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Li J, Du B, Wang Y, Qiu J, Shi M, Wei M, Li L. Environmental perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposures and bone mineral density: a national cross-sectional study in the US adults. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:34459-34472. [PMID: 38703319 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Associations of perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposures with bone mineral density (BMD) in adults have not previously been studied. This study aimed to estimate the associations of individual and concurrent exposure of the three chemicals with adult BMD. Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2011-2018), 1618 non-pregnant adults (age ≥ 20 years and 47.0% female) were included in this study. Survey-weighted linear regression models were used to estimate individual urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate concentrations with lumbar spine BMD and total BMD in adults. Then, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were conducted to evaluate associations of co-occurrence of the three chemicals with adult BMD. In all participants, nitrate exposure was inversely associated with lumbar spine BMD (β = - 0.054, 95%CI: - 0.097, - 0.010). In stratification analyses, significant inverse associations were observed in female and participants older than 40 years old. In WQS regressions, significant negative associations of the weighted sum of the three chemicals with total and lumbar spine BMD (β = - 0.014, 95%CI: - 0.021, - 0.007; β = - 0.011, 95%CI: - 0.019, - 0.004, respectively) were found, and the dominant contributor was nitrate. In the BKMR models, non-linear dose-response associations of nitrate exposure with lumbar spine and total BMD were observed. These findings suggested that environmental perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate exposure may reduce adult BMD and nitrate is the main contributor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiao Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bohai Du
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahuang Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shi
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhong Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Paiva B, Laranjinha J, Rocha BS. Do oral and gut microbiota communicate through redox pathways? A novel asset of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38523057 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Nitrate may act as a regulator of •NO bioavailability via sequential reduction along the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway with widespread health benefits, including a eubiotic effect on the oral and gut microbiota. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of microbiota-host communication through redox pathways, via the production of •NO and oxidants by the family of NADPH oxidases, namely hydrogen peroxide (via Duox2), superoxide radical (via Nox1 and Nox2) and peroxynitrite, which leads to downstream activation of stress responses (Nrf2 and NFkB pathways) in the host mucosa. The activation of Nox2 by microbial metabolites is also discussed. Finally, we propose a new perspective in which both oral and gut microbiota communicate through redox pathways, with nitrate as the pivot linking both ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Paiva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara S Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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3
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Gonçalves JS, Marçal AL, Marques BS, Costa FD, Laranjinha J, Rocha BS, Lourenço CF. Dietary nitrate supplementation and cognitive health: the nitric oxide-dependent neurovascular coupling hypothesis. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:279-289. [PMID: 38385536 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Diet is currently recognized as a major modifiable agent of human health. In particular, dietary nitrate has been increasingly explored as a strategy to modulate different physiological mechanisms with demonstrated benefits in multiple organs, including gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrine systems. An intriguing exception in this scenario has been the brain, for which the evidence of the nitrate benefits remains controversial. Upon consumption, nitrate can undergo sequential reduction reactions in vivo to produce nitric oxide (•NO), a ubiquitous paracrine messenger that supports multiple physiological events such as vasodilation and neuromodulation. In the brain, •NO plays a key role in neurovascular coupling, a fine process associated with the dynamic regulation of cerebral blood flow matching the metabolic needs of neurons and crucial for sustaining brain function. Neurovascular coupling dysregulation has been associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction during different pathological conditions and aging. We discuss the potential biological action of nitrate on brain health, concerning the molecular mechanisms underpinning this association, particularly via modulation of •NO-dependent neurovascular coupling. The impact of nitrate supplementation on cognitive performance was scrutinized through preclinical and clinical data, suggesting that intervention length and the health condition of the participants are determinants of the outcome. Also, it stresses the need for multimodal quantitative studies relating cellular and mechanistic approaches to function coupled with behavior clinical outputs to understand whether a mechanistic relationship between dietary nitrate and cognitive health is operative in the brain. If proven, it supports the exciting hypothesis of cognitive enhancement via diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- João S Gonçalves
