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Zabransky DJ, Chhabra Y, Fane ME, Kartalia E, Leatherman JM, Hüser L, Zimmerman JW, Delitto D, Han S, Armstrong TD, Charmsaz S, Guinn S, Pramod S, Thompson ED, Hughes SJ, O'Connell J, Egan JM, Jaffee EM, Weeraratna AT. Fibroblasts in the Aged Pancreas Drive Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2024; 84:1221-1236. [PMID: 38330147 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is more prevalent in older individuals and often carries a poorer prognosis for them. The relationship between the microenvironment and pancreatic cancer is multifactorial, and age-related changes in nonmalignant cells in the tumor microenvironment may play a key role in promoting cancer aggressiveness. Because fibroblasts have profound impacts on pancreatic cancer progression, we investigated whether age-related changes in pancreatic fibroblasts influence cancer growth and metastasis. Proteomics analysis revealed that aged fibroblasts secrete different factors than young fibroblasts, including increased growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). Treating young mice with GDF-15 enhanced tumor growth, whereas aged GDF-15 knockout mice showed reduced tumor growth. GDF-15 activated AKT, rendering tumors sensitive to AKT inhibition in an aged but not young microenvironment. These data provide evidence for how aging alters pancreatic fibroblasts and promotes tumor progression, providing potential therapeutic targets and avenues for studying pancreatic cancer while accounting for the effects of aging. SIGNIFICANCE Aged pancreatic fibroblasts secrete GDF-15 and activate AKT signaling to promote pancreatic cancer growth, highlighting the critical role of aging-mediated changes in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment in driving tumor progression. See related commentary by Isaacson et al., p. 1185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Zabransky
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yash Chhabra
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mitchell E Fane
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emma Kartalia
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James M Leatherman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura Hüser
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jacquelyn W Zimmerman
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel Delitto
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Song Han
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Todd D Armstrong
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Soren Charmsaz
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samantha Guinn
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sneha Pramod
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven J Hughes
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jennifer O'Connell
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Diabetes Section/Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- The Johns Hopkins Cancer Convergence Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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2
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Dai C, Zhang H, Zheng Z, Li CG, Ma M, Gao H, Zhang Q, Jiang F, Cui X. Identification of a distinct cluster of GDF15 high macrophages induced by in vitro differentiation exhibiting anti-inflammatory activities. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1309739. [PMID: 38655264 PMCID: PMC11036887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1309739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrophage-mediated inflammatory response may have crucial roles in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, with potential anti-inflammatory activities. Previous studies observed in human lungs some macrophages which expressed a high level of GDF15. Methods In the present study, we employed multiple techniques, including immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and single-cell RNA sequencing, in order to further clarify the identity of such GDF15high macrophages. Results We demonstrated that macrophages derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and rat bone marrow mononuclear cells by in vitro differentiation with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor contained a minor population (~1%) of GDF15high cells. GDF15high macrophages did not exhibit a typical M1 or M2 phenotype, but had a unique molecular signature as revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Functionally, the in vitro derived GDF15high macrophages were associated with reduced responsiveness to pro-inflammatory activation; furthermore, these GDF15high macrophages could inhibit the pro-inflammatory functions of other macrophages via a paracrine mechanism. We further confirmed that GDF15 per se was a key mediator of the anti-inflammatory effects of GDF15high macrophage. Also, we provided evidence showing that GDF15high macrophages were present in other macrophage-residing human tissues in addition to the lungs. Further scRNA-seq analysis in rat lung macrophages confirmed the presence of a GDF15high sub-population. However, these data indicated that GDF15high macrophages in the body were not a uniform population based on their molecular signatures. More importantly, as compared to the in vitro derived GDF15high macrophage, whether the tissue resident GDF15high counterpart is also associated with anti-inflammatory functions remains to be determined. We cannot exclude the possibility that the in vitro priming/induction protocol used in our study has a determinant role in inducing the anti-inflammatory phenotype in the resulting GDF15high macrophage cells. Conclusion In summary, our results suggest that the GDF15high macrophage cells obtained by in vitro induction may represent a distinct cluster with intrinsic anti-inflammatory functions. The (patho)physiological importance of these cells in vivo warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaochao Dai
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhijian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research (Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese National Health Commission), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Mingyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Haiqing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qunye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research (Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese National Health Commission), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaopei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province and Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Zou A, Xiao T, Chi B, Wang Y, Mao L, Cai D, Gu Q, Chen Q, Wang Q, Ji Y, Sun L. Engineered Exosomes with Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Overexpression Enhance Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Injury. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3295-3314. [PMID: 38606373 PMCID: PMC11007405 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s454277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac repair remains a thorny issue for survivors of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), due to the regenerative inertia of myocardial cells. Cell-free therapies, such as exosome transplantation, have become a potential strategy for myocardial injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of engineered exosomes in overexpressing Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) (GDF15-EVs) after myocardial injury, and their molecular mechanisms in cardiac repair. Methods H9C2 cells were transfected with GDF-15 lentivirus or negative control. The exosomes secreted from H9C2 cells were collected and identified. The cellular apoptosis and autophagy of H2O2-injured H9C2 cells were assessed by Western blotting, TUNEL assay, electron microscopy, CCK-8 and caspase 3/7 assay. A rat model of AMI was constructed by ligating the left anterior descending artery. The anti-apoptotic, pro-angiogenic effects of GDF15-EVs treatment, as well as ensuing functional and histological recovery were evaluated. Then, mRNA sequencing was performed to identify the differentially expressed mRNAs after GDF15-EVs treatment. Results GDF15-EVs inhibited apoptosis and promoted autophagy in H2O2 injured H9C2 cells. GDF15-EVs effectively decreased the infarct area and enhanced the cardiac function in rats with AMI. Moreover, GDF15-EVs hindered inflammatory cell infiltration, inhibited cell apoptosis, and promoted cardiac angiogenesis in rats with AMI. RNA sequence showed that telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA was upregulated in GDF15-EVs-treated H9C2 cells. AMPK signaling was activated after GDF15-EVs. Silencing TERT impaired the protective effects of GDF15-EVs on H2O2-injured H9C2 cells. Conclusion GDF15-EVs could fulfil their protective effects against myocardial injury by upregulating the expression of TERT and activating the AMPK signaling pathway. GDF15-EVs might be exploited to design new therapies for AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Zou
