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Przydzimirski AC, Maciel JVB, Luiz GC, Lange RR. Evaluation of Dental Enamel Thickness in Maxillary Teeth of Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouatta caraya, and Sapajus nigritus by Cone Beam Computed Tomography. J Vet Dent 2024; 41:197-209. [PMID: 37401331 DOI: 10.1177/08987564231184330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Tooth enamel thickness is widely studied in primates and is important in differentiating taxa and in interpreting diet and feeding behavior. The objective of this study was to measure enamel thickness and discuss whether the results can be associated with different feeding patterns. Thirty-four syncraniums of Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouatta caraya, and Sapajus nigritus were subjected to cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans, and the dental enamel was measured in different regions of the crown using the multiplanar reconstruction tool. The differences observed indicate that for many variables and teeth, A. guariba clamitans showed significantly higher values compared to the other 2 species, with the exception of the cuspid region. Although the A. guariba clamitans is a folivorous species, it showed thicker enamel for most of the variables. CBCT was efficient in performing the measurements, allowing analysis of the syncraniums.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreise C Przydzimirski
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences of the Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - José V B Maciel
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry of the Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Gabriela C Luiz
- Veterinary Medicine at the Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Rogério R Lange
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences of the Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Mihaminekena TH, Rakotonanahary AN, Frasier CL, Randriahaingo HNT, Sefczek TM, Tinsman J, Randrianarimanana HL, Ravaloharimanitra M, Rakotoarinivo TH, Ratsimbazafy J, King T, Louis EE. Dietary flexibility of the greater bamboo lemur (Prolemur simus), a specialized feeder, in eastern Madagascar. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23609. [PMID: 38409820 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The degree of dietary flexibility in primates is species specific; some incorporate a wider array of resources than others. Extreme interannual weather variability in Madagascar results in seasonal resource scarcity which has been linked to specialized behaviors in lemurs. Prolemur simus, for example, has been considered an obligate specialist on large culm bamboo with >60% of its diet composed of woody bamboos requiring morphological and physiological adaptations to process. Recent studies reported an ever-expanding list of dietary items, suggesting that this species may not be an obligate specialist. However, long-term quantitative feeding data are unavailable across this species' range. To explore the dietary flexibility of P. simus, we collected data at two northern sites, Ambalafary and Sahavola, and one southern site, Vatovavy, from September 2010 to January 2016 and May 2017 to September 2018, respectively. In total, we recorded 4022 h of behavioral data using instantaneous sampling of adult males and females from one group in Ambalafary, and two groups each in Sahavola and Vatovavy. We recorded 45 plant species eaten by P. simus over 7 years. We also observed significant differences in seasonal dietary composition between study sites. In Ambalafary, bamboo was the most frequently observed resource consumed (92.2%); however, non-bamboo resources comprised nearly one-third of the diet of P. simus in Sahavola and over 60% in Vatovavy. Consumption of all bamboo resources increased during the dry season at Ambalafary and during the wet season at Vatovavy, but never exceeded non-bamboo feeding at the latter. Culm pith feeding was only observed at Ambalafary, where it was more common during the dry season. We identify P. simus as a bamboo facultative specialist capable of adjusting its feeding behavior to its environment, indicating greater dietary flexibility than previously documented, which may enable the species to survive in increasingly degraded habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasimija Mihaminekena
- The Aspinall Foundation Madagascar Programme, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Zoologie et Anthropologie Biologique, Université d'Antananarivo, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Ando N Rakotonanahary
- Mention Science de la Vie et de l'Environnement, Faculté des Sciences de Technologie et de l'Environnement (FSTE), Université de Mahajanga, Mahajanga, Madagascar
- Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership NGO (MBP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Cynthia L Frasier
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Timothy M Sefczek
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- School of Global Integrative Studies, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jen Tinsman
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jonah Ratsimbazafy
- Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates (GERP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Tony King
- The Aspinall Foundation Madagascar Programme, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- The Aspinall Foundation, Port Lympne Reserve, Kent, UK
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Kent, UK
| | - Edward E Louis
- Madagascar Biodiversity Partnership NGO (MBP), Antananarivo, Madagascar
- Conservation Genetics Department, Omaha's Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Sobroza TV, Gordo M, Dunn JC, Pequeno PACL, Naissinger BM, Barnett APA. Pied tamarins change their vocal behavior in response to noise levels in the largest city in the Amazon. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23606. [PMID: 38340360 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Many animal species depend on sound to communicate with conspecifics. However, human-generated (anthropogenic) noise may mask acoustic signals and so disrupt behavior. Animals may use various strategies to circumvent this, including shifts in the timing of vocal activity and changes to the acoustic parameters of their calls. We tested whether pied tamarins (Saguinus bicolor) adjust their vocal behavior in response to city noise. We predicted that both the probability of occurrence and the number of long calls would increase in response to anthropogenic noise and that pied tamarins would temporally shift their vocal activity to avoid noisier periods. At a finer scale, we anticipated that the temporal parameters of tamarin calls (e.g., call duration and syllable repetition rate) would increase with noise amplitude. We collected information on the acoustic environment and the emission of long calls in nine wild pied tamarin groups in Manaus, Brazil. We found that the probability of long-call occurrence increased with higher levels of anthropogenic noise, though the number of long calls did not. The number of long calls was related to the time of day and the distance from home range borders-a proxy for the distance to neighboring groups. Neither long-call occurrence nor call rate was related to noise levels at different times of day. We found that pied tamarins decreased their syllable repetition rate in response to anthropogenic noise. Long calls are important for group cohesion and intergroup communication. Thus, it is possible that the tamarins emit one long call with lower syllable repetition, which might facilitate signal reception. The occurrence and quantity of pied tamarin' long calls, as well as their acoustic proprieties, seem to be governed by anthropogenic noise, time of the day, and social mechanisms such as proximity to neighboring groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainara Venturini Sobroza
- Projeto Sauim-de-Coleira, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos Integrados da Biodiversidade Amazônica- CENBAM/PPBio de Pesquisa de Mamíferos Amazônicos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Grupo de Pesquisa de Mamíferos Amazônicos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Conservação e Uso de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Boa Vista, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gordo
- Projeto Sauim-de-Coleira, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Jacob C Dunn
- Department of Archaeology & Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Adrian Paul Ashton Barnett
- Grupo de Pesquisa de Mamíferos Amazônicos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, London, UK
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Sarmet M, Takehara S, de Campos PS, Kagiyama K, Borges LS, Kumei Y, Zeredo JLL. Salivary alpha-amylase stress reactivity in advanced-aged marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): Impacts of cognitive function and oral health status. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23596. [PMID: 38192065 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is an enzyme found in saliva and is considered a noninvasive biomarker for sympathetic nervous system activity. While a wide range of sAA activity in response to stress has been reported in nonhuman primates, the effects of stress on sAA activity in common marmosets are still unknown. We tested the hypothesis that advanced age and cognitive function may have an impact on stress-related sAA reactivity in marmosets. Thirteen marmosets (nine males and five females) had saliva samples collected during a stressful condition (manual restraint stress) at two different time points, with a 60-min interval. On the next day, the animals underwent the object recognition test (ORT, a type of cognitive test), and then oral examinations. The animals were categorized into two age groups: old (10-13 years), and very old (15-22 years). Irrespective of age, sAA levels showed a significant difference between T1 (mean 2.07 ± 0.86 U/mL) and T2 samples (mean 1.03 ± 0.67 U/mL), with higher values observed at T1 (p < 0.001). The intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) for low and high sAA concentrations were 10.79% and 8.17%, respectively, while the interassay CVs for low and high sAA concentrations were 6.39% and 4.38%, respectively. Oral health issues were common but did not significantly impact sAA levels. The ORT indicated that the animals could recognize an object placed in the cage 6 h after familiarization. In conclusion, all marmosets showed a higher sAA concentration in the first saliva sample as compared to the second saliva sample collected 1 h later, indicating adaptation to stress. No significant differences in sAA levels were observed between sexes, ORT performance, or oral health. Our results indicate that autonomic responsivity and cognitive (memory) functions were preserved even in very old marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Sarmet
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Sachiko Takehara
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Department of Oral Health Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Priscila S de Campos
- Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Luana S Borges
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Yasuhiro Kumei
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jorge L L Zeredo
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Bhattacharjee D, Waasdorp S, Middelburg E, Sterck EHM, Massen JJM. Personality heterophily and friendship as drivers for successful cooperation. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232730. [PMID: 38531404 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cooperation is widespread and arguably a pivotal evolutionary force in maintaining animal societies. Yet, proximately, what underlying motivators drive individuals to cooperate remains relatively unclear. Since 'free-riders' can exploit the benefits by cheating, selecting the right partner is paramount. Such decision rules need not be based on complex calculations and can be driven by cognitively less-demanding mechanisms, like social relationships (e.g. kinship, non-kin friendships, dyadic tolerance), social status (e.g. dominance hierarchies) and personalities (social and non-social traits); however, holistic evidence related to those mechanisms is scarce. Using the classical 'loose-string paradigm', we tested cooperative tendencies of a hierarchical primate, the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). We studied three groups (n = 21) in their social settings, allowing partner choice. We supplemented cooperation with observational and experimental data on social relationships, dominance hierarchies and personality. Friendship and dissimilarities in non-social 'exploration' and 'activity-sociability' personality traits predicted the likelihood of cooperative dyad formation. Furthermore, the magnitude of cooperative success was positively associated with friendship, low rank-distance and dissimilarity in the activity-sociability trait. Kinship did not affect cooperation. While some findings align with prior studies, the evidence of (non-social) personality heterophily promoting cooperation may deepen our understanding of the proximate mechanisms and, broadly, the evolution of cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debottam Bhattacharjee
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- Centre for Animal Health and Welfare, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Sophie Waasdorp
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Esmee Middelburg
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H M Sterck
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Jorg J M Massen
- Animal Behaviour and Cognition, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Cosnefroy Q, Berillon G, Gilissen E, Brige P, Chaumoître K, Lamberton F, Marchal F. New insights into patterns of integration in the femur and pelvis among catarrhines. Am J Biol Anthropol 2024:e24931. [PMID: 38491922 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Integration reflects the level of coordinated variation of the phenotype. The integration of postcranial elements can be studied from a functional perspective, especially with regards to locomotion. This study investigates the link between locomotion, femoral structural properties, and femur-pelvis complex morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured (1) morphological integration between femoral and pelvic morphologies using geometric morphometrics, and (2) covariation between femoral/pelvic morphologies and femoral diaphyseal cross-sectional properties, which we defined as morpho-structural integration. Morphological and morpho-structural integration patterns were measured among humans (n = 19), chimpanzees and bonobos (n = 16), and baboons (n = 14), whose locomotion are distinct. RESULTS Baboons show the highest magnitude of morphological integration and the lowest of morpho-structural integration. Chimpanzees and bonobos show intermediate magnitude of morphological and morpho-structural integration. Yet, body size seems to have a considerable influence on both integration patterns, limiting the interpretations. Finally, humans present the lowest morphological integration and the highest morpho-structural integration between femoral morphology and structural properties but not between pelvic morphology and femur. DISCUSSION Morphological and morpho-structural integration depict distinct strategies among the samples. A strong morphological integration among baboon's femur-pelvis module might highlight evidence for long-term adaptation to quadrupedalism. In humans, it is likely that distinct selective pressures associated with the respective function of the pelvis and the femur tend to decrease morphological integration. Conversely, high mechanical loading on the hindlimbs during bipedal locomotion might result in specific combination of structural and morphological features within the femur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emmanuel Gilissen
- Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
- Laboratory of Histology and Neuropathology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Brige
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CERIMED, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille, Pôle Pharmacie, Radiopharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Kathia Chaumoître
- UMR 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille Univ-CNRS-EFS, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Univ, Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France
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Strahan EK, Witherbee J, Bergl R, Lonsdorf EV, Mwacha D, Mjungu D, Arandjelovic M, Ikfuingei R, Terio K, Travis DA, Gillespie TR. Potentially Zoonotic Enteric Infections in Gorillas and Chimpanzees, Cameroon and Tanzania. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:577-580. [PMID: 38407249 PMCID: PMC10902540 DOI: 10.3201/eid3003.230318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite zoonotic potential, data are lacking on enteric infection diversity in wild apes. We employed a novel molecular diagnostic platform to detect enteric infections in wild chimpanzees and gorillas. Prevalent Cryptosporidium parvum, adenovirus, and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli across divergent sites and species demonstrates potential widespread circulation among apes in Africa.