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana L Marçal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara S Marques
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa D Costa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bárbara S Rocha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cátia F Lourenço
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Health Science Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Mirzababaei A, Mahmoodi M, Abaj F, Barkhidarian B, Dehghani A, Khalili P, Roumi Z, Mirzaei K. The association of dietary nitrates/nitrites intake and the gut microbial metabolite trimethylamine N-oxide and kynurenine in adults: a population-based study. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1346074. [PMID: 38450240 PMCID: PMC10915207 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1346074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary nitrate and nitrite may affect the gut microbiota and its metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and kynurenine (KYN). However, this association and the exact mechanism are still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the association between dietary consumption of nitrite and nitrate on TMAO and KYN levels in adults. Methods This cross-sectional study was employed on a subsample baseline phase of the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Employee's Cohort Study (TEC). A total of 250 adults aged 18 years or older were included in the current analysis. Data on the dietary intakes were collected using a validated dish-based food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and dietary intakes of nitrite and nitrate were estimated using the FFQ with 144 items. Serum profiles and TMAO and KYN were measured using a standard protocol. Results The findings of this study demonstrate a significant association between the intake of animal sources of nitrate and nitrite and the likelihood of having elevated levels of TMAO and KYN. Specifically, after adjustment, individuals with the highest intake adherence to nitrates from animal sources exhibited increased odds of having the highest level of TMAO (≥51.02 pg/ml) (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 0.59-3.88, P = 0.03) and KYN (≥417.41 pg/ml) (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.73-4.17, P = 0.02). Additionally, subjects with the highest animal intake from nitrite sources have 1.73 and 1.45 times higher odds of having the highest levels of TMAO and KYN. These results emphasize the potential implications of animal-derived nitrate and nitrite consumption on the levels of TMAO and KYN. Conclusion The present evidence indicates that a high level of nitrate and nitrite intake from animal sources can increase the odds of high levels of TMAO and KYN. Further studies suggest that we should better evaluate and understand this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoodi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Abaj
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Bahareh Barkhidarian
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Dehghani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pardis Khalili
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Roumi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hu X, Wang L, Deng J, Xu H, Song K, Bu L, Pang B. Dietary nitrate accelerates the healing of infected skin wounds in mice by increasing microvascular density. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 686:149176. [PMID: 37924670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
As skin injuries resulting from acute trauma, burns, and chronic diseases present significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide, the promotion of skin wound healing remains an unmet therapeutic area. Dietary nitrate serves as a crucial pathway for the production of nitric oxide, which plays various physiological roles in the body, including vasodilation, increased blood flow, and antioxidant activity. However, the impact of dietary nitrate on skin wound healing remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the role of dietary nitrate in infected skin wound healing using a mouse model. We created a full-thickness wound infection model in mice and examine the effects of dietary nitrate (0.5 mmol/kg/d and 1 mmol/kg/d) on wound healing. The results demonstrated that dietary nitrate significantly increased serum nitrate and nitrite levels, leading to accelerated wound healing by increasing microvascular density, promoting collagen deposition and re-epithelialization. Moreover, nitrate supplementation exhibited a certain degree of reduction in inflammatory factors within the body. Our study also found that 1 mmol/kg/d nitrate has a more effective therapeutic effect and can increase blood perfusion and expedite the formation of new blood vessels, thereby promoting skin wound healing. These results indicate that dietary nitrate presents a novel therapeutic approach for infected skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 288003, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 288003, China.
| | - Jiangzhi Deng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 288003, China
| | - Haoyue Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 288003, China
| | - Kai Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 288003, China
| | - Lingxue Bu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 288003, China.
| | - Baoxing Pang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Stomatology of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 288003, China.