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Boyu Chi
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lipeng Mao
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dabei Cai
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Gu
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianwen Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou Clinical Medical College, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China
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von Rauchhaupt E, Klaus M, Ribeiro A, Honarpisheh M, Li C, Liu M, Köhler P, Adamowicz K, Schmaderer C, Lindenmeyer M, Steiger S, Anders HJ, Lech M. GDF-15 Suppresses Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Podocyte Injury by Reducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Glomerular Inflammation. Cells 2024; 13:637. [PMID: 38607075 PMCID: PMC11011265 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
GDF15, also known as MIC1, is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily. Previous studies reported elevated serum levels of GDF15 in patients with kidney disorder, and its association with kidney disease progression, while other studies identified GDF15 to have protective effects. To investigate the potential protective role of GDF15 on podocytes, we first performed in vitro studies using a Gdf15-deficient podocyte cell line. The lack of GDF15 intensified puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN)-triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress and induced cell death in cultivated podocytes. This was evidenced by elevated expressions of Xbp1 and ER-associated chaperones, alongside AnnexinV/PI staining and LDH release. Additionally, we subjected mice to nephrotoxic PAN treatment. Our observations revealed a noteworthy increase in both GDF15 expression and secretion subsequent to PAN administration. Gdf15 knockout mice displayed a moderate loss of WT1+ cells (podocytes) in the glomeruli compared to wild-type controls. However, this finding could not be substantiated through digital evaluation. The parameters of kidney function, including serum BUN, creatinine, and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), were increased in Gdf15 knockout mice as compared to wild-type mice upon PAN treatment. This was associated with an increase in the number of glomerular macrophages, neutrophils, inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines in Gdf15-deficient mice. In summary, our findings unveil a novel renoprotective effect of GDF15 during kidney injury and inflammation by promoting podocyte survival and regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in podocytes, and, subsequently, the infiltration of inflammatory cells via paracrine effects on surrounding glomerular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina von Rauchhaupt
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Martin Klaus
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Andrea Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Nephrology, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Mohsen Honarpisheh
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Chenyu Li
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Paulina Köhler
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Karina Adamowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Nephrology, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Maja Lindenmeyer
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Stefanie Steiger
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
| | - Maciej Lech
- Department of Medicine IV, Renal Division, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (E.v.R.); (M.K.); (A.R.); (M.H.); (C.L.); (M.L.); (P.K.); (S.S.); (H.-J.A.)
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Maddala R, Eldawy C, Ho LTY, Challa P, Rao PV. Influence of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 on Intraocular Pressure in Mice. J Transl Med 2024; 104:102025. [PMID: 38290601 PMCID: PMC11031300 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2024.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a stress-sensitive cytokine, and a distant member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily, has been shown to exhibit increased levels with aging, and in various age-related pathologies. Although GDF15 levels are elevated in the aqueous humor (AH) of glaucoma (optic nerve atrophy) patients, the possible role of this cytokine in the modulation of intraocular pressure (IOP) or AH outflow is unknown. The current study addresses this question using transgenic mice expressing human GDF15 and GDF15 null mice, and by perfusing enucleated mouse eyes with recombinant human GDF15 (rhGDF15). Treatment of primary cultures of human trabecular meshwork cells with a telomerase inhibitor, an endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agent, hydrogen peroxide, or an autophagy inhibitor resulted in significant elevation in GDF15 levels relative to the respective control cells. rhGDF15 stimulated modest but significant increases in the expression of genes encoding the extracellular matrix, cell adhesion proteins, and chemokine receptors (C-C chemokine receptor type 2) in human trabecular meshwork cells compared with controls, as deduced from the differential transcriptional profiles using RNA-sequencing analysis. There was a significant increase in IOP in transgenic mice expressing human GDF15, but not in GDF15 null mice, compared with the respective wild-type control mice. The AH outflow facility was decreased in enucleated wild-type mouse eyes perfused with rhGDF15. Light microcopy-based histologic examination of the conventional AH outflow pathway tissues did not reveal identifiable differences between the GDF15-targeted and control mice. Taken together, these results reveal the modest elevation of IOP in mice expressing human GDF15 possibly stemming from decreased AH outflow through the trabecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupalatha Maddala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Camelia Eldawy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Leona T Y Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Pratap Challa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ponugoti V Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
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6
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Yang M, Guo M, Su C, Hao W, Xu Z. Knockdown of growth differentiation factor-15 restrains prostate cancer through regulating MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2024; 70:162-167. [PMID: 38650142 DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2024.70.3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer, prevalent among males, is influenced by various molecular factors, including Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15). Despite its recognized role in multiple tumor types, GDF15's specific involvement in prostate cancer remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates the regulatory function of GDF15 in prostate cancer. To explore GDF15's impact, we established GDF15 knockdown and overexpression models in prostate cancer cells. We quantified mRNA and protein levels using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Functional assays, including CCK8, Transwell, wound healing, and flow cytometry, were employed to evaluate cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis. Additionally, the effect of GDF15 on tumor growth was assessed using a metastatic tumor model in nude mice. Elevated GDF15 expression was identified in prostate cancer tissues and cells. The knockdown of GDF15 led to the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. C16PAF was found to counteract the inhibitory effects of sh-GDF15 on cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and apoptosis in LNCaP cells. It also reversed the sh-GDF15-induced alterations in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. In vivo, C16PAF notably mitigated the sh-GDF15-induced suppression of tumor growth. The study demonstrated that sh-GDF15 inhibits cell proliferation, invasion, migration, EMT process, and tumor growth, while it promotes apoptosis. However, these effects were significantly reversed by C16PAF. The study underscores the potential of GDF15 as a target for novel therapeutic interventions in prostate cancer treatment and prevention. These findings illuminate GDF15's multifaceted role in prostate cancer pathogenesis and suggest its viability as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggen Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China.
| | - Miaolin Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China.
| | - Chenqiang Su
- Department of Urology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China.
| | - Weiping Hao
- Department of Urology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhenqiang Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhangzhou Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China.