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Bretas R, Freitas-Ferreira E, Souto Maior R, Tomaz C, Gonçalves-Mendes MT, Aversi-Ferreira TA. Comparative anatomy of the Sapajus sp. (bearded capuchin) hand with comments on tool use in a parallel evolution with the hominid pathway. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1292035. [PMID: 38405122 PMCID: PMC10884321 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1292035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bearded capuchins display a wide variety of manipulatory skills and make routine use of tools in both captivity and the wild. The efficient handling of objects in this genus has led several investigators to assume near-human thumb movements, despite a lack of anatomical studies. Methods: Here, we performed an anatomical analysis of muscles and bones in the capuchin hand. Sapajus morphological traits were quantitatively compared with those of humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and baboons. Results: The comparative analysis indicated that the Sapajus hand is more similar to that of baboons and least similar to that of humans according to the muscles, bones, and three-dimensional data. Furthermore, these findings suggest that bearded capuchins lack true thumb opponency. Regarding manipulatory skills, they display rather primitive hand traits, with limited resources for precision grasping using the opponens pollicis. Discussion: These findings suggest that bearded capuchins' complex use of tools depends more heavily on their high cognitive abilities than on a versatile hand apparatus. These findings offer crucial insights into the evolution of primate cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Souto Maior
- Laboratory of Physiological Sciences, Department of Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Postgraduate Program in Environment, University CEUMA, São Luís, Brazil
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Hoenecke H, Fiske J, Tamayo AE, D'Lima DD. Evolution of the Throwing Shoulder: Why Apes Don't Throw Well and How That Applies to Throwing Athletes. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2024:S1058-2746(24)00077-6. [PMID: 38316235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Humans have unique characteristics making us the only primate that can throw well while most other primates throw predominately underhand with poor speed and accuracy. The purpose of this study is to illuminate the uniquely human characteristics that allow us to throw so well. When treating an injury such as a labral tear or capsule tear, this study hopes the reader can gain a better understanding of the issues that lead to the tear and those that may determine the success of treatment besides the actual repair. METHODS In addition to a review of scientific and medical literature, information was obtained from interviews and experience with primate veterinarians, anthropologists, archeologists, and professional baseball players. These sources were used to study the connection between evolutionary throwing activities and current sports medicine issues. RESULTS Arm acceleration requires a functional kinetic chain, rapid motor sequences, and the ability to absorb elastic energy in the shoulder. Successful treatment of the throwing shoulder requires awareness of the shoulder's position in the kinetic chain and correction of defects in the ability to execute the kinetic chain. Some problems in the shoulder could reflect regression to a more primitive anatomy or dyskinesis. Return of performance requires regaining the elasticity in the tissues of the shoulder to temporarily store kinetic energy. For example, tissue remodeling after rotator cuff repair continues for months to years, however, the newly formed tissue lacks the same elasticity of the native tendon. This suggests why throwing performance typically does not return for 7 or more months after repair even though there may be structural integrity at 3 to 4 months. CONCLUSION The shoulder has developed uniquely in modern man for the act of throwing. The anatomic deficiencies in primates for throwing provide an illustration of more subtle changes that a throwing athlete might have that are detrimental to throwing. Non-human primates have been unable to demonstrate the kinetic chain sequence for throwing secondary to the lack of neurological pathways required. Humans are more sophisticated and precise in their movements but lack robusticity in their bone and muscle architecture, seen especially in the human rotator cuff. Successful treatment of a throwing injury requires familiarity with the conditions that cause the injury or affect the rehabilitation process. The return of performance following injury or surgery requires regaining the elasticity in the tissues of the shoulder to temporarily store kinetic energy from the kinetic chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Hoenecke
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA; Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Darryl D D'Lima
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA; Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Llera Martín CJ, Ruff CB. Changes in diaphyseal cross-sectional properties with age in macaques. Am J Biol Anthropol 2024; 183:e24857. [PMID: 37795941 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study seeks to quantify changes in long bone cross-sectional properties in a colony of semi-free-ranging rhesus macaques and compare observed aging patterns to those of other primates, including humans. METHODS Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to obtain midshaft cross sections of the femora, tibiae, humeri, and radii of 115 macaque specimens ranging from 7 to 31 years of age. Linear regressions of cross-sectional properties on age were analyzed. An analysis of covariance was conducted to quantify differences in rates of change between males and females. RESULTS Results show that medullary area increases while cortical area decreases with age in both sexes. The polar section modulus and the polar strain-strength index, measuring torsional and bending strength, show no decline in most sections but decrease significantly with age in the hindlimb elements of female macaques. Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) also decreases with age in both male and female macaques; however, the cumulative change in vBMD over the adult lifespan is relatively small, equivalent to a less than 10% decrease in material strength. An analysis of covariance shows no differences between males and females in the rate of change of properties with age. DISCUSSION Overall, this study shows that there are some similarities in the skeletal aging patterns of macaques and those of other primates, including humans, but also some differences, with greater losses of bone found in human females as a result of an extended post-reproductive period that is generally not found among wild or semi-wild macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Llera Martín
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Medical Anatomical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Christopher B Ruff
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Overduin-de Vries AM, Vermande MM, Hessen DJ, Sterck EHM. The ability to inhibit impulses is related to social behavior in long-tailed macaques. Am J Primatol 2024; 86:e23587. [PMID: 38145328 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Performance in cognitive tasks has been linked to differences in species' social organization, yet to understand its function its relationship to within-species variation in behavior should also be explored. One important cognitive capacity, the ability to inhibit impulses, is typically better in egalitarian than despotic primate species and in primate species with strong fission-fusion dynamics. A different line of research indicates that a high ability to inhibit impulses is related to less aggressive behavior and more socio-positive behavior. However, within species the relationship between performance on cognitive inhibition tasks and variation in social behavior remains to be explored. Here we investigate how performance in a typical inhibition task in cognitive research is related to aggressive and socio-positive behavior in despotic long-tailed macaques. Twenty individuals living in two naturalistic mixed-sex groups were tested with the Plexiglass Hole Task. Aggressive behavior and three types of socio-positive behavior (neutral/friendly approaches, socio-positive signaling, and grooming others) among group members were measured. Individuals differed in their ability to inhibit impulses. Individuals that were not good at inhibiting impulses showed higher rates of aggressive behavior, but also more socio-positive signals, whereas inhibition was not related to neutral/friendly approaches and grooming. These results confirm the positive link between impulsiveness and aggression. In addition, the results indicate that some social-positive behavior may be enhanced when inhibition is limited. In this species, benefits potentially derived from aggression and socio-positive signals match a low ability to inhibit impulses, suggesting that a low ability to inhibit impulses may actually be advantageous. To understand differences between species in cognitive skills, understanding the benefits of variation in a cognitive capacity within a species is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Overduin-de Vries
- Animal Behaviour & Cognition, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolijn M Vermande
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David J Hessen
- Department of Methods and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth H M Sterck
- Animal Behaviour & Cognition, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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12
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Demirci N, Holland MA. Scaling patterns of cortical folding and thickness in early human brain development in comparison with primates. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad462. [PMID: 38271274 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Across mammalia, brain morphology follows specific scaling patterns. Bigger bodies have bigger brains, with surface area outpacing volume growth, resulting in increased foldedness. We have recently studied scaling rules of cortical thickness, both local and global, finding that the cortical thickness difference between thick gyri and thin sulci also increases with brain size and foldedness. Here, we investigate early brain development in humans, using subjects from the Developing Human Connectome Project, scanned shortly after pre-term or full-term birth, yielding magnetic resonance images of the brain from 29 to 43 postmenstrual weeks. While the global cortical thickness does not change significantly during this development period, its distribution does, with sulci thinning, while gyri thickening. By comparing our results with our recent work on humans and 11 non-human primate species, we also compare the trajectories of primate evolution with human development, noticing that the 2 trends are distinct for volume, surface area, cortical thickness, and gyrification index. Finally, we introduce the global shape index as a proxy for gyrification index; while correlating very strongly with gyrification index, it offers the advantage of being calculated only from local quantities without generating a convex hull or alpha surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagehan Demirci
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Maria A Holland
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
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13
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Chaimanee Y, Chavasseau O, Lazzari V, Soe AN, Sein C, Jaeger JJ. Early anthropoid primates: New data and new questions. Evol Anthropol 2024:e22022. [PMID: 38270328 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Although the evolutionary history of anthropoid primates (monkeys, apes, and humans) appears relatively well-documented, there is limited data available regarding their origins and early evolution. We review and discuss here the earliest records of anthropoid primates from Asia, Africa, and South America. New fossils provide strong support for the Asian origin of anthropoid primates. However, the earliest recorded anthropoids from Africa and South America are still subject to debate, and the early evolution and dispersal of platyrhines to South America remain unclear. Because of the rarity and incomplete nature of many stem anthropoid taxa, establishing the phylogenetic relationships among the earliest anthropoids remains challenging. Nonetheless, by examining evidence from anthropoids and other mammalian groups, we demonstrate that several dispersal events occurred between South Asia and Afro-Arabia during the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene. It is possible that a microplate situated in the middle of the Neotethys Ocean significantly reduced the distance of overseas dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowalak Chaimanee
- Laboratory PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Olivier Chavasseau
- Laboratory PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Vincent Lazzari
- Laboratory PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Aung N Soe
- University of Distance Education, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Chit Sein
- University of Distance Education, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Jean-Jacques Jaeger
- Laboratory PALEVOPRIM, UMR 7262 CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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14
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Nosková E, Sambucci KM, Petrželková KJ, Červená B, Modrý D, Pafčo B. Strongyloides in non-human primates: significance for public health control. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230006. [PMID: 38008123 PMCID: PMC10676817 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Primates are an important source of infectious disease in humans. Strongyloidiasis affects an estimated 600 million people worldwide, with a global distribution and hotspots of infection in tropical and subtropical regions. Recently added to the list of neglected tropical diseases, global attention has been demanded in the drive for its control. Through a literature review of Strongyloides in humans and non-human primates (NHP), we analysed the most common identification methods and gaps in knowledge about this nematode genus. The rise of molecular-based methods for Strongyloides detection is evident in both humans and NHP and provides an opportunity to analyse all data available from primates. Dogs were also included as an important host species of Strongyloides and a potential bridge host between humans and NHP. This review highlights the lack of molecular data across all hosts-humans, NHP and dogs-with the latter highly underrepresented in the database. Despite the cosmopolitan nature of Strongyloides, there are still large gaps in our knowledge for certain species when considering transmission and pathogenicity. We suggest that a unified approach to Strongyloides detection be taken, with an optimized, repeatable molecular-based method to improve our understanding of this parasitic infection. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nosková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kelly M. Sambucci