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Jin Y, Zhou BH, Zhao J, Ommati MM, Wang S, Wang HW. Fluoride-induced osteoporosis via interfering with the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway in ovariectomized rats: Oophorectomy shifted skeletal fluorosis from osteosclerosis to osteoporosis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122407. [PMID: 37597730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Osteosclerosis and osteoporosis are the two main clinical manifestations of skeletal fluorosis. However, the reasons for the different clinical manifestations are unclear. In this study, we established the fluoride (F) -exposed ovariectomized (OVX) and non-OVX rat models to assess the potential role of ovarian function loss in osteosclerosis and osteoporosis. Micro-CT scanning showed that excessive F significantly induced a high bone mass in non-OVX rats. In contrast, a low bone mass manifestation was presented in OVX F-exposed rats. Also, a prominent feature of increasing trabecular connectivity, collagen area, growth plate thickness, and reduced trabecular space was found by histopathological morphology in non-OVX F-exposed rats; an opposite result was observed in OVX F-exposed. These alterations indicated ovariectomy was a vital factor leading to osteosclerosis or osteoporosis in skeletal fluorosis. Furthermore, levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) increased, combined with the increasing osteoclasts number, showing a sign of high bone turnover in both OVX and non-OVX F-exposed rats. Mechanistically, oophorectomy considerably activated the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway. Meanwhile, it was discovered that upregulated NF-κB positively facilitated the accumulation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFATC1), significantly promoting osteoclast differentiation. To sum up, this study greatly enriched the causes of clinical skeletal fluorosis and provided a new perspective for studying the pathogenesis of skeletal fluorosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Product Safety, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Liu H, Huang Y, Huang M, Wang M, Ming Y, Chen W, Chen Y, Tang Z, Jia B. From nitrate to NO: potential effects of nitrate-reducing bacteria on systemic health and disease. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:425. [PMID: 37821966 PMCID: PMC10566198 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research has described improving multisystem disease and organ function through dietary nitrate (DN) supplementation. They have provided some evidence that these floras with nitrate (NO3-) reductase are mediators of the underlying mechanism. Symbiotic bacteria with nitrate reductase activity (NRA) are found in the human digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract (GT). Nitrate in food can be converted to nitrite under the tongue or in the stomach by these symbiotic bacteria. Then, nitrite is transformed to nitric oxide (NO) by non-enzymatic synthesis. NO is currently recognized as a potent bioactive agent with biological activities, such as vasodilation, regulation of cardiomyocyte function, neurotransmission, suppression of platelet agglutination, and prevention of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. NO also can be produced through the conventional L-arginine-NO synthase (L-NOS) pathway, whereas endogenous NO production by L-arginine is inhibited under hypoxia-ischemia or disease conditions. In contrast, exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO activity is enhanced and becomes a practical supplemental pathway for NO in the body, playing an essential role in various physiological activities. Moreover, many diseases (such as metabolic or geriatric diseases) are primarily associated with disorders of endogenous NO synthesis, and NO generation from the exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO route can partially alleviate the disease progression. The imbalance of NO in the body may be one of the potential mechanisms of disease development. Therefore, the impact of these floras with nitrate reductase on host systemic health through exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO pathway production of NO or direct regulation of floras ecological balance is essential (e.g., regulation of body homeostasis, amelioration of diseases, etc.). This review summarizes the bacteria with nitrate reductase in humans, emphasizing the relationship between the metabolic processes of this microflora and host systemic health and disease. The potential effects of nitrate reduction bacteria on human health and disease were also highlighted in disease models from different human systems, including digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, respiratory, and urinary systems, providing innovative ideas for future disease diagnosis and treatment based on nitrate reduction bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhang M, Wang X, Wang Z, Mao S, Zhang J, Li M, Pan H. Metatranscriptomic Analyses Reveal Important Roles of the Gut Microbiome in Primate Dietary Adaptation. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:228. [PMID: 36672969 PMCID: PMC9858838 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a vital role in host ecological adaptation, especially dietary adaptations. Primates have evolved a variety of dietary and gut physiological structures that are useful to explore the role of the gut microbiome in host dietary adaptations. Here, we characterize gut microbiome transcriptional activity in ten fecal samples from primates with three different diets and compare the results to their previously reported metagenomic profile. Bacteria related to cellulose degradation, like Bacteroidaceae and Alcaligenaceae, were enriched and actively expressed in the gut microbiome of folivorous primates, and functional analysis revealed that the glycan biosynthesis and metabolic pathways were significantly active. In omnivorous primates, Helicobacteraceae, which promote lipid metabolism, were significantly enriched in expression, and activity and xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism as well as lipid metabolism pathways were significantly active. In frugivorous primates, the abundance and activity of Elusimicrobiaceae, Neisseriaceae, and Succinivibrionaceae, which are associated with digestion of pectin and fructose, were significantly elevated, and the functional pathways involved in the endocrine system were significantly enriched. In conclusion, the gut microbiome contributes to host dietary adaptation by helping hosts digest the inaccessible nutrients in their specific diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyi Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ziming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuxin Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huijuan Pan