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7
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Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, is expressed in several human organs. In particular, it is highly expressed in the placenta, prostate, and liver. The expression of GDF15 increases under cellular stress and pathological conditions. Although numerous transcription factors directly up-regulate the expression of GDF15, the receptors and downstream mediators of GDF15 signal transduction in most tissues have not yet been determined. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor α-like protein was recently identified as a specific receptor that plays a mediating role in anorexia. However, the specific receptors of GDF15 in other tissues and organs remain unclear. As a marker of cell stress, GDF15 appears to exert different effects under different pathological conditions. Cell senescence may be an important pathogenetic process and could be used to assess the progression of various lung diseases, including COVID-19. As a key member of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype protein repertoire, GDF15 seems to be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, although the specific molecular mechanism linking GDF15 expression with ageing remains to be elucidated. Here, we focus on research progress linking GDF15 expression with the pathogenesis of various chronic lung diseases, including neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary hypertension, suggesting that GDF15 may be a key biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis. Thus, in this review, we aimed to provide new insights into the molecular biological mechanism and emerging clinical data associated with GDF15 in lung-related diseases, while highlighting promising research and clinical prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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8
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Jurado-Aguilar J, Barroso E, Bernard M, Zhang M, Peyman M, Rada P, Valverde ÁM, Wahli W, Palomer X, Vázquez-Carrera M. GDF15 activates AMPK and inhibits gluconeogenesis and fibrosis in the liver by attenuating the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway. Metabolism 2024; 152:155772. [PMID: 38176644 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The levels of the cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) have been reported to be decreased via unknown mechanisms in the liver of mice deficient in growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This stress response cytokine regulates energy metabolism mainly by reducing food intake through its hindbrain receptor GFRAL. OBJECTIVE To examine how GDF15 regulates AMPK. METHODS Wild-type and Gdf15-/- mice, mouse primary hepatocytes and the human hepatic cell line Huh-7 were used. RESULTS Gdf15-/- mice showed glucose intolerance, reduced hepatic phosphorylated AMPK levels, increased levels of phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3; a mediator of the fibrotic response), elevated serum levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, as well as upregulated gluconeogenesis and fibrosis. In line with these observations, recombinant (r)GDF15 promoted AMPK activation and reduced the levels of phosphorylated SMAD3 and the markers of gluconeogenesis and fibrosis in the liver of mice and in mouse primary hepatocytes, suggesting that these effects may be independent of GFRAL. Pharmacological inhibition of SMAD3 phosphorylation in Gdf15-/- mice prevented glucose intolerance, the deactivation of AMPK and the increase in the levels of proteins involved in gluconeogenesis and fibrosis, suggesting that overactivation of the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway is responsible for the metabolic alterations in Gdf15-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings indicate that GDF15 activates AMPK and inhibits gluconeogenesis and fibrosis by lowering the activity of the TGF-β1/SMAD3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Jurado-Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Maribel Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Meijian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Mona Peyman
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Patricia Rada
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela M Valverde
- Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232; ToxAlim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, UMR1331, F-31300 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Xavier Palomer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
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9
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Guo X, Asthana P, Zhai L, Cheng KW, Gurung S, Huang J, Wu J, Zhang Y, Mahato AK, Saarma M, Ustav M, Kwan HY, Lyu A, Chan KM, Xu P, Bian ZX, Wong HLX. Artesunate treats obesity in male mice and non-human primates through GDF15/GFRAL signalling axis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1034. [PMID: 38310105 PMCID: PMC10838268 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a global health challenge, is a major risk factor for multiple life-threatening diseases, including diabetes, fatty liver, and cancer. There is an ongoing need to identify safe and tolerable therapeutics for obesity management. Herein, we show that treatment with artesunate, an artemisinin derivative approved by the FDA for the treatment of severe malaria, effectively reduces body weight and improves metabolic profiles in preclinical models of obesity, including male mice with overnutrition-induced obesity and male cynomolgus macaques with spontaneous obesity, without inducing nausea and malaise. Artesunate promotes weight loss and reduces food intake in obese mice and cynomolgus macaques by increasing circulating levels of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15), an appetite-regulating hormone with a brainstem-restricted receptor, the GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL). Mechanistically, artesunate induces the expression of GDF15 in multiple organs, especially the liver, in mice through a C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)-directed integrated stress response. Inhibition of GDF15/GFRAL signalling by genetic ablation of GFRAL or tissue-specific knockdown of GDF15 abrogates the anti-obesity effect of artesunate in mice with diet-induced obesity, suggesting that artesunate controls bodyweight and appetite in a GDF15/GFRAL signalling-dependent manner. These data highlight the therapeutic benefits of artesunate in the treatment of obesity and related comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanming Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pallavi Asthana
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Wing Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Susma Gurung
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiangang Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiayan Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Arun Kumar Mahato
- Institute of Biotechnology-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology-HILIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Hiu Yee Kwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Xiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Centre for Chinese Herbal Medicine Drug Development Limited, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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10