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára J. Petrželková
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Červená
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modrý
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Pafčo
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Anderson AP, Jones A. The relationship between sexual dimorphism and androgen response element proliferation in primate genomes. Evolution 2024; 78:195-208. [PMID: 37996091 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In males of many vertebrate species, sexual selection has led to the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits, which are often developmentally controlled by androgen signaling involving androgen response elements (AREs). Evolutionary changes in the number and genomic locations of AREs can modify patterns of receptor regulation and potentially alter gene expression. Here, we use recently sequenced primate genomes to evaluate the hypothesis that the strength of sexual selection is related to the genome-wide number of AREs in a diversifying lineage. In humans, we find a higher incidence of AREs near male-biased genes and androgen-responsive genes when compared with randomly selected genes from the genome. In a set of primates, we find that gains or losses of AREs proximal to genes are correlated with changes in male expression levels and the degree of sex-biased expression of those genes. In a larger set of primates, we find that an increase in one indicator of sexual selection, canine size sexual dimorphism, is correlated with genome-wide ARE counts. Our results suggest that the responsiveness of the genome to androgens in humans and their close relatives has been shaped by sexual selection that arises from competition among males for mating access to females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Jones
- Department of Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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16
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Marian L, Withoeft JA, Fornara MA, Pandolfo GW, D'ambroso Fernandes F, Vogel FSF, Zapala MP, Casagrande RA. Toxoplasmosis outbreak caused by north American genotypes in captive black-tufted marmosets in southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 47:100960. [PMID: 38199681 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2023.100960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we describe an outbreak of toxoplasmosis in an enclosure of five Callithrix penicillata in Southern Brazil. The marmosets were found dead and submitted to necropsy and histopathology. Liver, spleen, and lungs were frozen and sent for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested-PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii. Necropsy revealed a liver with a lobular pattern, along with diffusely congested lungs, spleen, and kidneys, and hemorrhage in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Mild-to-moderate, multifocal, necrotic hepatitis and splenitis, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic myocarditis, and moderate, diffuse necrohemorrhagic lymphadenitis were observed. T. gondii tachyzoites were in all the organs mentioned. The detected strains were closely related with the isolates TgWtdUs10, TgSoUs39, and TgShUs2, which were originally found in non-primate species all in the United States of America. This is an unprecedented report of North American strains causing mortality in captive individuals of the species Callithrix penicillata in the Southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Marian
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aline Withoeft
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Fornara
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Willian Pandolfo
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil
| | - Fagner D'ambroso Fernandes
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Milene Pugliese Zapala
- Médica Veterinária, Prefeitura de Brusque, Praça das Bandeiras, 77, Centro 1, Brusque, Santa Catarina 88350-051, Brazil
| | - Renata Assis Casagrande
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Av. Luís de Camões, 2090, Bairro Conta Dinheiro, Lages, Santa Catarina 88520-000, Brazil.
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17
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Li WB, Teng Y, Zhang MY, Shen Y, Liu JW, Qi JW, Wang XC, Wu RF, Li JH, Garber PA, Li M. Human activity and climate change accelerate the extinction risk to non-human primates in China. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17114. [PMID: 38273577 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Human activity and climate change affect biodiversity and cause species range shifts, contractions, and expansions. Globally, human activities and climate change have emerged as persistent threats to biodiversity, leading to approximately 68% of the ~522 primate species being threatened with extinction. Here, we used habitat suitability models and integrated data on human population density, gross domestic product (GDP), road construction, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the location of protected areas (PAs), and climate change to predict potential changes in the distributional range and richness of 26 China's primate species. Our results indicate that both PAs and NDVI have a positive impact on primate distributions. With increasing anthropogenic pressure, species' ranges were restricted to areas of high vegetation cover and in PAs surrounded by buffer zones of 2.7-4.5 km and a core area of PAs at least 0.1-0.5 km from the closest edge of the PA. Areas with a GDP below the Chinese national average of 100,000 yuan were found to be ecologically vulnerable, and this had a negative impact on primate distributions. Changes in temperature and precipitation were also significant contributors to a reduction in the range of primate species. Under the expected influence of climate change over the next 30-50 years, we found that highly suitable habitat for primates will continue to decrease and species will be restricted to smaller and more peripheral parts of their current range. Areas of high primate diversity are expected to lose from 3 to 7 species. We recommend that immediate action be taken, including expanding China's National Park Program, the Ecological Conservation Redline Program, and the Natural Forest Protection Program, along with a stronger national policy promoting alternative/sustainable livelihoods for people in the local communities adjacent to primate ranges, to offset the detrimental effects of anthropogenic activities and climate change on primate survivorship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Wen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Wei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hua Li
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Yoakum C, Terhune C. The inferior alveolar nerve and its relationship to the mandibular canal. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:97-117. [PMID: 37184240 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Previous work on the mandibular canal, mental foramen, and mandibular foramen has focused on humans and some other non-primate mammals (with small sample sizes), but little work has investigated the mandibular canal and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) across primates. However, it is important to understand the relationship between the IAN and mandibular canal due to the IAN's close relationship to the teeth and mastication, and thus dietary adaptations. While it is assumed that most bony canals within the skull grow around and form to pre-existing nervous structures, this relationship has never been validated for the IAN and mandibular canal. MicroCT scans of 273 individuals (131 females, 134 males, and 8 unknown sex) from 68 primate species and three mammalian outgroups, and diceCT scans of 66 individuals (35 females, 23 males, and 8 unknown sex) from 33 primate species and the same mammalian outgroups were used to create 3D models of the IAN and mandibular canal from which cross-sectional areas were taken at various points on the structures. Using qualitative descriptions, phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis, and phylogenetic ANOVAs, we were able to establish three main conclusions: (1) the mandibular canal is most often not a defined canal within the mandible of primates, (2) when the canal can be identified, the IAN does not comprise most of the space within, and (3) there are significant relationships between the IAN and the corresponding canals, with most showing isometry and the mental foramen/nerve showing negative allometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Yoakum
- Department of Anatomy, Arkansas Colleges of Health Education, Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA
| | - Claire Terhune
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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Crowell JW, Wible JR, Chester SGB. Basicranial evidence suggests picrodontid mammals are not stem primates. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20230335. [PMID: 38195058 PMCID: PMC10776232 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The Picrodontidae from the middle Palaeocene of North America are enigmatic placental mammals that were allied with various mammalian groups but are generally now considered to have close affinities to paromomyid and palaechthonid plesiadapiforms based on proposed dental synapomorphies. The picrodontid fossil record consists entirely of dental and gnathic remains except for one partial cranium of Zanycteris paleocenus (AMNH 17180). Here, we use µCT technology to unveil previously undocumented morphology in AMNH 17180, describe and compare the basicranial morphology of a picrodontid for the first time, and incorporate these new data into cladistic analyses. The basicranial morphology of Z. paleocenus is distinct from plesiadapiforms and shares similarities with the Palaeogene Apatemyidae and Nyctitheriidae. Results of cladistic analyses incorporating these novel data suggest picrodontids are not stem primates nor euarchontan mammals and that the proposed dental synapomorphies uniting picrodontids with plesiadapiforms and, by extension, primates evolved independently. Results highlight the need to scrutinize proposed synapomorphies of highly autapomorphic taxa with limited fossil records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan W. Crowell
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - John R. Wible
- Section of Mammals, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 5800 Baum Boulevard, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Stephen G. B. Chester
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
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Lewis LS, Wessling EG, Kano F, Stevens JMG, Call J, Krupenye C. Bonobos and chimpanzees remember familiar conspecifics for decades. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304903120. [PMID: 38109542 PMCID: PMC10756267 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304903120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition and memory of familiar conspecifics provides the foundation for complex sociality and is vital to navigating an unpredictable social world [Tibbetts and Dale, Trends Ecol. Evol. 22, 529-537 (2007)]. Human social memory incorporates content about interactions and relationships and can last for decades [Sherry and Schacter, Psychol. Rev. 94, 439-454 (1987)]. Long-term social memory likely played a key role throughout human evolution, as our ancestors increasingly built relationships that operated across distant space and time [Malone et al., Int. J. Primatol. 33, 1251-1277 (2012)]. Although individual recognition is widespread among animals and sometimes lasts for years, little is known about social memory in nonhuman apes and the shared evolutionary foundations of human social memory. In a preferential-looking eye-tracking task, we presented chimpanzees and bonobos (N = 26) with side-by-side images of a previous groupmate and a conspecific stranger of the same sex. Apes' attention was biased toward former groupmates, indicating long-term memory for past social partners. The strength of biases toward former groupmates was not impacted by the duration apart, and our results suggest that recognition may persist for at least 26 y beyond separation. We also found significant but weak evidence that, like humans, apes may remember the quality or content of these past relationships: apes' looking biases were stronger for individuals with whom they had more positive histories of social interaction. Long-lasting social memory likely provided key foundations for the evolution of human culture and sociality as they extended across time, space, and group boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S. Lewis
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9AX, United Kingdom
| | - Erin G. Wessling
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA02138
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9AX, United Kingdom
| | - Fumihiro Kano
- Kumamoto Sanctuary, Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kumamoto862-0911, Japan
- Center for the Advanced Study of Collective Behavior, University of Konstanz, Konstanz78457, Germany
| | - Jeroen M. G. Stevens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, AntwerpBE-2000, Belgium
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp2018, Belgium
| | - Josep Call
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9AX, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Krupenye
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St AndrewsKY16 9AX, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
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21