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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9
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Yousefzadeh N, Jeddi S, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Long-term inorganic nitrate administration protects against ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:1151-1166. [PMID: 36320805 PMCID: PMC9618708 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-5082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The risk of osteoporotic fractures increases in women after menopause. This study aims at determining the effects of long-term inorganic nitrate administration against ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. Rats were divided into 4 groups (n=6/group): Control, control+nitrate, ovariectomized (OVX), and OVX+nitrate. Sodium nitrate (100 mg/L in drinking water) was administered for 9 months. Trabecular bone quality in the proximal tibia was measured using a Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) scanner at months 0, 1, 3, and 9. Levels of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites (NOx) and oxidative stress indices, and mRNA expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) were measured at month 9 in the proximal tibia. Compared to controls, OVX rats had lower NOx levels by 47 %, eNOS mRNA expression by 55 %, catalase activity (CAT) by 45 %, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by 70 %, and higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 327 % in the bone tissue at month 9. OVX rats, compared to controls, had lower bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N.), and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.) by 32 %, 58 %, and 17 %, respectively, and higher trabecular separation (Tb.Sp.) by 123 %, at month 9. Nitrate administration to control rats increased TAC by 46 % in the bone tissue at month 9 but did not significantly affect other parameters in serum and bone tissue. Nitrate in OVX rats significantly increased NOx levels by 86 %, eNOS expression by 2.14-fold, CAT activity by 75 %, TAC by 170 %, and decreased MDA levels by 36 % at month 9 in the bone tissue. Nitrate-treated OVX rats at month 9 had higher BV/TV (42 %) and Tb.N. (61 %) and lower Tb.Sp. (15 %). Long-term inorganic nitrate administration at a low dose has protective effects against OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats; this effect is associated with increasing eNOS-derived NO and decreasing oxidative stress in the bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Asghar Ghasemi, Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, No. 24, Arabi Street, Daneshjoo Blvd, Velenjak, P.O. Box: 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran, E-mail:
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10
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Yousefzadeh N, Jeddi S, Shokri M, Afzali H, Norouzirad R, Kashfi K, Ghasemi A. Long Term Sodium Nitrate Administration Positively Impacts Metabolic and Obesity Indices in Ovariectomized Rats. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:147-156. [PMID: 34696904 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In postmenopausal women, nitric oxide (NO) deficiency is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aims at determining the long-term effects of low-dose nitrate administration on metabolic and obesity indices in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. METHODS OVX rat model was induced using the two dorsolateral skin incision method. Two months after ovariectomy, rats were divided into three groups (n = 10/group): Control, OVX, and OVX+nitrate, and the latter received sodium nitrate at a dose of 100 mg/L in their drinking water for nine months. Fasting serum glucose and lipid profile were measured every month. A glucose tolerance test was performed at months 1, 3, and 9 (the end of the study). Obesity indices were calculated, and histological analyses were performed on the gonadal adipose tissues at month 9. RESULTS OVX rats had impaired fasting glucose, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia with higher obesity indices at month 9. Nitrate improved glucose and lipid metabolism in OVX rats and decreased body weight (6.9%), body mass index (12.5%), Lee index (5.4%), adiposity index (23.9%), abdominal circumference (10.5%), and thoracic circumference (17.1%). Also, nitrate decreased adipocyte area by 49% and increased adipocyte density by 193% in gonadal adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Long-term low-dose nitrate administration improves glucose and lipid metabolism in OVX rats in association with decreasing OVX-induced adiposity, increasing adipocyte density, and decreasing adipocyte area. These findings provide support for a potential therapeutic role of nitrate in postmenopausal women with some features of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Shokri
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Afzali
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Norouzirad
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Keller RM, Beaver LM, Reardon PN, Prater MC, Truong L, Robinson MM, Tanguay RL, Stevens JF, Hord NG. Nitrate-induced improvements in exercise performance are coincident with exuberant changes in metabolic genes and the metabolome in zebrafish ( Danio rerio) skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:142-157. [PMID: 34043471 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00185.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate supplementation improves exercise performance by reducing the oxygen cost of exercise and enhancing skeletal muscle function. