LAA), Lys-palmitoyl, and cationization into a series of galanin analogues yielded systemically active anticonvulsant compounds. To study the relationship between the LAA structure and anticonvulsant activity, orthogonally protected LAAs were synthesized in which the Lys side chain was coupled to fatty acids varying in length from C(8) to C(18) or was coupled to a monodispersed polyethylene glycol, PEG(4). Galanin receptor affinity, serum stability, lipophilicity (log D), and activity in the 6 Hz mouse model of epilepsy of each of the newly synthesized analogues were determined following systemic administration. The presence of various LAAs or Lys(MPEG(4)) did not affect the receptor binding properties of the modified peptides, but their anticonvulsant activities varied substantially and were generally correlated with their lipophilicity. Our results suggest that varying the length or polarity of the LAA residue adjacent to positively charged amino acid residues may effectively modulate the antiepileptic activity of the galanin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84108, USA
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Perlikowska R, do-Rego JC, Cravezic A, Fichna J, Wyrebska A, Toth G, Janecka A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of cyclic endomorphin-2 analogs. Peptides 2010; 31:339-45. [PMID: 19995587 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In our previous paper we reported synthesis and biological activity of two cyclic analogs of endomorphin-2 (EM-2): Tyr-c(Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp)-NH(2) and Tyr-c(Asp-Phe-Phe-Lys)-NH(2), achieved by making an amid bond between Lys and Asp side-chains. The first analog did not bind to the mu-opioid receptor, the affinity of the second one was very low. In the present study, we describe the synthesis of four novel cyclic analogs of similar structure, but with d-amino acids in position 2 (D-Lys or D-Asp). All new analogs displayed high affinity for the mu-opioid receptor, were much more stable than EM-2 in rat brain homogenate and showed remarkable antinociceptive activity after intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration. Analgesic effect of the most potent cyclic analog, Tyr-c(D-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp)NH(2) was much stronger and longer lasting than that of EM-2. This analog elicited analgesia also after peripheral administration and this effect was reversed by concomitant i.c.v. injection of the mu-opioid antagonist, beta-funaltrexamine, which indicated that antinociception was mediated by the mu-opioid receptor in the brain. Central action of the cyclic analog gives evidence that it was able to cross the blood-brain barrier, most likely due to the increased lipophilicity. Our results demonstrate that cyclization might be a promising strategy to enhance bioavailability of peptides and may serve a role in the development of novel endomorphin analogs with increased therapeutic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics, Opioid/chemistry
- Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Endorphins/chemical synthesis
- Endorphins/chemistry
- Endorphins/metabolism
- Endorphins/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intravenous
- Injections, Intraventricular
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Pain/prevention & control
- Pain Measurement
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemical synthesis
- Peptides, Cyclic/chemistry
- Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- Tissue Extracts/metabolism
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Reaction of N-Fmoc aspartic anhydride with glycosylamines: a simple entry to N-glycosyl asparagines. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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