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de Oliveira JV, Vasquez VL, Beltrão-Mendes R, Pinto MP. Climate change effects on the distribution of yellow-breasted capuchin monkey (Sapajus xanthosternos (Wied-Neuwied, 1826)). Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23557. [PMID: 37812044 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of recent climatic changes has no historical precedent and impacts biodiversity. Climatic changes may displace suitable habitats (areas with suitable climates), leading to global biodiversity decline. Primates are among the most affected groups. Most primates depend on forests and contribute to their maintenance. We evaluated the potential effects of climatic change on the distribution of Sapajus xanthosternos, a critically endangered primate whose geographical range encompasses three Brazilian biomes. We evaluated changes between baseline (1970-2000) and future (2081-2100) climates using multivariate analysis. Then, we compared current and future (2100) climatic suitability projections for the species. The climatic changes predicted throughout the S. xanthosternos range differed mostly longitudinally, with higher temperature increases in the west and higher precipitation reductions in the east. Climatic suitability for S. xanthosternos is predicted to decline in the future. Areas with highest current climatic suitability occur as a narrow strip in the eastern part of the geographic range throughout the latitudinal range. In the future, areas with highest values are projected to be located as an even narrower strip in the eastern part of the geographical range. A small portion of forest remnants larger than 150 ha located in the east has larger current and future suitability values. At this large scale, the spatial heterogeneity of the climate effects reinforce the importance of maintenance of current populations in different areas of the range. The possibility that phenotypic plasticity helps primates cope with reduced climatic suitability may be mediated by habitat availability, quality, and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Vargas de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Vagner Lacerda Vasquez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Raone Beltrão-Mendes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Míriam Plaza Pinto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- Departamento de Ecologia, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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22
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Lee W, Hayakawa T, Kiyono M, Yamabata N, Enari H, Enari HS, Fujita S, Kawazoe T, Asai T, Oi T, Kondo T, Uno T, Seki K, Shimada M, Tsuji Y, Langgeng A, MacIntosh A, Suzuki K, Yamada K, Onishi K, Ueno M, Kubo K, Hanya G. Diet-related factors strongly shaped the gut microbiota of Japanese macaques. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23555. [PMID: 37766673 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Although knowledge of the functions of the gut microbiome has increased greatly over the past few decades, our understanding of the mechanisms governing its ecology and evolution remains obscure. While host genetic distance is a strong predictor of the gut microbiome in large-scale studies and captive settings, its influence has not always been evident at finer taxonomic scales, especially when considering among the recently diverged animals in natural settings. Comparing the gut microbiome of 19 populations of Japanese macaques Macaca fuscata across the Japanese archipelago, we assessed the relative roles of host genetic distance, geographic distance and dietary factors in influencing the macaque gut microbiome. Our results suggested that the macaques may maintain a core gut microbiome, while each population may have acquired some microbes from its specific habitat/diet. Diet-related factors such as season, forest, and reliance on anthropogenic foods played a stronger role in shaping the macaque gut microbiome. Among closely related mammalian hosts, host genetics may have limited effects on the gut microbiome since the hosts generally have smaller physiological differences. This study contributes to our understanding of the relative roles of host phylogeography and dietary factors in shaping the gut microbiome of closely related mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Lee
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mieko Kiyono
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamabata
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Hyogo, Sanda, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroto Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakabamachi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Haruka S Enari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata University, Wakabamachi, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shiho Fujita
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Ecology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kawazoe
- Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asai
- South Kyushu Wildlife Management Center, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Toru Oi
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Science, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, Japan
| | | | - Takeharu Uno
- Tohoku Monkey and Mammal Management Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Seki
- Tohoku Monkey and Mammal Management Center, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimada
- Department of Animal Sciences, Teikyo University of Science, Uenohara, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yamato Tsuji
- Department of Science and Engineering, Ishinomaki Senshu University, Ishinomaki, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Abdullah Langgeng
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Andrew MacIntosh
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kanrin, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | - Kazunori Yamada
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Onishi
- Department of Early Childhood Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, Japan
| | - Masataka Ueno
- Faculty of Applied Sociology, Kindai University, Higashiosaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kubo
- Cultural Asset Management Division, Board of Education, Oita-City, Japan
| | - Goro Hanya
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
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23
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Beeby N, Baden AL, Higham JP. Urinary C-peptide and total triiodothyronine as energetic biomarkers for studies of lemurs. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23563. [PMID: 37855395 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Measuring energy balance and energy metabolism can provide crucial information for understanding the ecological and behavioral drivers of an animal's energetic and physiological condition. Both urinary C-peptide (uCP) of insulin and urinary total triiodothyronine (uTT3) have been validated as noninvasive biomarkers of energy balance and metabolic activity in haplorrhine primates. This study attempts to validate uCP and uTT3 measures in strepsirrhines, a phylogenetically distinct primate clade, using the ruffed lemur (genus Varecia) as a model. We experimentally manipulated the diet of captive black-and-white (Varecia variegata) and red (Varecia rubra) ruffed lemurs at Duke Lemur Center across a 4-week period. We collected urine samples from subjects (n = 5) each day during 1 week of control diet, 2 weeks of calorie-restricted diet and 1 week of refeeding, designed to temporarily reduce energy balance and metabolism. We also tested the outcome of filter paper as a storage method by comparing to controls (frozen at -20°C) to assess its suitability for studies of wild populations. We successfully measured uCP and uTT3 levels in frozen urine samples using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits and found that both biomarkers were excreted at lower concentrations (C-peptide: 1.35 ng/mL, 54% reduction; TT3: 1.5 ng/mL, 37.5% reduction) during calorie-restricted periods compared to normal diet periods. Filter paper recovery for uCP was 19%, though values were significantly positively correlated with frozen control samples. uTT3 could not be recovered at measurable concentrations using filter paper. These methods enable noninvasive measurement of energetic conditions in wild strepsirrhines and subsequent assessment of relationships between energy balance and numerous socioecological drivers in primate populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Beeby
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA
| | - Andrea L Baden
- Department of Anthropology, The Graduate Center of City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA
| | - James P Higham
- The New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York, USA
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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24
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Vucetic A, Lafleur A, Côté M, Kobasa D, Chan M, Alvarez F, Piccirillo C, Dong G, Olivier M. Extracellular vesicle storm during the course of Ebola virus infection in primates. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1275277. [PMID: 38035334 PMCID: PMC10684970 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1275277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Ebola virus (EBOV) is an RNA virus of the Filoviridae family that is responsible for outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers in primates with a lethality rate as high as 90%. EBOV primarily targets host macrophages leading to cell activation and systemic cytokine storm, and fatal infection is associated with an inhibited interferon response, and lymphopenia. The EBOV surface glycoprotein (GP) has been shown to directly induce T cell depletion and can be secreted outside the virion via extracellular vesicles (EVs), though most studies are limited to epithelial cells and underlying mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. Methods To assess the role of GP on EBOV-induced dysregulation of host immunity, we first utilized EBOV virus-like particles (VLPs) expressing VP40 and NP either alone (Bald-VLP) or in conjunction with GP (VLP-GP) to investigate early inflammatory responses in THP-1 macrophages and in a murine model. We then sought to decipher the role of non-classical inflammatory mediators such as EVs over the course of EBOV infection in two EBOV-infected rhesus macaques by isolating and characterizing circulatory EVs throughout disease progression using size exclusion chromatography, nanoparticle tracking-analysis, and LC-MS/MS. Results While all VLPs could induce inflammatory mediators and recruit small peritoneal macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression was exacerbated by the presence of GP. Further, quantification of EVs isolated from infected rhesus macaques revealed that the concentration of vesicles peaked in circulation at the terminal stage, at which time EBOV GP could be detected in host-derived exosomes. Moreover, comparative proteomics conducted across EV populations isolated from serum at various time points before and after infection revealed differences in host-derived protein content that were most significantly pronounced at the endpoint of infection, including significant expression of mediators of TLR4 signaling. Discussion These results suggest a dynamic role for EVs in the modification of disease states in the context of EBOV. Overall, our work highlights the importance of viral factors, such as the GP, and host derived EVs in the inflammatory cascade and pathogenesis of EBOV, which can be collectively further exploited for novel antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vucetic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Lafleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marceline Côté
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogen Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mable Chan
- Special Pathogen Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Federation of Clinical Immunology (FOCiS) Centres of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Federation of Clinical Immunology (FOCiS) Centres of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - George Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Federation of Clinical Immunology (FOCiS) Centres of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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25
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Norman M, Jones C, Watson K, Previdelli RL. Social Network Analysis as a Tool in the Care and Wellbeing of Zoo Animals: A Case Study of a Family Group of Black Lemurs ( Eulemur macaco). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3501. [PMID: 38003118 PMCID: PMC10668822 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Social network analysis (SNA) is an increasingly utilised technique in the literature examining the social structures and organisation of animals and understanding the bonds between groups and individuals. Using a case study as an illustration, the applications of SNA are explored, including the identification of dominance hierarchies and detection of sources of social pressure, with a particular focus on the applications of SNA to holistic assessments of animal welfare alongside other methods. Based on the examination of social dynamics in a family group of four black lemurs (Eulemur macaco), a primate whose social organisation is characterised by patterns of female dominance, it is demonstrated that SNA can be used to examine the affiliative and agonistic interactions between individuals living in human care. SNA showed species-typical forms of female dominance that were largely directed towards the two males, characterised by the initiation of aggressive interactions and male submission. More intricate relationships and consistent social roles across networks were revealed through the examination of SNA. It is concluded that SNA has wide-ranging benefits in the assessment of effects of environmental changes, such as informing social management decisions, developing enrichment and intervention programs, and guiding overall improvements to the housing and care of individual animals. SNA, as part of an animal welfare toolbox, could, therefore, be a pivotal technique for modern animal welfare assessment that considers individual animals and their social lives. By sharing a case study of the technique in use, it is hoped that animal collections may adopt similar modern and evidence-based assessment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Norman
- Department of Animal Management and Saddlery, Capel Manor College, London EN1 4RQ, UK
| | - Cassie Jones
- Paradise Wildlife Park, Zoological Society of Hertfordshire, Broxbourne EN10 7QA, UK; (C.J.); (K.W.)
| | - Kara Watson
- Paradise Wildlife Park, Zoological Society of Hertfordshire, Broxbourne EN10 7QA, UK; (C.J.); (K.W.)