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in skeletal muscle energy metabolism associated with exercise performance in a zebrafish model. Fish were exposed to sodium nitrate (60.7 mg/L, 303.5 mg/L, 606.9 mg/L), or control water, for 21 days and analyzed at intervals (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 cm/s) during a 2-h strenuous exercise test. We measured oxygen consumption during an exercise test and assessed muscle nitrate concentrations, gene expression, and the muscle metabolome before, during, and after exercise. Nitrate exposure reduced the oxygen cost of exercise and increased muscle nitrate concentrations at rest, which were reduced with increasing exercise duration. In skeletal muscle, nitrate treatment upregulated expression of genes central to nutrient sensing (mtor), redox signaling (nrf2a), and muscle differentiation (sox6). In rested muscle, nitrate treatment increased phosphocreatine (P = 0.002), creatine (P = 0.0005), ATP (P = 0.0008), ADP (P = 0.002), and AMP (P = 0.004) compared with rested-control muscle. Following the highest swimming speed, concentration of phosphocreatine (P = 8.0 × 10-5), creatine (P = 6.0 × 10-7), ATP (P = 2.0 × 10-6), ADP (P = 0.0002), and AMP (P = 0.004) decreased compared with rested nitrate muscle. Our data suggest nitrate exposure in zebrafish lowers the oxygen cost of exercise by changing the metabolic programming of muscle prior to exercise and increasing availability of energy-rich metabolites required for exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show that skeletal muscle nitrate concentration is higher with supplementation at rest and was lower in groups with increasing exercise duration in a zebrafish model. The higher availability of nitrate at rest is associated with upregulation of key nutrient-sensing genes and greater availability of energy-producing metabolites (i.e., ATP, phosphocreatine, glycolytic intermediates). Overall, nitrate supplementation may lower oxygen cost of exercise through improved fuel availability resulting from metabolic programming of muscle prior to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Keller
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Laura M Beaver
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Patrick N Reardon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Mary C Prater
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Robyn L Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Norman G Hord
- OU Health, Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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12
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Abstract
Aims The effect of the gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolite on bone health is termed the gut-bone axis. Multiple studies have elucidated the mechanisms but findings vary greatly. A systematic review was performed to analyze current animal models and explore the effect of GM on bone. Methods Literature search was performed on PubMed and Embase databases. Information on the types and strains of animals, induction of osteoporosis, intervention strategies, determination of GM, assessment on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality, and key findings were extracted. Results A total of 30 studies were included, of which six studies used rats and 24 studies used mice. Osteoporosis or bone loss was induced in 14 studies. Interventions included ten with probiotics, three with prebiotics, nine with antibiotics, two with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), six with vitamins and proteins, two with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and one with neuropeptide Y1R antagonist. In general, probiotics, prebiotics, nutritional interventions, and TCM were found to reverse the GM dysbiosis and rescue bone loss. Conclusion Despite the positive therapeutic effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and nutritional or pharmaceutical interventions on osteoporosis, there is still a critical knowledge gap regarding the role of GM in rescuing bone loss and its related pathways. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(1):51–59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Tung Percy Ho
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chaoran Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Simon Kwoon-Ho Chow
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hei Sunny Wong
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wing-Hoi Cheung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Joseph Jao Yiu Sung
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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13
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Nitrate and nitrite exposure leads to mild anxiogenic-like behavior and alters brain metabolomic profile in zebrafish. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240070. [PMID: 33382700 PMCID: PMC7774831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary nitrate lowers blood pressure and improves athletic performance in humans, yet data supporting observations that it may increase cerebral blood flow and improve cognitive performance are mixed. We tested the hypothesis that nitrate and nitrite treatment would improve indicators of learning and cognitive performance in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. We utilized targeted and untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis to examine the extent to which treatment resulted in changes in nitrate or nitrite concentrations in the brain and altered the brain metabolome. Fish were exposed to sodium nitrate (606.9 mg/L), sodium nitrite (19.5 mg/L), or control water for 2–4 weeks and free swim, startle response, and shuttle box assays were performed. Nitrate and nitrite treatment did not change fish weight, length, predator avoidance, or distance and velocity traveled in an unstressed environment. Nitrate- and nitrite-treated fish initially experienced more negative reinforcement and increased time to decision in the shuttle box assay, which is consistent with a decrease in associative learning or executive function however, over multiple trials, all treatment groups demonstrated behaviors associated with learning. Nitrate and nitrite treatment was associated with mild anxiogenic-like behavior but did not alter epinephrine, norepinephrine or dopamine levels. Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed no significant increase in brain nitrate or nitrite concentrations with treatment. Untargeted metabolomics analysis found 47 metabolites whose abundance was significantly altered in the brain with nitrate and nitrite treatment. Overall, the depletion in brain metabolites is plausibly associated with the regulation of neuronal activity including statistically significant reductions in the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA; 18–19%), and its precursor, glutamine (17–22%). Nitrate treatment caused significant depletion in the brain concentration of fatty acids including linoleic acid (LA) by 50% and arachidonic acid (ARA) by 80%; nitrite treatment caused depletion of LA by ~90% and ARA by 60%, change which could alter the function of dopaminergic neurons and affect behavior. Nitrate and nitrite treatment did not adversely affect multiple parameters of zebrafish health. It is plausible that indirect NO-mediated mechanisms may be responsible for the nitrate and nitrite-mediated effects on the brain metabolome and behavior in zebrafish.