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Asundi J, Zhang C, Donnelly‐Roberts D, Solorio JZ, Challagundla M, Connelly C, Boch C, Chen J, Richter M, Maneshi MM, Swensen AM, Lebon L, Schiffmann R, Sanyal S, Sidrauski C, Kolumam G, Baruch A. GDF15 is a dynamic biomarker of the integrated stress response in the central nervous system. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14600. [PMID: 38357857 PMCID: PMC10867791 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Characterize Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) as a secreted biomarker of the integrated stress response (ISR) within the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS We determined GDF15 levels utilizing in vitro and in vivo neuronal systems wherein the ISR was activated. Primarily, we used the murine model of vanishing white matter disease (VWMD), a neurological disease driven by persistent ISR in the CNS, to establish a link between levels of GDF15 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and ISR gene expression signature in the CNS. GDF15 was also determined in the CSF of VWM patients. RESULTS GDF15 expression was increased concomitant to ISR activation in stress-induced primary astrocytes as well as in retinal ganglion cells following optic nerve crush, while treatment with 2Bact, a specific eIF2B activator, suppressed both the ISR and GDF15. In the VWMD model, CSF GDF15 levels corresponded with the magnitude of the ISR and were reduced by 2BAct. In VWM patients, mean CSF GDF15 was elevated >20-fold as compared to healthy controls, whereas plasma GDF15 was undifferentiated. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that CSF GDF15 is a dynamic marker of ISR activation in the CNS and may serve as a pharmacodynamic biomarker for ISR-modulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Asundi
- Calico Life Sciences LLCSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Chunlian Zhang
- Calico Life Sciences LLCSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lauren Lebon
- Calico Life Sciences LLCSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | | | | | | | - Ganesh Kolumam
- Calico Life Sciences LLCSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amos Baruch
- Calico Life Sciences LLCSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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11
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Reyes J, Zhao Y, Pandya K, Yap GS. Growth differentiation factor-15 is an IFN-γ regulated mediator of infection-induced weight loss and the hepatic FGF21 response. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 116:24-33. [PMID: 38013040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections are often accompanied by weight loss caused by alterations in host behavior and metabolism, also known as sickness behaviors. Recent studies have revealed that sickness behaviors can either promote or impede survival during infections depending on factors such as the type of infectious pathogen. Nevertheless, we have an incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanisms of sickness behaviors. Furthermore, although the host immune responses to infections have long been known to contribute to the induction of sickness behaviors, recent studies have identified emerging cytokines that are also key regulators of host metabolism during infection and inflammation, such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15). GDF-15 is a distant member of the TGF-β superfamily that causes weight loss by suppressing appetite and food consumption and causing emesis. These effects require activation of neurons that express the only known GDF-15 receptor, the GFRAL receptor. GDF-15 also functions in the periphery including the induction of ketogenesis and immunoregulation. Nevertheless, the functions and regulation of GDF-15 during live infections is not yet known. Murine infection with avirulent Toxoplasma gondii is an established model to understand infection-induced weight loss. Past studies have determined that acute T. gondii infection causes weight loss due to diminished food consumption and increased energy expenditure through unknown mechanisms. Additionally, our lab previously demonstrated that T. gondii causes upregulation in serum GDF-15 in an IFN-γ-dependent manner during the post-acute phase of the infection. In this study, we interrogated the in-vivo functions and immune regulation of GDF-15 during Toxoplasma gondii infection. First, we found that in wild-type mice, acute T. gondii infection caused a significant weight loss that is preceded by elevation of serum levels of IFN-γ and GDF-15. To determine whether IFN-γ regulates GDF-15, we neutralized IFN-γ on days 5 and 6 and measured GDF-15 on day 7 and found that serum but not tissue levels of GDF-15 decreased after IFN-γ neutralization. Additionally, exogenous IFN-γ was sufficient to elevate serum GDF-15 in the absence of infection. Next, we compared the outcomes of T. gondii infection between WT and Gdf15-/- mice. We observed that the weight trajectories were declining in WT mice while they were increasing in Gdf15-/-mice during the acute phase of the infection. This difference in trajectories extended throughout the chronic infection resulting to an overall weight loss relative to initial weights in WT mice but not Gdf15-/-mice. Then, we determined that GDF-15 is not essential for survival and immunoregulation during T. gondii infection. We also demonstrated that GDF-15 is required for the induction of FGF21, stress-induced cytokine with prominent roles in regulating host metabolism. Finally, we discovered a cytokine cascade IFN-γ-GDF-15-FGF21 that is likely involved in the regulation of host metabolism. Overall, our study provides evidence that IFN-γ contributes to the regulation of host metabolism during infection by inducing GDF-15 and FGF21. GDF-15 orchestrates changes in host metabolism that supports the host immune response in clearing the infection. These physiological alterations induce FGF21, which in turn, orchestrates the adaptive responses to the effects of GDF-15, which can be detrimental when protracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jojo Reyes
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Yanlin Zhao
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Krushang Pandya
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States; Program of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, United States
| | - George S Yap
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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12
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Ngamjariyawat A, Cen J, Wang X, Welsh N. GDF15 Protects Insulin-Producing Beta Cells against Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Metabolic Stress via Increased Deamination of Intracellular Adenosine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:801. [PMID: 38255875 PMCID: PMC10815691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that antidiabetic drugs, such as metformin and imatinib, at least in part, promote improved glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic patients via increased production of the inflammatory cytokine GDF15. This is supported by studies, performed in rodent cell lines and mouse models, in which the addition or production of GDF15 improved beta-cell function and survival. The aim of the present study was to determine whether human beta cells produce GDF15 in response to antidiabetic drugs and, if so, to further elucidate the mechanisms by which GDF15 modulates the function and survival of such cells. The effects and expression of GDF15 were analyzed in human insulin-producing EndoC-betaH1 cells and human islets. We observed that alpha and beta cells exhibit considerable heterogeneity in GDF15 immuno-positivity. The predominant form of GDF15 present in islet and EndoC-betaH1 cells was pro-GDF15. Imatinib, but not metformin, increased pro-GDF15 levels in EndoC-betaH1 cells. Under basal conditions, exogenous GDF15 increased human islet oxygen consumption rates. In EndoC-betaH1 cells and human islets, exogenous GDF15 partially ameliorated cytokine- or palmitate + high-glucose-induced loss of function and viability. GDF15-induced cell survival was paralleled by increased inosine levels, suggesting a more efficient disposal of intracellular adenosine. Knockdown of adenosine deaminase, the enzyme that converts adenosine to inosine, resulted in lowered inosine levels and loss of protection against cytokine- or palmitate + high-glucose-induced cell death. It is concluded that imatinib-induced GDF15 production may protect human beta cells partially against inflammatory and metabolic stress. Furthermore, it is possible that the GDF15-mediated activation of adenosine deaminase and the increased disposal of intracellular adenosine participate in protection against beta-cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anongnad Ngamjariyawat
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.N.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jing Cen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.N.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.N.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Nils Welsh
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.N.); (J.C.); (X.W.)