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26
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Lima T, Fam B, Tavares GM, Falótico T, Cantele C, Fanti L, Landau L, Viscardi LH, Vargas-Pinilla P, Barrientos-Diaz O, Pissinatti A, Sortica VA, Ottoni EB, Segatto ALA, Turchetto-Zolet AC, Bortolini MC. Insights into the evolutionary history of the most skilled tool-handling platyrrhini monkey: Sapajus libidinosus from the Serra da Capivara National Park. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20230165. [PMID: 37948505 PMCID: PMC10637428 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sapajus libidinosus members of the Pedra Furada group, living in the Serra da Capivara National Park, use stone tools in a wider variety of behaviors than any other living animal, except humans. To rescue the evolutionary history of the Caatinga S. libidinosus and identify factors that may have contributed to the emergence and maintenance of their tool-use culture, we conducted fieldwork seasons to obtain biological samples of these capuchin monkeys. UsingCYTBsequences, we show a discrete but constant population growth from the beginning of the Holocene to the present, overlapping the emergence of the Caatinga biome. Our habitat suitability reconstruction reports the presence of plants whose hard fruits, seeds, or roots are processed by capuchins using tools. TheS. libidinosusindividuals in the Caatinga were capable of dynamically developing and maintaining their autochthonous culture thanks to: a) cognitive capacity to generate and execute innovation under selective pressure; b) tolerance favoring learning and cultural inheritance; c) an unknown genetic repertoire that underpins the adaptive traits; d) a high degree of terrestriality; e) presence and abundance of natural resources, which makes some places "hot spots" for innovation, and cultural diversification within a relatively short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaynara Lima
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Fam
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Medina Tavares
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tiago Falótico
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades,
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Cantele
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucca Fanti
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luane Landau
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Henriques Viscardi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Universidade Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul,
Escola de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vargas-Pinilla
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto,
Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ossman Barrientos-Diaz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Vinicius A. Sortica
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Medicina Preventiva da Faculdade de
Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B. Ottoni
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Psicologia, Departamento de
Psicologia Experimental, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia A. Segatto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Centro de Ciências Naturais e
Exatas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Santa Maria, RS,
Brazil
| | - Andreia Carina Turchetto-Zolet
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular (PPGBM), Instituto de
Biociências, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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27
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Fam BSDO, Vargas-Pinilla P, Paré P, Landau L, Viscardi LH, Pissinatti A, Falótico T, Maestri R, Bortolini MC. Exploring the diversity of AVPR2 in Primates and its evolutionary implications. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20230045. [PMID: 37930141 PMCID: PMC10626583 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2023-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study focuses on the investigation of AVPR2 (VTR2C) protein-coupled receptor variants specific to different primate taxa. AVPR2 is activated by the neurohormone AVP, which modulates physiological processes, including water homeostasis. Our findings reveal positive selection at three AVPR2 sites at positions 190, 250, and 346. Variation at position 250 is associated with human Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (cNDI), a condition characterized by excessive water loss. Other 13 functional sites with potential adaptive relevance include positions 185, 202, 204, and 252 associated with cNDI. We identified SH3-binding motifs in AVPR2's ICL3 and N-terminus domains, with some losses observed in clades of Cercopithecidae, Callitrichinae, and Atelidae. SH3-binding motifs are crucial in regulating cellular physiology, indicating that the differences may be adaptive. Co-evolution was found between AVPR2 residues and those in the AVP signal peptide/Neurophysin-2 and AQP2, other molecules in the same signaling cascade. No significant correlation was found between these Primates' taxon-specific variants and the bioclimatic variables of the areas where they live. Distinct co-evolving amino acid sequences in functional sites were found in Platyrrhini and Catarrhini, which may have adaptive implications involving glucocorticoid hormones, suggesting varied selective pressures. Further studies are required to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Sampaio de Oliveira Fam
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Vargas-Pinilla
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de
Bioquímica e Imunologia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Paré
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luane Landau
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas H. Viscardi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Tiago Falótico
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades,
São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Maestri
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Ecologia,
Laboratório de Ecomorfologia e Macroevolução, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Genética,
Laboratório de Evolução Humana e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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28
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Syeda SM, Tsegai ZJ, Cazenave M, Skinner MM, Kivell TL. Cortical bone distribution of the proximal phalanges in great apes: implications for reconstructing manual behaviours. J Anat 2023; 243:707-728. [PMID: 37358024 PMCID: PMC10557399 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Primate fingers are typically in direct contact with the environment during both locomotion and manipulation, and aspects of external phalangeal morphology are known to reflect differences in hand use. Since bone is a living tissue that can adapt in response to loading through life, the internal bone architecture of the manual phalanges should also reflect differences in manual behaviours. Here, we use the R package Morphomap to analyse high-resolution microCT scans of hominid proximal phalanges of digits 2-5 to determine whether cortical bone structure reflects variation in manual behaviours between bipedal (Homo), knuckle-walking (Gorilla, Pan) and suspensory (Pongo) taxa. We test the hypothesis that relative cortical bone distribution patterns and cross-sectional geometric properties will differ both among extant great apes and across the four digits due to locomotor and postural differences. Results indicate that cortical bone structure reflects the varied hand postures employed by each taxon. The phalangeal cortices of Pongo are significantly thinner and have weaker cross-sectional properties relative to the African apes, yet thick cortical bone under their flexor sheath ridges corresponds with predicted loading during flexed finger grips. Knuckle-walking African apes have even thicker cortical bone under the flexor sheath ridges, as well as in the region proximal to the trochlea, but Pan also has thicker diaphyseal cortices than Gorilla. Humans display a distinct pattern of distodorsal thickening, as well as relatively thin cortices, which may reflect the lack of phalangeal curvature combined with frequent use of flexed fingered hand grips during manipulation. Within each taxon, digits 2-5 have a similar cortical distribution in Pongo, Gorilla and, unexpectedly, Homo, which suggest similar loading of all fingers during habitual locomotion or hand use. In Pan, however, cortical thickness differs between the fingers, potentially reflecting differential loading during knuckle-walking. Inter- and intra-generic variation in phalangeal cortical bone structure reflects differences in manual behaviours, offering a comparative framework for reconstructing hand use in fossil hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M. Syeda
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Zewdi J. Tsegai
- Department of Organismal Biology and AnatomyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Marine Cazenave
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
- Division of AnthropologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Matthew M. Skinner
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and ConservationUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Tracy L. Kivell
- Department of Human OriginsMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary AnthropologyLeipzigGermany
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29
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Howell CP, Warnes C, Bayliss PA. The influence of feeding routines on the behavior of zoo-housed Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra). Zoo Biol 2023; 42:757-765. [PMID: 37326331 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many species thrive in captivity, yet there is still much to be assessed regarding the often-unknown stressors present that can compromise welfare. Uncovering such stressors is of paramount importance if we are to ensure the zoo environment provides the highest levels of animal welfare that will contribute to species conservation. Zoo-housed primates are subject to many potential stressors, including daily husbandry routines which they may find aversive or habituate to, regardless of their outcome. The specific aim of this study was to assess the behavioral responses to daily husbandry feeding routines on a total of 33 Sulawesi crested black macaques (Macaca nigra), across two different UK zoological collections. Group scan sampling was used to record behaviors for 30-min periods before feeding (BF), for 30 min after feeding (AF), which we began 30 min after feed provision, and for 30 min when no feeding occurred (NF). The feeding condition significantly influenced behaviors recorded and post-hoc comparisons showed that BF conditions produced significantly higher frequencies of food anticipatory related activity (FAA). Furthermore, during BF periods, behaviors associated with FAA increased during the 15 min closer to a feed. This research finds that temporal feeding events cause changes in the behavior of two independent groups of crested macaques, indicative of food anticipation activity, during 30-min periods leading up to a feed. These results have implications for how animal keeper routines and advertised zoo feeds are managed for this species within zoological collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Howell
- Department of Animal Sciences, University Centre Reaseheath, Nantwich, Cheshire, UK
- Department of Anthropology, Faculidade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Centre for Research in Anthropology (CRIA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Connor Warnes
- Department of Animal Sciences, University Centre Reaseheath, Nantwich, Cheshire, UK
| | - P A Bayliss
- Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Animal Department, Bristol Zoological Gardens, Bristol, UK
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Bayer A, Child SJ, Malik HS, Geballe AP. A single polymorphic residue in humans underlies species-specific restriction of HSV-1 by the antiviral protein MxB. J Virol 2023; 97:e0083023. [PMID: 37796130 PMCID: PMC10617587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00830-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses present a major global disease burden. Understanding the host cell mechanisms that block viral infections, as well as how viruses can evolve to counteract these host defenses, is critically important for understanding viral disease pathogenesis. This study reveals that the major human variant of the antiviral protein myxovirus resistance protein B (MxB) inhibits the human pathogen herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), whereas a minor human variant and orthologous MxB genes from even closely related primates do not. Thus, in contrast to the many antagonistic virus-host interactions in which the virus is successful in thwarting the host's defense systems, here the human gene appears to be at least temporarily winning at this interface of the primate-herpesvirus evolutionary arms race. Our findings further show that a polymorphism at amino acid 83 in a small fraction of the human population is sufficient to abrogate MxB's ability to inhibit HSV-1, which could have important implications for human susceptibility to HSV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraham Bayer
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie J. Child
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Harmit S. Malik
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam P. Geballe
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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García de la Chica A, Oklander LI, Kowalewski MM, Fernandez-Duque E. Human and Non-Human Primate Coexistence in Argentina: Conflicts and Solutions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3331. [PMID: 37958086 PMCID: PMC10648367 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There are five different primate species inhabiting widely distinct ecoregions in Argentina. Each of them faces various threats in terms of conservation and conflicts that hamper their ability to coexist with human populations. We present here some of the drivers known to be the causes of conflicts between humans and primates in the southernmost area of distribution of Latin American primates. We focus our synthesis on two of the biggest sources of conflict: the effects of different anthropogenic disturbances, and human misconceptions concerning the role of primates in the ecosystem. In each section, we briefly characterize the conflicts worldwide and then provide specific cases and examples from Argentina. In the last part of the manuscript, we further describe some ongoing national and regional educational, research, and conservation approaches to mitigate those effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba García de la Chica
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina
- Owl Monkey Project—Fundación ECO, Formosa 3600, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
| | - Luciana I. Oklander
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Subtropical (IBS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNAM), Posadas 3300, Argentina
- Neotropical Primate Conservation Argentina, Puerto Iguazú 3370, Argentina
| | - Martin M. Kowalewski
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires 1425, Argentina
- Neotropical Primate Conservation Argentina, Puerto Iguazú 3370, Argentina