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14
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González-Soltero R, Bailén M, de Lucas B, Ramírez-Goercke MI, Pareja-Galeano H, Larrosa M. Role of Oral and Gut Microbiota in Dietary Nitrate Metabolism and Its Impact on Sports Performance. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3611. [PMID: 33255362 PMCID: PMC7760746 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate supplementation is an effective, evidence-based dietary strategy for enhancing sports performance. The effects of dietary nitrate seem to be mediated by the ability of oral bacteria to reduce nitrate to nitrite, thus increasing the levels of nitrite in circulation that may be further reduced to nitric oxide in the body. The gut microbiota has been recently implicated in sports performance by improving muscle function through the supply of certain metabolites. In this line, skeletal muscle can also serve as a reservoir of nitrate. Here we review the bacteria of the oral cavity involved in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and the possible changes induced by nitrite and their effect on gastrointestinal balance and gut microbiota homeostasis. The potential role of gut bacteria in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and as a supplier of the signaling molecule nitric oxide to the blood circulation and muscles has not been explored in any great detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío González-Soltero
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (M.I.R.-G.)
| | - María Bailén
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (M.I.R.-G.)
| | - Beatriz de Lucas
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (B.d.L.); (H.P.-G.); (M.L.)
| | - Maria Isabel Ramírez-Goercke
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (M.B.); (M.I.R.-G.)
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (B.d.L.); (H.P.-G.); (M.L.)
| | - Mar Larrosa
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (B.d.L.); (H.P.-G.); (M.L.)
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15
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Xie L, Zhang Y, Gao J, Li X, Wang H. Nitrate exposure induces intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and metabolism disorder in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114712. [PMID: 32402709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Excess nitrate has been reported to be associated with many adverse effects in humans and experimental animals. However, there is a paucity of information of the effects of nitrate on intestinal microbial community. In this study, the effects of nitrate on development, intestinal microbial community, and metabolites of Bufo gargarizans tadpoles were investigated. B. gargarizans were exposed to control, 5, 20 and 100 mg/L nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) from eggs to Gosner stage 38. Our data showed that the body size of tadpoles significantly decreased in the 20 and 100 mg/L NO3-N treatment group when compared to control tadpoles. Exposure to 20 and 100 mg/L NO3-N also caused indistinct cell boundaries and nuclear pyknosis of mucosal epithelial cells in intestine of tadpoles. In addition, exposure to NO3-N significantly altered the intestinal microbiota diversity and structure. The facultative anaerobic Proteobacteria occupy the niche of the obligately anaerobic Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria under the pressure of NO3-N exposure. According to the results of functional prediction, NO3-N exposure affected the fatty acid metabolism pathway and amino acid metabolism pathway. The whole-body fatty acid components were found to be changed after exposure to 100 mg/L NO3-N. Therefore, we concluded that exposure to 20 and 100 mg/L NO3-N could induce deficient nutrient absorption in intestine, resulting in malnutrition of B. gargarizans tadpoles. High levels of NO3-N could also change the intestinal microbial communities, causing dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism in B. gargarizans tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xie
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China; College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Jinshu Gao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Xinyi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hongyuan Wang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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16
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Rocha BS, Laranjinha J. Nitrate from diet might fuel gut microbiota metabolism: Minding the gap between redox signaling and inter-kingdom communication. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 149:37-43. [PMID: 32045656 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been recently interpreted in terms of a metabolic organ that influences the host through reciprocal interactions, encompassing metabolic and immune pathways, genetic and epigenetic programming in host mammal tissues in a diet-depended manner, that shape virtually all aspects of host physiology. In this scenario, dietary nitrate, a major component of leafy green vegetables known for their health benefits, might fuel microbiota metabolism with ensued consequences for microbiota-host interaction. Cumulating evidence support that nitrate shapes oral microbiome communities with impact on the kinetics and systemic levels of both nitrate and nitrite. However, the impact of nitrate, which is steadily delivered into the lower gastrointestinal tract after a vegetable-rich meal, in the intestinal microbiome communities and their functional capacity remains largely