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13
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Saeidnia M, Ghaderi A, Erfani M, Nowrouzi-Sohrabi P, Shokri M, Tamaddon G, Karimi M, Babashahi M. Suppression of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Gene Expression by Curcumin in Patients with Beta-Thalassemia Intermedia. Clin Lab 2024; 70. [PMID: 38213217 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2023.230628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-thalassemia is an inherited disorder caused by defects in the synthesis of the beta-globin chain. One of the significant clinical complications in β-thalassemia intermedia is iron overload toxicity, which may be attributed to reduced levels of hepcidin. This reduction in hepcidin leads to increased absorption of iron in the intestines, ultimately resulting in iron overload. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of curcumin on the expression of growth differentiating factor-15 (GDF-15) and hepcidin genes in patients with beta-thalassemia intermedia. METHODS This study was designed as a randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial. Prior to and after the intervention period with curcumin, a blood sample of 5 mL was collected from both the placebo and curcumin-treated groups for the assessment of hepcidin and growth differentiating factor-15 gene expression. RESULTS This study revealed a significant reduction in the expression of growth differentiating factor-15 in the curcumin group compared to the placebo group during the 3-month treatment period. Furthermore, curcumin supplementation led to a remarkable 10.1-fold increase in the levels of hepcidin in the curcumin group compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that curcumin administration increases the mRNA levels of hepcidin in whole blood of thalassemia intermedia patients and supports the idea that curcumin could be a potential treatment to reduce suppression of hepcidin in thalassemias and other iron-loading anemias. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that curcumin administration increases the mRNA levels of hepcidin in whole blood of thalassemia intermedia patients and supports the idea that curcumin could be a potential treatment to reduce suppression of hepcidin in thalassemias and other iron-loading anemias.
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14
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Zhang X, Wang W, Lu C, Zhang H. KLF4 suppresses the proliferation of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma by negatively regulating GDF15 and phosphorylating AKT. Oncol Rep 2023; 50:222. [PMID: 37937607 PMCID: PMC10652240 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Krüppel‑like factor 4 (KLF4) is a transcription factor which functions as a tumor suppressor or an oncogene in numerous types of solid tumors. However, its expression levels and function in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, in order to investigate its roles in pCCA, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR), western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to detect KLF4 expression in pCCA. The Chi‑squared test was used to analyze the associations between KLF4 and the clinicopathological features of patients with pCCA. Univariate and multivariate analyses were subsequently used to analyze the prognostic significance of KLF4. The tumor suppression of KLF4 was investigated for the purposes of illustrating its biological function both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the association between KLF4 and growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was determined using pCCA tissue microarray (TMA) analysis and RT‑qPCR. The underlying molecular mechanisms between KLF4 and GDF15 were subsequently investigated in vitro. In pCCA tissues, KLF4 was found to be downregulated, and this was negatively associated with the histological grade and tumor size. The knockdown of KLF4 was also found to be a prognostic indicator of the poorer survival of patients with pCCA. Based on in vitro and in vivo analyses, KLF4 was found to suppress tumor progression and induce cell apoptosis. Furthermore, it was found that KLF4 executed its tumor suppressive effects via the regulation of the GDF15/AKT signaling pathway. Taken together, the findings of the present study demonstrate that KLF4 may be considered as an independent biomarker of a favorable prognosis of patients with pCCA, and the KLF4/GDF15/AKT signaling pathway may potentially be a novel molecular therapeutic target for patients with pCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Weijia Wang
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Chunlei Lu
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- General Surgery Center of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276000, P.R. China
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15
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Lyu C, Ni T, Guo Y, Zhou T, Chen Z, Yan J, Li Y. Insufficient GDF15 expression predisposes women to unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss by impairing extravillous trophoblast invasion. Cell Prolif 2023; 56:e13514. [PMID: 37272232 PMCID: PMC10693185 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insufficient extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion during early placentation has been shown to contribute to recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). However, the regulatory factors involved and their involvement in RPL pathogenesis remain unknown. Here, we found aberrantly decreased growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels in both first-trimester villous and serum samples of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (URPL) patients as compared with normal pregnancies. Moreover, GDF15 knockdown significantly reduced the invasiveness of both HTR-8/SVneo cells and primary human EVT cells and suppressed the Jagged-1 (JAG1)/NOTCH3/HES1 pathway activity, and JAG1 overexpression rescued the invasion phenotype of the GDF15 knockdown cells. Induction of a lipopolysaccharide-induced abortion model in mice resulted in significantly reduced GDF15 level in the placenta and serum, as well as increased rates of embryonic resorption, and these effects were reversed by administration of recombinant GDF15. Our study thus demonstrates that insufficient GDF15 level at the first-trimester maternal-foetal interface contribute to the pathogenesis of URPL by impairing EVT invasion and suppressing JAG1/NOTCH3/HES1 pathway activity, and suggests that supplementation with GDF15 could benefit early pregnancy maintenance and reduce the risk of early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzi Lyu
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Tianxiang Ni
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yaqiu Guo
- Department of AnesthesiologyJinan Maternal and Child Health HospitalJinanShandongChina
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Zi‐Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Junhao Yan
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Reproductive MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of EducationShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Medical Integration and Practice CenterShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Lead Contact
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16
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Jena J, García-Peña LM, Weatherford ET, Marti A, Bjorkman SH, Kato K, Koneru J, Chen JH, Seeley RJ, Abel ED, Pereira RO. GDF15 is required for cold-induced thermogenesis and contributes to improved systemic metabolic health following loss of OPA1 in brown adipocytes. eLife 2023; 12:e86452. [PMID: 37819027 PMCID: PMC10567111 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that mice lacking the protein optic atrophy 1 (OPA1 BKO) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) display induction of the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which promotes fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) secretion as a batokine. FGF21 increases metabolic rates under baseline conditions but is dispensable for the resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO) reported in OPA1 BKO mice (Pereira et al., 2021). To determine alternative mediators of this phenotype, we performed transcriptome analysis, which revealed increased levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), along with increased protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) levels in BAT. To investigate whether ATF4 induction was mediated by PERK and evaluate the contribution of GDF15 to the resistance to DIO, we selectively deleted PERK or GDF15 in OPA1 BKO mice. Mice with reduced OPA1 and PERK levels in BAT had preserved ISR activation. Importantly, simultaneous deletion of OPA1 and GDF15 partially reversed the resistance to DIO and abrogated the improvements in glucose tolerance. Furthermore, GDF15 was required to improve cold-induced thermogenesis in OPA1 BKO mice. Taken together, our data indicate that PERK is dispensable to induce the ISR, but GDF15 contributes to the resistance to DIO, and is required for glucose homeostasis and thermoregulation in OPA1 BKO mice by increasing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashree Jena