- Estación Biológica Corrientes—Centro de Ecología Aplicada del Litoral (CECOAL-CONICET-UNNE), Corrientes 3400, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Fernandez-Duque
- Owl Monkey Project—Fundación ECO, Formosa 3600, Argentina
- Department of Anthropology and School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Formosa, Formosa 3600, Argentina
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Edmonds HM, Daly ES, Smail IE. Zygomatic arch root position in relation to dietary type in haplorhine primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 37877628 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The zygomatic root, along with other key craniofacial features, is hypothesized to play a crucial role in strengthening the face in response to stresses and strains related to feeding. As such, it has been cited as indicative of dietary specialization among fossil taxa, although it remains unknown how variable zygomatic arch root position is among living primates, and whether its positioning predicts differences in diet. We test whether primates that consume more mechanically challenging foods possess more anteriorly positioned zygomatic roots compared to those consuming less challenging foods. Zygomatic root position, as defined by the zygomaxillare landmark, was identified and recorded from digital images and physical specimens of adult primate crania. Data were collected from 33 haplorhine species (n = 722). Published data were used to assign species to a dietary type based on patterns of overall consumption along with reliance on especially challenging foods. Pairwise comparisons between mechanically challenging (hard and/or tough) and less mechanically challenging (soft) consumers found significant differences (p < 0.05) in the position of the zygomatic root in 17 of 20 pairs, 11 of which supported the prediction that a more mechanically challenging diet is associated with a more anteriorly placed zygomatic root. PGLS analysis found no significant effect of phylogeny on root position. This suggests that a more anteriorly positioned zygomatic root is useful for identifying dietary specialization in some taxa but is not required for consuming a mechanically challenging diet given that other craniofacial and behavioral factors can facilitate the consumption of such foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie M Edmonds
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Chandler-Gilbert Community College, Chandler, Arizona, USA
| | - E Susanne Daly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Salisbury University, Salisbury, Maryland, USA
| | - Irene E Smail
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia, USA
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Freund CA, Cronin KA, Huang M, Robinson NJ, Yoo B, DiGiorgio AL. Effects of captions on viewers' perceptions of images depicting human-primate interaction. Conserv Biol 2023:e14199. [PMID: 37811716 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Promoting human contact with wildlife can be harmful to animal conservation and welfare by exposing animals to unsafe situations and driving demand for wildlife tourism and exotic pets. Conservationists and researchers justifiably use social media to raise awareness, but professionals posting pictures of themselves with animals can have unintended negative consequences for conservation. Though the International Union for Conservation of Nature Best Practice Guidelines for Responsible Images of Non-Human Primates suggests researchers and animal professionals provide context in captions of images of humans interacting with primates, there is little research investigating whether this approach is effective. We investigated whether informative captions affect viewers' desires to have primates as pets and attitudes toward wildlife conservation. Using 4 mock Instagram posts depicting human-gorilla and human-slender loris interactions, we surveyed 2977 respondents to assess the effect of captions on viewers' perceptions of the images and primate conservation. Likert scale response data were analyzed with ordered probit regression models. Captions clearly contextualizing an image as research resulted in a significantly higher agreement that posts depicted wildlife research (gorilla β = 0.28 [SE 0.06], p < 0.001; loris β = 0.18 [0.06], p = 0.002), but such captions resulted in no significant difference in responses regarding viewers' desires to own primates as pets or questions regarding the primates' conservation statuses. Although most participants agreed the primates were endangered, more than 56% and 59%, respectively, stated they would have a gorilla or loris as a pet, that they would make good pets, or both, further supporting the conclusion that captions do not minimize harmful impacts of images of human-primate interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn A Freund
- Sabin Center for Environment and Sustainability, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Michelle Huang
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Natalie J Robinson
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Gunung Palung Orangutan Conservation Program, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Boaz Yoo
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Andrea L DiGiorgio
- Department of Anthropology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Writing Program, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Klein AB, Ranea-Robles P, Nicolaisen TS, Gil C, Johann K, Quesada JP, Pistolevij N, Hviid KVR, Fich L, Offersen SM, Helge JW, Nielsen HS, Bakker J, Kleinert M, Clemmensen C. Cross-species comparison of pregnancy-induced GDF15. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E303-E309. [PMID: 37584611 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00134.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-induced cytokine. Although the exact physiological function of GDF15 is not yet fully comprehended, the significant elevation of circulating GDF15 levels during gestation suggests a potential role for this hormone in pregnancy. This is corroborated by genetic association studies in which GDF15 and the GDF15 receptor, GDNF family receptor alpha like (GFRAL) have been linked to morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) in humans. Here, we studied GDF15 biology during pregnancy in mice, rats, macaques, and humans. In contrast to macaques and humans, mice and rats exhibited an underwhelming induction in plasma GDF15 levels in response to pregnancy (∼75-fold increase in macaques vs. ∼2-fold increase in rodents). The changes in circulating GDF15 levels were corroborated by the magnitude of Gdf15 mRNA and GDF15 protein expression in placentae from mice, rats, and macaques. These species-specific findings may help guide future studies focusing on GDF15 in pregnancy and on the evaluation of pharmacological strategies to interfere with GDF15-GFRAL signaling to treat severe nausea and HG.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study pregnancy-induced changes in circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in rodents, rhesus macaques, and humans are mapped. In sum, it is demonstrated that humans and macaques exhibit a tremendous increase in placental and circulating GDF15 during pregnancy. In contrast, GDF15 is negligibly increased in pregnant mice and rats, questioning a physiological role for GDF15 in pregnancy in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bue Klein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pablo Ranea-Robles
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Sand Nicolaisen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cláudia Gil
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kornelia Johann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Muscle Physiology and Metabolism Group, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Júlia Prats Quesada
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Pistolevij
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine V R Hviid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Fich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone M Offersen
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Svarre Nielsen
- Fertility Department, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Muscle Physiology and Metabolism Group, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Li D, Xia W, Cui X, Zhao M, Huang K, Wang X, Shen J, Chen H, Zhu L. The putatively high-altitude adaptation of macaque monkeys: Evidence from the fecal metabolome and gut microbiome. Evol Appl 2023; 16:1708-1720. [PMID: 38020871 PMCID: PMC10660799 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals living in high-altitude environments, such as the Tibetan Plateau, must face harsh environmental conditions (e.g., hypoxia, cold, and strong UV radiation). These animals' physiological adaptations (e.g., increased red cell production and turnover rate) might also be associated with the gut microbial response. Bilirubin is a component of red blood cell turnover or destruction and is excreted into the intestine and reduced to urobilinoids and/or urobilinogen by gut bacteria. Here, we found that the feces of macaques living in high-altitude regions look significantly browner (with a high concentration of stercobilin, a component from urobilinoids) than those living in low-altitude regions. We also found that gut microbes involved in urobilinogen reduction (e.g., beta-glucuronidase) were enriched in the high-altitude mammal population compared to the low-altitude population. Moreover, the spatial-temporal change in gut microbial function was more profound in the low-altitude macaques than in the high-altitude population, which might be attributed to profound changes in food resources in the low-altitude regions. Therefore, we conclude that a high-altitude environment's stress influences living animals and their symbiotic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Li
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana (Department of Education of Sichuan Province)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Wancai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana (Department of Education of Sichuan Province)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Xinyuan Cui
- College of Life ScienceNanjing Normal UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Mei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana (Department of Education of Sichuan Province)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Kai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana (Department of Education of Sichuan Province)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | - Xueyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology of Rhinopithecus roxellana (Department of Education of Sichuan Province)China West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
| | | | - Hua Chen
- Mingke BiotechnologyHangzhouChina
| | - Lifeng Zhu
- School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative MedicineNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingChina
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Zipple MN, Archie EA, Tung J, Mututua RS, Warutere JK, Siodi IL, Altmann J, Alberts SC. Five Decades of Data Yield No Support for Adaptive Biasing of Offspring Sex Ratio in Wild Baboons ( Papio cynocephalus). Am Nat 2023; 202:383-398. [PMID: 37792922 PMCID: PMC10998069 DOI: 10.1086/725886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractOver the past 50 years, a wealth of testable, often conflicting hypotheses have been generated about the evolution of offspring sex ratio manipulation by mothers. Several of these hypotheses have received support in studies of invertebrates and some vertebrate taxa. However, their success in explaining sex ratios in mammalian taxa-especially in primates-has been mixed. Here, we assess the predictions of four different hypotheses about the evolution of biased offspring sex ratios in the baboons of the Amboseli basin in Kenya: the Trivers-Willard, female rank enhancement, local resource competition, and local resource enhancement hypotheses. Using the largest sample size ever analyzed in a primate population (n = 1,372 offspring), we test the predictions of each hypothesis. Overall, we find no support for adaptive biasing of sex ratios. Offspring sex is not consistently related to maternal dominance rank or biased toward the dispersing sex, nor is it predicted by group size, population growth rates, or their interaction with maternal rank. Because our sample size confers power to detect even subtle biases in sex ratio, including modulation by environmental heterogeneity, these results suggest that adaptive biasing of offspring sex does not occur in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Zipple
- Laboratory for Animal Social Evolution and Recognition, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University
| | | | - Jenny Tung
- Dept of Primate Behavior and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University
- Department of Biology, Duke University
| | | | | | | | - Jeanne Altmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University
- Department of Biology, Duke University
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Feng P, Liang X, Yu H, Dong X, Liang Q, Dai C. The evolution of bitter taste receptor gene in primates: Gene duplication and selection. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10610. [PMID: 37841228 PMCID: PMC10571502 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste perception plays an important role in preventing animals from digesting poisonous and harmful substances. In primates, especially the Cercopithecidae species, most species feed on plants; thus, it is reasonable to speculate that most of the bitter taste receptor genes (T2Rs) of primates are under purifying selection to maintain the functional stability of bitter taste perception. Gene duplication has happened in T2Rs frequently, and what will be the fate of T2Rs copies is another question we are concerned about. To answer these questions, we selected the T2Rs of primates reported in another study and conducted corresponding selective pressure analyses to determine what kind of selective pressure was acting on them. Further, we carried out selective pressure analyses on gene copies and their corresponding ancestors by considering several possible situations. The results showed that among the 25 gene groups examined here, 15 groups are subject to purifying selection and others are under relaxed selection, with many positively selected sites detected. Gene copies existed in several groups, but only some groups (clade1_a1-b2, clade1_c-c2, clade1_d1-d3, clade1_f1-f2, T2R10, T2R13, and T2R42) have positively selected sites, inferring that they may have some relation to functional divergence. Taken together, T2Rs in primates are under diverse selective pressures, and most gene copies are subject to the same selective pressures. In such cases, the copies may be just to keep the function conservative, and more copies can increase the quantity of the bitter taste receptor, raise the efficiency of bitter substance recognition, and finally enhance the fitness of feeding during the evolutionary course of primates. This study can improve our understanding of T2Rs evolution in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Feng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of ChinaGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of ChinaGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Hongling Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of ChinaGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of ChinaGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Qiufang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of ChinaGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