elusive. Several mechanisms reinforce the notion that nitrate may be a nutrient for the lower microbiome and might participate in local redox interactions with relevance for bacteria-host interactions, among these nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms along the nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway. Also, by allowing bacteria to thrive, either by increasing microbial biomass or by acting as a respiratory substrate for the existing communities, nitrate ensures the production of bacterial metabolites (e.g., pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMP, short chain fatty acids, among other) that are recognised by host receptors (such as toll-like, TLR, and formyl peptide receptors, FPR) thereby activating local signalling pathways. Here, we elaborate on the notion that via modulation of intestinal microbiota metabolism, dietary nitrate impacts on host-microbiota metabolic and redox interactions, thereby contributing as an essential nutrient to optimal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara S Rocha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Laranjinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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17
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Yousefzadeh N, Kashfi K, Jeddi S, Ghasemi A. Ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis: a practical guide. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:89-107. [PMID: 32038119 PMCID: PMC7003643 DOI: 10.17179/excli2019-1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis affects about 200 million people worldwide and is a silent disease until a fracture occurs. Management of osteoporosis is still a challenge that warrants further studies for establishing new prevention strategies and more effective treatment modalities. For this purpose, animal models of osteoporosis are appropriate tools, of which the ovariectomized rat model is the most commonly used. The aim of this study is to provide a 4-step guideline for inducing a rat model of osteoporosis by ovariectomy (OVX): (1) selection of the rat strain, (2) choosing the appropriate age of rats at the time of OVX, (3) selection of an appropriate surgical method and verification of OVX, and (4) evaluation of OVX-induced osteoporosis. This review of literature shows that (i) Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats are the most common strains used, both responding similarly to OVX; (ii) six months of age appears to be the best time for inducing OVX; (iii) dorsolateral skin incision is an appropriate choice for initiating OVX; and (iv) the success of OVX can be verified 1-3 weeks after surgery, following cessation of the regular estrus cycles, decreased estradiol, progesterone, and uterine weight as well as increased LH and FSH levels. Current data shows that the responses of trabecular bones of proximal tibia, lumbar vertebrae and femur to OVX are similar to those in humans; however, for short-term studies, proximal tibia is recommended. Osteoporosis in rats is verified by lower bone mineral density and lower trabecular number and thickness as well as higher trabecular separation, changes that are observed at 14, 30, and 60 days post-OVX in proximal tibia, lumbar vertebrae and femur, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibeh Yousefzadeh
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khosrow Kashfi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, Sophie Davis School of Biomedical Education, City University of New York School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Sajad Jeddi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Axton ER, Beaver LM, St. Mary L, Truong L, Logan CR, Spagnoli S, Prater MC, Keller RM, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Ehrlicher SE, Stierwalt HD, Newsom SA, Robinson MM, Tanguay RL, Stevens JF, Hord NG. Treatment with Nitrate, but Not Nitrite, Lowers the Oxygen Cost of Exercise and Decreases Glycolytic Intermediates While Increasing Fatty Acid Metabolites in Exercised Zebrafish. J Nutr 2019; 149:2120-2132. [PMID: 31495890 PMCID: PMC6887948 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary nitrate improves exercise performance by reducing the oxygen cost of exercise, although the mechanisms responsible are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that nitrate and nitrite treatment would lower the oxygen cost of exercise by improving mitochondrial function and stimulating changes in the availability of metabolic fuels for energy production. METHODS We treated 9-mo-old zebrafish with nitrate (sodium nitrate, 606.9 mg/L), nitrite (sodium nitrite, 19.5 mg/L), or control (no treatment) water for 21 d. We measured oxygen consumption during a 2-h, strenuous exercise test; assessed the respiration of skeletal muscle mitochondria; and performed untargeted metabolomics on treated fish, with and without exercise. RESULTS Nitrate and nitrite treatment increased blood nitrate and nitrite levels. Nitrate treatment significantly lowered the oxygen cost of exercise, as compared with pretreatment values. In contrast, nitrite treatment significantly increased oxygen consumption with exercise. Nitrate and nitrite treatments did not change mitochondrial function measured ex vivo, but significantly increased the abundances of ATP, ADP, lactate, glycolytic intermediates (e.g., fructose 1,6-bisphosphate), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (e.g., succinate), and ketone bodies (e.g., β-hydroxybutyrate) by 1.8- to 3.8-fold, relative to controls. Exercise significantly depleted glycolytic and TCA intermediates in nitrate- and nitrite-treated fish, as compared with their rested counterparts, while exercise did not change, or increased, these metabolites in control fish. There was a significant net depletion of fatty acids, acyl carnitines, and ketone bodies in exercised, nitrite-treated fish (2- to 4-fold), while exercise increased net fatty acids and acyl carnitines in nitrate-treated fish (1.5- to 12-fold), relative to their treated and rested counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Nitrate and nitrite treatment increased the availability of metabolic fuels (ATP, glycolytic and TCA intermediates, lactate, and ketone bodies) in rested zebrafish. Nitrate treatment may improve exercise performance, in part, by stimulating the preferential use of fuels that require less oxygen for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Axton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Laura M Beaver