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Luis Miguel García-Peña
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Eric T Weatherford
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Alex Marti
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Sarah H Bjorkman
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Kevin Kato
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Jivan Koneru
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Jason H Chen
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of MichiganAnn ArborUnited States
| | - E Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
| | - Renata O Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of IowaIowa CityUnited States
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17
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Klein AB, Ranea-Robles P, Nicolaisen TS, Gil C, Johann K, Quesada JP, Pistolevij N, Hviid KVR, Fich L, Offersen SM, Helge JW, Nielsen HS, Bakker J, Kleinert M, Clemmensen C. Cross-species comparison of pregnancy-induced GDF15. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E303-E309. [PMID: 37584611 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00134.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-induced cytokine. Although the exact physiological function of GDF15 is not yet fully comprehended, the significant elevation of circulating GDF15 levels during gestation suggests a potential role for this hormone in pregnancy. This is corroborated by genetic association studies in which GDF15 and the GDF15 receptor, GDNF family receptor alpha like (GFRAL) have been linked to morning sickness and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) in humans. Here, we studied GDF15 biology during pregnancy in mice, rats, macaques, and humans. In contrast to macaques and humans, mice and rats exhibited an underwhelming induction in plasma GDF15 levels in response to pregnancy (∼75-fold increase in macaques vs. ∼2-fold increase in rodents). The changes in circulating GDF15 levels were corroborated by the magnitude of Gdf15 mRNA and GDF15 protein expression in placentae from mice, rats, and macaques. These species-specific findings may help guide future studies focusing on GDF15 in pregnancy and on the evaluation of pharmacological strategies to interfere with GDF15-GFRAL signaling to treat severe nausea and HG.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study pregnancy-induced changes in circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in rodents, rhesus macaques, and humans are mapped. In sum, it is demonstrated that humans and macaques exhibit a tremendous increase in placental and circulating GDF15 during pregnancy. In contrast, GDF15 is negligibly increased in pregnant mice and rats, questioning a physiological role for GDF15 in pregnancy in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Bue Klein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pablo Ranea-Robles
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Sand Nicolaisen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cláudia Gil
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kornelia Johann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Muscle Physiology and Metabolism Group, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Júlia Prats Quesada
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Pistolevij
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine V R Hviid
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line Fich
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simone M Offersen
- Section for Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jørn Wulff Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Svarre Nielsen
- Fertility Department, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fertility Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaco Bakker
- Animal Science Department, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Muscle Physiology and Metabolism Group, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Palu E, Järvilehto J, Pennonen J, Huber N, Herukka SK, Haapasalo A, Isohanni P, Tyynismaa H, Auranen M, Ylikallio E. Rare PMP22 variants in mild to severe neuropathy uncorrelated to plasma GDF15 or neurofilament light. Neurogenetics 2023; 24:291-301. [PMID: 37606798 PMCID: PMC10545620 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-023-00729-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a heterogeneous set of hereditary neuropathies whose genetic causes are not fully understood. Here, we characterize three previously unknown variants in PMP22 and assess their effect on the recently described potential CMT biomarkers' growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and neurofilament light (NFL): first, a heterozygous PMP22 c.178G > A (p.Glu60Lys) in one mother-son pair with adult-onset mild axonal neuropathy. The variant led to abnormal splicing, confirmed in fibroblasts by reverse transcription PCR. Second, a de novo PMP22 c.35A > C (p.His12Pro), and third, a heterozygous 3.2 kb deletion predicting loss of exon 4. The latter two had severe CMT and ultrasonography showing strong nerve enlargement similar to a previous case of exon 4 loss due to a larger deletion. We further studied patients with PMP22 duplication (CMT1A) finding slightly elevated plasma NFL, as measured by the single molecule array immunoassay (SIMOA). In addition, plasma GDF15, as measured by ELISA, correlated with symptom severity for CMT1A. However, in the severely affected individuals with PMP22 exon 4 deletion or p.His12Pro, these biomarkers were within the range of variability of CMT1A and controls, although they had more pronounced nerve hypertrophy. This study adds p.His12Pro and confirms PMP22 exon 4 deletion as causes of severe CMT, whereas the previously unknown splice variant p.Glu60Lys leads to mild axonal neuropathy. Our results suggest that GDF15 and NFL do not distinguish CMT1A from advanced hypertrophic neuropathy caused by rare PMP22 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Palu
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julius Järvilehto
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jana Pennonen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nadine Huber
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanna-Kaisa Herukka
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Haapasalo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pirjo Isohanni
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Child Neurology, New Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henna Tyynismaa
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Auranen
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Room 525B, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emil Ylikallio
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Biomedicum Room 525B, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
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19
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Wang Y, Yao P, Li K, Qin S. GDF-15 (a biomarker for metformin) and the risk of COVID-19: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e34675. [PMID: 37773870 PMCID: PMC10545159 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000034675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regarding the impact of metformin on COVID-19, there are currently varying opinions from multiple studies. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a biomarker of metformin use and dosage, and we used two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the causal effect of GDF-15 (metformin) on COVID-19 susceptibility, hospitalization, and severe COVID-19, thereby guiding the selection of glucose-lowering agents for diabetic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Two sets of genetic tools were utilized for MR analysis, derived from publicly available genetic data. The first set was GDF-15 genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from a study with 5440 participants, while the second set was COVID-19 GWAS data from the Host Genetics Initiative (HGI) GWAS meta-analysis. The primary method used to assess causal effects was random effects inverse variance weighted estimation. Complementary methods included weighted median and MR-Egger analyses. Sensitivity analysis was performed using Cochran Q tests, MR-Egger intercept tests, MR-PRESSO, leave-one-out analyses, and funnel plots. RESULTS GDF-15 increased the risk of severe COVID-19 in patients (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.19; P = .006); there was no causal effect of GDF-15 on hospitalization for COVID-19 (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.96-1.07; P = .47) or susceptibility to COVID-19 in the general population (OR = 1.010, 95% CI 0.988-1.034; P = .354). CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the notion that GDF-15 increases the risk of severe COVID-19 in patients. However, there is no causal relationship between GDF-15 and hospitalization or susceptibility to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Endocrinology Department, Liuzhou Peoples’ Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Peishan Yao