| | - Chuanyin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Ecology of Rare and Endangered Species and Environmental Protection, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of ChinaGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Rare and Endangered Animal EcologyGuangxi Normal UniversityGuilinGuangxiChina
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Roche CE, Montague MJ, Wang J, Dickey AN, Ruiz-Lambides A, Brent LJN, Platt ML, Horvath JE. Yearly variation coupled with social interactions shape the skin microbiome in free-ranging rhesus macaques. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0297423. [PMID: 37750731 PMCID: PMC10580906 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02974-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While skin microbes are known to mediate human health and disease, there has been minimal research on the interactions between skin microbiota, social behavior, and year-to-year effects in non-human primates-important animal models for translational biomedical research. To examine these relationships, we analyzed skin microbes from 78 rhesus macaques living on Cayo Santiago Island, Puerto Rico. We considered age, sex, and social group membership, and characterized social behavior by assessing dominance rank and patterns of grooming as compared to nonsocial behaviors. To measure the effects of a shifting environment, we sampled skin microbiota (based on sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA V4 region) and assessed weather across sampling periods between 2013 and 2015. We hypothesized that, first, monkeys with similar social behavior and/or in the same social group would possess similar skin microbial composition due, in part, to physical contact, and, second, microbial diversity would differ across sampling periods. We found significant phylum-level differences between social groups in the core microbiome as well as an association between total grooming rates and alpha diversity in the complete microbiome, but no association between microbial diversity and measures of rank or other nonsocial behaviors. We also identified alpha and beta diversity differences in microbiota and differential taxa abundance across two sampling periods. Our findings indicate that social dynamics interact with yearly environmental changes to shape the skin microbiota in rhesus macaques, with potential implications for understanding the factors affecting the microbiome in humans, which share many biological and social characteristics with these animals. IMPORTANCE Primate studies are valuable for translational and evolutionary insights into the human microbiome. The majority of primate microbiome studies focus on the gut, so less is known about the factors impacting the microbes on skin and how their links affect health and behavior. Here, we probe the impact of social interactions and the yearly environmental changes on food-provisioned, free-ranging monkeys living on a small island. We expected animals that lived together and groomed each other would have more similar microbes on their skin, but surprisingly found that the external environment was a stronger influence on skin microbiome composition. These findings have implications for our understanding of the human skin microbiome, including potential manipulations to improve health and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. Montague
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - JiCi Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison N. Dickey
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Angelina Ruiz-Lambides
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Lauren J. N. Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Platt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Marketing Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie E. Horvath
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Creighton MJA, Nunn CL. Explaining the primate extinction crisis: predictors of extinction risk and active threats. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231441. [PMID: 37670584 PMCID: PMC10510445 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining why some species are disproportionately impacted by the extinction crisis is of critical importance for conservation biology as a science and for proactively protecting species that are likely to become threatened in the future. Using the most current data on threat status, population trends, and threat types for 446 primate species, we advance previous research on the determinants of extinction risk by including a wider array of phenotypic traits as predictors, filling gaps in these trait data using multiple imputation, and investigating the mechanisms that connect organismal traits to extinction risk. Our Bayesian phylogenetically controlled analyses reveal that insular species exhibit higher threat status, while those that are more omnivorous and live in larger groups have lower threat status. The same traits are not linked to risk when repeating our analyses with older IUCN data, which may suggest that the traits influencing species risk are changing as anthropogenic effects continue to transform natural landscapes. We also show that non-insular, larger-bodied, and arboreal species are more susceptible to key threats responsible for primate population declines. Collectively, these results provide new insights to the determinants of primate extinction and identify the mechanisms (i.e. threats) that link traits to extinction risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles L. Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Bertrand DA, Berman CM, Heistermann M, Agil M, Sutiah U, Engelhardt A. Effects of Tourist and Researcher Presence on Fecal Glucocorticoid Metabolite Levels in Wild, Habituated Sulawesi Crested Macaques ( Macaca nigra). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2842. [PMID: 37760243 PMCID: PMC10525950 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecotourism managers and researchers often assume that apparently habituated primate groups no longer experience adverse consequences of prolonged exposure to tourists or researchers. We examined the effects of tourists and researchers on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite output (FGCM) in three critically endangered, wild crested macaque (Macaca nigra) groups in Tangkoko Nature Reserve, Sulawesi, Indonesia. We assayed FGCM from 456 fecal samples collected from thirty-three adults. Tourists can walk through and among macaque groups freely. Hence, we examined the possible effects of tourists both (1) in the reserve when away and not interacting with the study groups and (2) when they were present within the macaque groups. Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) analysis indicated that when tourists were present in the forest, but not directly among the macaques, FGCM levels in the macaque tourism groups were higher in months with more tourists. When tourists were among the macaque groups, some female macaques experienced rises and subsequent postexposure decreases in FGCM levels, consistent with predictions for acute stress. Male FGCM levels increased with tourist numbers within the group. Nevertheless, they were not significantly different from levels during undisturbed or postexposure conditions. FGCM responses related to researchers in groups varied by group, sex, and tourist presence. However, the temporal patterning of FGCM responses showed little evidence of chronic stress from tourism at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol M. Berman
- Department of Anthropology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14261, USA
- Evolution, Ecology, & Behavior Program, Department of Environment and Sustainability, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Michael Heistermann
- German Primate Centre, Endocrinology Laboratory, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Agil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Uni Sutiah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
| | - Antje Engelhardt
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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41
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Flowers N, Fogaça MD, Razafindrabe Maminiaina HF, Razafimampiandra JC, Dolezal M, Yamashita N. Comparing effects of food mechanical properties on oral processing behaviors in two sympatric lemur species. Am J Biol Anthropol 2023; 182:45-58. [PMID: 37431971 PMCID: PMC10952892 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The link between diet and the masticatory apparatus in primates is complex. We investigated how food mechanical properties (FMPs) and food geometry affect feeding behaviors and subsequent jaw loading. We compared oral processing in two sympatric lemur species with distinct diets and mandibular morphologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS All-day focal follows of Lemur catta (Lc) and Propithecus verreauxi (Pv) were conducted in both the dry and wet seasons at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve. We collected activity budget data, filmed feeding bouts, and collected food items to measure their mechanical properties with an FLS-1 portable tester. Feeding videos for the top food items they spent the most time consuming were analyzed frame-by-frame to assess bite and chew numbers and rates. RESULTS Lc bite more and at a slower rate on tougher (maximum) foods, chew more for tougher (average) foods, and chew less for stiffer leaves. Pv initially increase chew number for tougher (average) foods, but their behavior is less affected as food toughness increases. Pv chew less and more slowly but spend more of the day feeding than Lc. Additionally, they have a tougher (maximum) diet than Lc. DISCUSSION Lc adjust their feeding behaviors depending on the FMPs of their top food items, while Pv feed more consistently. The more robust masticatory apparatus of Pv may not require them to adjust their feeding behaviors for more mechanically challenging foods. Furthermore, the two species show distinct differences in chewing. Exploring chewing on a daily scale could aid in understanding its impact on the loading of the masticatory apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Flowers
- Institute of Population GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Mariana Dutra Fogaça
- Institute of Population GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
- Neotropical Primate Research Group – NeoPReGoSão PauloBrazil
| | | | | | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Nayuta Yamashita
- Institute of Population GeneticsUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
- Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
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42
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Patterson SK, Andonov E, Arre AM, Martínez MI, Negron-Del Valle JE, Petersen RM, Phillips D, Rahman A, Ruiz-Lambides A, Villanueva I, Lea AJ, Snyder-Mackler N, Brent LJ, Higham JP. Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.30.555589. [PMID: 37693423 PMCID: PMC10491187 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.30.555589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to adversity during early life is linked to lasting detrimental effects on evolutionary fitness across many taxa. However, due to the challenges of collecting longitudinal data, especially in species where one sex disperses, direct evidence from long-lived species remains relatively scarce. Here we test the effects of early life adversity on male and female longevity in a free-ranging population of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. We leveraged six decades of data to quantify the relative importance of ten forms of early life adversity for 6,599 macaques (3,230 male, 3,369 female), with a smaller sample size (N=299) for one form of adversity (maternal social isolation) which required high-resolution behavioral data. We found that individuals who experienced more early life adversity died earlier than those who experienced less adversity. Mortality risk was highest during early life, defined as birth to four years old, suggesting acute survival effects of adversity, but heightened mortality risk was also present in macaques who survived to adulthood. Females and males were affected differently by some forms of adversity, and these differences might be driven by varying energetic demands, female philopatry, and male dispersal. By leveraging data on thousands of macaques collected over decades, our results show that the fitness consequences of early life adversity are not uniform across individuals but vary as a function of the type of adversity, timing, and social context, and thus contribute to our limited but growing understanding of the evolution of early life sensitivities in long-lived species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ella Andonov
- High School of American Studies at Lehman College, New York City
| | - Alyssa M. Arre
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico
| | - Melween I. Martínez
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico
| | | | | | | | | | - Angelina Ruiz-Lambides
- Caribbean Primate Research Center, Unit of Comparative Medicine, University of Puerto Rico
| | | | - Amanda J. Lea
- Department of Biological Science, Vanderbilt University
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Study, Toronto, Canada
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University
- School of Life Sciences and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University
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Fannin LD, Joy MS, Dominy NJ, McGraw WS, DeSilva JM. Downclimbing and the evolution of ape forelimb morphologies. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:230145. [PMID: 37680499 PMCID: PMC10480693 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The forelimbs of hominoid primates (apes) are decidedly more flexible than those of monkeys, especially at the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints. It is tempting to link the greater mobility of these joints to the functional demands of vertical climbing and below-branch suspension, but field-based kinematic studies have found few differences between chimpanzees and monkeys when comparing forelimb excursion angles during vertical ascent (upclimbing). There is, however, a strong theoretical argument for focusing instead on vertical descent (downclimbing), which motivated us to quantify the effects of climbing directionality on the forelimb kinematics of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys). We found that the shoulders and elbows of chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys subtended larger joint angles during bouts of downclimbing, and that the magnitude of this difference was greatest among chimpanzees. Our results cast new light on the functional importance of downclimbing, while also burnishing functional hypotheses that emphasize the role of vertical climbing during the evolution of apes, including the human lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Fannin
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, Environment and Society, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Mary S. Joy
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Nathaniel J. Dominy
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - W. Scott McGraw
- Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jeremy M. DeSilva