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lindsey St. Mary
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Lisa Truong
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Christiana R Logan
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sean Spagnoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Mary C Prater
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rosa M Keller
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sarah E Ehrlicher
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Harrison D Stierwalt
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Sean A Newsom
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory and the Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Jan F Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Norman G Hord
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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19
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Fischer A, Lüersen K, Schultheiß G, de Pascual-Teresa S, Mereu A, Ipharraguerre IR, Rimbach G. Supplementation with nitrate only modestly affects lipid and glucose metabolism in genetic and dietary-induced murine models of obesity. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2019; 66:24-35. [PMID: 32001953 PMCID: PMC6983433 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.19-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of how nitrate may affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, female wild-type mice were fed a high-fat, high-fructose diet supplemented with either 0, 400, or 800 mg nitrate/kg diet for 28 days. Additionally, obese female db/db mice were fed a 5% fat diet supplemented with the same levels and source of nitrate. Nitrate decreased the sodium-dependent uptake of glucose by ileal mucosa in wild-type mice. Moreover, nitrate significantly decreased triglyceride content and mRNA expression levels of Pparγ in liver and Glut4 in skeletal muscle. Oral glucose tolerance as well as plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, leptin, glucose and the activity of ALT did not significantly differ between experimental groups but was higher in db/db mice than in wild-type mice. Nitrate changed liver fatty acid composition and mRNA levels of Fads only slightly. Further hepatic genes encoding proteins involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were not significantly different between the three groups. Biomarkers of inflammation and autophagy in the liver were not affected by the different dietary treatments. Overall, the present data suggest that short-term dietary supplementation with inorganic nitrate has only modest effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in genetic and dietary-induced mouse models of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Fischer
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schultheiß
- Animal Welfare Officer, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 12, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Food Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro Mereu
- Yara Iberian, C/ Infanta Mercedes 31 - 2nd floor, 28020 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio R Ipharraguerre
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Robles-Vera I, Toral M, de la Visitación N, Sánchez M, Romero M, Olivares M, Jiménez R, Duarte J. The Probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum
Prevents Dysbiosis and Vascular Oxidative Stress in Rats with Hypertension Induced by Chronic Nitric Oxide Blockade. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800298. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Robles-Vera
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; University of Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Marta Toral
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; University of Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
| | | | - Manuel Sánchez
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; University of Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada; 18012 Granada Spain
| | - Miguel Romero
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; University of Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada; 18012 Granada Spain
| | - Mónica Olivares
- Laboratorio de Descubrimiento y Preclínica; Departamento de Investigación BIOSEARCH S.A.; 18004 Granada Spain
| | - Rosario Jiménez
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; University of Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada; 18012 Granada Spain
- CIBERCV; 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; University of Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada; 18012 Granada Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomedicas (CIBM); 18100 Granada Spain
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