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Kai Li
- Orthopedics Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Liuzhou, China
| | - Shanyu Qin
- Gastroenterology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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20
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Jena J, García-Peña LM, Pereira RO. The roles of FGF21 and GDF15 in mediating the mitochondrial integrated stress response. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1264530. [PMID: 37818094 PMCID: PMC10561105 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1264530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various models of mitochondrial stress result in induction of the stress-responsive cytokines fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). This is an adaptive mechanism downstream of the mitochondrial integrated stress response frequently associated with improvements in systemic metabolic health. Both FGF21 and GDF15 have been shown to modulate energy balance and glucose homeostasis, and their pharmacological administration leads to promising beneficial effects against obesity and associated metabolic diseases in pre-clinical models. Furthermore, endogenous upregulation of FGF21 and GDF15 is associated with resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO), improved glucose homeostasis and increased insulin sensitivity. In this review, we highlight several studies on transgenic mouse models of mitochondrial stress and will compare the specific roles played by FGF21 and GDF15 on the systemic metabolic adaptations reported in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renata O. Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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21
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Wei BY, Hou JN, Yan CP, Wen SY, Shang XS, Guo YC, Feng T, Liu TF, Chen ZY, Chen XP. Shexiang Baoxin Pill treats acute myocardial infarction by promoting angiogenesis via GDF15-TRPV4 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115186. [PMID: 37481933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis has been considered a pivotal strategy for treating ischemic heart disease. One possible approach, the Shexiang Baoxin Pill (MUSKARDIA), has been noted to promote angiogenesis, but its underlying mechanism is still largely unknown. We aimed to determine the effects of MUSKARDIA on acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as well as the underlying mechanistic bases. AMI was induced in rats, using left anterior descending coronary arterial occlusion, and either 6 (low) or 12 (high-dose) mg/kg/day of MUSKARDIA was administered for 56 days. We found that MUSKARDIA improved cardiac function and counteracted against adverse remodeling among AMI rats, which most likely is due to it promoting angiogenesis. Transcriptome analysis by RNA-sequencing found that MUSKARDIA up-regulated cardiac pro-angiogenic genes, particularly growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which was confirmed by RT-qPCR. This up-regulation was also correlated with elevated serum GDF15 levels. In vitro analyses with human umbilical vein endothelial cells found that increased GDF15, stimulated by MUSKARDIA, resulted in enhanced cell migration, proliferation, and tubular formation, all of which were reversed after GDF15 knockdown using a lentiviral vector. Gene Ontology, as well as Kyoto Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses identified calcium signaling pathway as a major contributor to these outcomes, which was verified by Western blot and Cal-590 AM loading showing that transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 protein (TRPV4) and intracellular Ca2+ levels increased in accordance with MUSKARDIA-induced GDF15 up-regulation, and decreased with GDF15 knock-down. Therefore, MUSKARDIA may exert its cardioprotective effects via stimulating the GDF15/TRPV4/calcium signaling/angiogenesis axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yan Wei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Animal Models for Human Diseases, Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Jia-Nan Hou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Animal Models for Human Diseases, Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Chang-Ping Yan
- Department of gynecology of Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Shi-Yuan Wen
- Basic Medical School, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiao-Sen Shang
- Department of Cardiology of Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yong-Chang Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Animal Models for Human Diseases, Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Cardiology of Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Tian-Fu Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Animal Models for Human Diseases, Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Zhao-Yang Chen
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Animal Models for Human Diseases, Laboratory Animal Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Cardiology of Taiyuan Central Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China.
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22
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Al-Mudares F, Cantu Gutierrez M, Cantu A, Jiang W, Wang L, Dong X, Moorthy B, Sajti E, Lingappan K. Loss of growth differentiation factor 15 exacerbates lung injury in neonatal mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L314-L326. [PMID: 37368978 PMCID: PMC10625832 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00086.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, and its expression increases under various stress conditions, including inflammation, hyperoxia, and senescence. GDF15 expression is increased in neonatal murine bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) models, and GDF15 loss exacerbates oxidative stress and decreases cellular viability in vitro. Our overall hypothesis is that the loss of GDF15 will exacerbate hyperoxic lung injury in the neonatal lung in vivo. We exposed neonatal Gdf15-/- mice and wild-type (WT) controls on a similar background to room air or hyperoxia (95% [Formula: see text]) for 5 days after birth. The mice were euthanized on postnatal day 21 (PND 21). Gdf15-/- mice had higher mortality and lower body weight than WT mice after exposure to hyperoxia. Hyperoxia exposure adversely impacted alveolarization and lung vascular development, with a greater impact in Gdf15-/- mice. Interestingly, Gdf15-/- mice showed lower macrophage count in the lungs compared with WT mice both under room air and after exposure to hyperoxia. Analysis of the lung transcriptome revealed marked divergence in gene expression and enriched biological pathways in WT and Gdf15-/- mice and differed markedly by biological sex. Notably, pathways related to macrophage activation and myeloid cell homeostasis were negatively enriched in Gdf15-/- mice. Loss of Gdf15 exacerbates mortality, lung injury, and the phenotype of the arrest of alveolarization in the developing lung with loss of female-sex advantage in Gdf15-/- mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We show for the first time that loss of Gdf15 exacerbates mortality, lung injury, and the phenotype of the arrest of alveolarization in the developing lung with loss of female-sex advantage in Gdf15-/- mice. We also highlight the distinct pulmonary transcriptomic response in the Gdf15-/- lung including pathways related to macrophage recruitment and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faeq Al-Mudares
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Manuel Cantu Gutierrez
- Divsion of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Abiud Cantu
- Divsion of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Weiwu Jiang
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lihua Wang
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Dong
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Bhagavatula Moorthy
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Eniko Sajti
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Krithika Lingappan