- Department of Anthropology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, Environment and Society, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Fitzpatrick LLJ, Ligabue-Braun R, Nekaris KAI. Slowly Making Sense: A Review of the Two-Step Venom System within Slow ( Nycticebus spp.) and Pygmy Lorises ( Xanthonycticebus spp.). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:514. [PMID: 37755940 PMCID: PMC10536643 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the early 2000s, studies of the evolution of venom within animals have rapidly expanded, offering new revelations on the origins and development of venom within various species. The venomous mammals represent excellent opportunities to study venom evolution due to the varying functional usages, the unusual distribution of venom across unrelated mammals and the diverse variety of delivery systems. A group of mammals that excellently represents a combination of these traits are the slow (Nycticebus spp.) and pygmy lorises (Xanthonycticebus spp.) of south-east Asia, which possess the only confirmed two-step venom system. These taxa also present one of the most intriguing mixes of toxic symptoms (cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity) and functional usages (intraspecific competition and ectoparasitic defence) seen in extant animals. We still lack many pieces of the puzzle in understanding how this venom system works, why it evolved what is involved in the venom system and what triggers the toxic components to work. Here, we review available data building upon a decade of research on this topic, focusing especially on why and how this venom system may have evolved. We discuss that research now suggests that venom in slow lorises has a sophisticated set of multiple uses in both intraspecific competition and the potential to disrupt the immune system of targets; we suggest that an exudate diet reveals several toxic plants consumed by slow and pygmy lorises that could be sequestered into their venom and which may help heal venomous bite wounds; we provide the most up-to-date visual model of the brachial gland exudate secretion protein (BGEsp); and we discuss research on a complement component 1r (C1R) protein in saliva that may solve the mystery of what activates the toxicity of slow and pygmy loris venom. We conclude that the slow and pygmy lorises possess amongst the most complex venom system in extant animals, and while we have still a lot more to understand about their venom system, we are close to a breakthrough, particularly with current technological advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Lucy Joscelyne Fitzpatrick
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Department of Pharmacosciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Avenida Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil;
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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45
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Luchkina E, Waxman S. Talking About the Absent and the Abstract: Referential Communication in Language and Gesture. Perspect Psychol Sci 2023:17456916231180589. [PMID: 37603076 PMCID: PMC10879458 DOI: 10.1177/17456916231180589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Human language permits us to call to mind objects, events, and ideas that we cannot witness directly, either because they are absent or because they have no physical form (e.g., people we have not met, concepts like justice). What enables language to transmit such knowledge? We propose that a referential link between words, referents, and mental representations of those referents is key. This link enables us to form, access, and modify mental representations even when the referents themselves are absent ("absent reference"). In this review we consider the developmental and evolutionary origins of absent reference, integrating previously disparate literatures on absent reference in language and gesture in very young humans and gesture in nonhuman primates. We first evaluate when and how infants acquire absent reference during the process of language acquisition. With this as a foundation, we consider the evidence for absent reference in gesture in infants and in nonhuman primates. Finally, having woven these literatures together, we highlight new lines of research that promise to sharpen our understanding of the development of reference and its role in learning about the absent and the abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Luchkina
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Institute of Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Sandra Waxman
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Institute of Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
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Salegio EA, Hancock K, Korszen S. Pre-clinical delivery of gene therapy products to the cerebrospinal fluid: challenges and considerations for clinical translation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1248271. [PMID: 37664241 PMCID: PMC10469667 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1248271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While the majority of gene therapy studies in neurological indications have focused on direct gene transfer to the central nervous system (CNS), there is growing interest in the delivery of therapeutics using the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a conduit. Historically, direct CNS routes-of-administration (RoAs) have relied on tissue dynamics, displacement of interstitial fluid, and regional specificity to achieve focal delivery into regions of interest, such as the brain. While intraparenchymal delivery minimizes peripheral organ exposure, one perceived drawback is the relative invasiveness of this approach to drug delivery. In this mini review, we examine the CSF as an alternative RoA to target CNS tissue and discuss considerations associated with the safety of performing such procedures, biodistribution of therapeutics following single administration, and translation of findings given differences between small and large animals. These factors will help delineate key considerations for translating data obtained from animal studies into clinical settings that may be useful in the treatment of neurological conditions.
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Chen X, Chen XM, He JB, Yuan Q, Jiang MX, Wang JA, Jiang Y. Corynebacterium hylobatis sp. nov. and Corynebacterium lemuris sp. nov., two novel species of the genus Corynebacterium isolated from faeces of primates. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73. [PMID: 37534982 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Gram-stain positive, aerobic, short-rod-shaped, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and non-motile strains, designated YIM 101343T and YIM 101645T, were isolated from faeces of Hylobates hoolock and Lemur catta, respectively. The results of 16S rRNA gene analysis indicated that both represented members of the genus Corynebacterium, and they shared a similarity of 98.0 % with each other. Corynebacterium marinum DSM 44953T showed the highest similarity with both strains YIM 101343T (99.0 %) and YIM 101645T (97.3 %). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene indicated that strain YIM 101343T formed a cluster with C. marinum DSM 44953T and Corynebacterium comes 2019T, strain YIM 101645T formed a cluster with Corynebacterium halotolerans YIM 70093T, and the two clusters were neighbours. The genomic size of strain YIM 101343T was 3068751 bp and that of strain YIM 101645T was 3169714 bp. The dDDH, ANI and AAI values among strains YIM 101343T, YIM 101645T and the closely related species indicated that the two isolates represented two different novel species. Both strains contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and short-chain mycolic acids, and the major menaquinones were MK-9(H2) and MK-8(H2). The major polar lipids of the two strains were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of both strains were C16 : 0, summed feature 4 and C18 : 1ω9c, but C17 : 1 ω8c was only present as a major component in YIM 101645T . In addition, phenotypic and some chemotaxonomic characteristics of strains YIM 101343T, YIM 101645T and the closely related species were different. Thus, strains YIM 101343T and YIM 101645T should represent two novel species of the genus Corynebacterium, for which the names Corynebacterium hylobatis sp. nov. and Corynebacterium lemuris sp. nov. are proposed, respectively. The type strains are YIM 101343T (=DSM 45970T=CCTCC AB 2013221T) and YIM 101645T (=BCRC 16963T=CCTCC AB 2013281T=KCTC 39868T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Chen
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, PR China
- School of Medicine & College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Xue-Mei Chen
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Jiang-Bo He
- School of Medicine & College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Ming-Xing Jiang
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Ji-Ai Wang
- School of Medicine & College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Chenggong Campus, Kunming 650500, PR China
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Schelle L, Abrantes J, Baldauf HM, Esteves PJ. Evolution of primate interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs): a story of gain and loss with a differentiation into a canonical cluster and IFITM retrogenes. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1213685. [PMID: 37577422 PMCID: PMC10415907 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1213685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are a family of transmembrane proteins. The subgroup of immunity-related (IR-)IFITMs is involved in adaptive and innate immune responses, being especially active against viruses. Here, we suggest that IFITMs should be classified as (1) a canonical IFITM gene cluster, which is located on the same chromosome, and (2) IFITM retrogenes, with a random and unique location at different positions within the genome. Phylogenetic analyses of the canonical cluster revealed the existence of three novel groups of primate IFITMs (pIFITM) in the IR-IFITM clade: the prosimian pIFITMs(pro), the new world monkey pIFITMs(nwm) and the old world monkey pIFITMs(owm). Therefore, we propose a new nomenclature: IR-pIFITM1, IR-pIFITM2, IR-pIFITM3, IR-pIFITMnwm, IR-pIFITMowm, and IR-pIFITMpro. We observed divergent evolution for pIFITM5 and pIFITM10, and evidence for concerted evolution and a mechanism of birth-and-death evolution model for the IR-pIFITMs. In contrast, the IFITMs scattered throughout the genomes possessed features of retrogenes retrotransposed by class 1 transposable elements. The origin of the IFITM retrogenes correspond to more recent events. We hypothesize that the transcript of a canonical IFITM3 has been constantly retrotransposed using class 1 transposable elements resulting in the IFITM retro(pseudo)genes. The unique pattern of each species has most likely been caused by constant pseudogenization and loss of the retro(pseudo)genes. This suggests a third mechanism of evolution for the IR-IFITMs in primates, similar to the birth-and-death model of evolution, but via a transposable element mechanism, which resulted in retro(pseudo)genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Schelle
- Faculty of Medicine, Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hanna-Mari Baldauf
- Faculty of Medicine, Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Pedro José Esteves
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CITS - Center of Investigation in Health Technologies, CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
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Morimoto N, Kawada M, Tomizawa Y, Kaneko A, Nishimura T. Pelvic shape change in adult Japanese macaques and implications for childbirth at old age. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300714120. [PMID: 37459534 PMCID: PMC10372569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300714120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pelvic morphology exhibits a particular sexual dimorphism in humans, which reflects obstetrical constraints due to the tight fit between neonates and mothers. Huseynov et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113, 5227-5232 (2016)] showed that in humans, pelvic sexual dimorphism is greatest around the age of highest fertility, and it becomes less marked in association with menopause in females. They proposed that this reflects changes of obstetrical versus locomotor functional demands in females. It remains unknown whether such developmental adjustment of the pelvic morphology is unique to humans. Macaques exhibit human-like cephalopelvic proportions, but they lack menopause and usually maintain fertility throughout adulthood. Here, we track pelvic development in Japanese macaques from neonate to advanced ages using computed tomography-based data. We show that female pelvic morphology changes throughout adult life, reaching the obstetrically most favorable shape at advanced ages rather than around primiparity. We hypothesize that pelvic morphology in Japanese macaques is developmentally adjusted to childbirth at advanced ages, where obstetrical risks are potentially higher than at younger ages. Our data contribute to the growing evidence that the female primate pelvis changes its morphology during the whole lifespan, possibly adjusting for changing functional demands during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Morimoto
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikaze Kawada
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuma Tomizawa
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kaneko
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 484-8506Inuyama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishimura
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, 484-8506Inuyama, Japan
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50
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Conga DF, Figueiredo AA, Ribeiro ASS, Bezerra AM, Pereira WLA. Filarial hyperinfection in two neotropical primates from eastern Amazon peri-urban areas. J Med Primatol 2023. [PMID: 37329235 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report two cases of disseminated hyperinfection by filariae in free-living primates Saimiri sciureus and Saguinus niger from eastern Amazon. Histopathological examination showed the presence of Dipetalonema gracile microfilariae in blood, liver, lungs, spleen, small intestine, kidney, brain, liver, and adults in peritoneal thoracic cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Conga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal (ISPA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Amanda A Figueiredo
- Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal (ISPA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana Sílvia S Ribeiro
- Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal (ISPA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Andrea M Bezerra
- Museu de Zoologia, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal (ISPA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Washington L A Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Produção Animal na Amazônia, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Instituto da Saúde e Produção Animal (ISPA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), Belém, Brazil
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