- Divsion of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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23
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Li X, Huai Q, Zhu C, Zhang X, Xu W, Dai H, Wang H. GDF15 Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis by Metabolic Reprogramming of Macrophages to Acquire Anti-Inflammatory Properties. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 16:711-734. [PMID: 37499753 PMCID: PMC10520366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver fibrosis/cirrhosis is significant health burden worldwide, resulting in liver failure or cancer and accounting for many deaths each year. The pathogenesis of liver fibrosis is very complex, which makes treatment challenging. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), a cysteine knot protein belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, has been shown to play a protective role after tissue injury and to promote a negative energy balance during obesity and diabetes. However, paucity of literature is available about GDF15 function in liver fibrosis. This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory role and therapeutic potential of GDF15 in progression of hepatic fibrosis. METHODS GDF15 expression was studied in patients with fibrosis/cirrhosis and in 2 murine models of liver fibrosis, including mice treated with CCl4 or DDC diet. GDF15 involvement in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis was assessed in Gdf15 knockout mouse using both CCl4 and DDC diet experimental models. We used the CCl4 and/or DDC diet-induced liver fibrosis model to examine the antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of AAV8-mediated GDF15 overexpression in hepatocytes or recombinant mouse GDF15. RESULTS GDF15 expression is decreased in the liver of animal models and patients with liver fibrosis/cirrhosis compared with those without liver disease. In vivo studies showed that GDF15 deficiency aggravated CCl4 and DDC diet-induced liver fibrosis, while GDF15 overexpression mediated by AAV8 or its recombinant protein alleviated CCl4 and/or DDC diet-induced liver fibrosis. In Gdf15 knockout mice, the intrahepatic microenvironment that developed during fibrosis showed relatively more inflammation, as demonstrated by enhanced infiltration of monocytes and neutrophils and increased expression of proinflammatory factors, which could be diminished by AAV8-mediated GDF15 overexpression in hepatocytes. Intriguingly, GDF15 exerts its effects by reprogramming the metabolic pathways of macrophages to acquire an oxidative phosphorylation-dependent anti-inflammatory functional fate. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of GDF15-preprogrammed macrophages to mouse models of liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 attenuated inflammation and alleviated the progression of liver fibrosis. CONCLUSION GDF15 ameliorates liver fibrosis via modulation of liver macrophages. Our data implicate the importance of the liver microenvironment in macrophage programming during liver fibrosis and suggest that GDF15 is a potentially attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Li
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qian Huai
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hanren Dai
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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24
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Li C, Leng Q, Li L, Hu F, Xu Y, Gong S, Yang Y, Zhang H, Li X. Berberine Ameliorates Obesity by Inducing GDF15 Secretion by Brown Adipocytes. Endocrinology 2023; 164:7056674. [PMID: 36825874 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), which is a compound derived from the Chinese medicinal plant Coptis chinensis, promotes weight loss, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we show that BBR increases the serum level of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which is a stress response cytokine that can reduce food intake and lower body weight in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The body weight and food intake of DIO mice were decreased after BBR treatment, and the weight change was negatively correlated with the serum GDF15 level. Further studies show that BBR induced GDF15 mRNA expression and secretion in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of DIO mice and primary mouse brown adipocytes. In addition, we found that BBR upregulates GDF15 mRNA expression and secretion by activating the integrated stress response (ISR) in primary mouse brown adipocytes. Overall, our findings show that BBR lowers body weight by inducing GDF15 secretion via the activation of the ISR in BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Qingyang Leng
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Fan Hu
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yuejie Xu
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Sa Gong
- Shanghai Songjiang District Fangta Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Clinical Center for Metabolic Disease, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hongli Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, China
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Lu YC, Liu SL, Zhang YS, Liang F, Zhu XY, Xiao Y, Wang J, Ding C, Banerjee S, Yin JY, Ma QP. Association between growth differentiation factor 15 levels and gestational diabetes mellitus: A combined analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1084896. [PMID: 36742413 PMCID: PMC9895392 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1084896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common glucose metabolism disease occurs in pregnancy that affects both maternal and neonatal health. Recently, increasing studies have attached importance to the relationship between growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and GDM, but the results were inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the association between GDF-15 and GDM. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematical search was performed in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), PubMed and Google Scholar till Oct 27, 2022. We first calculated the mean and standard deviation of GDF-15 expression levels from the included eligible datasets and articles. Then, a meta-analysis was conducted to depict the difference in GDF-15 mRNA or GDF-15 protein expression between case and control groups by using conservative random effect model. Moreover, the potential publication bias was checked with the aid of Begg's test and Egger's test. Finally, sensitivity analyses were performed by changing the inclusion criteria. RESULTS In summary, 12 GEO datasets and 5 articles were enrolled in our study, including 789 GDM patients and 1202 non-GDM pregnant women. It was found that the expression levels of GDF-15 mRNA and GDF-15 protein in late pregnancy were significantly higher in GDM patients compared with non-GDM pregnant women, with the standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.48 (0.14, 0.83) and 0.82 (0.32-1.33), respectively. Meanwhile, a slightly weakened association between GDF-15 protein levels and GDM was also observed in the middle pregnancy, with SMD (95% CI) of 0.53 (0.04-1.02). CONCLUSION In all, our results suggested that the expression levels of GDF-15 were significantly higher in GDM patients compared with non-GDM pregnant women, especially in the late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Lu
- Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of TaiCang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Song-Liang Liu
- Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of TaiCang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Shan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhu
- Suzhou Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Suzhou, China
- Department of Sample Application and Management, Institute of Suzhou Biobank, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cong Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Sudipta Banerjee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research and Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital (IPGME & R and SSKM Hospital), Kolkata, India
| | - Jie-Yun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Yun Yin, ; Qiu-Ping Ma,
| | - Qiu-Ping Ma
- Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, The First People’s Hospital of TaiCang, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jie-Yun Yin, ; Qiu-Ping Ma,
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26
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Jennings MJ, Kagiava A, Vendredy L, Spaulding EL, Stavrou M, Hathazi D, Grüneboom A, De Winter V, Gess B, Schara U, Pogoryelova O, Lochmüller H, Borchers CH, Roos A, Burgess RW, Timmerman V, Kleopa KA, Horvath R. NCAM1 and GDF15 are biomarkers of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in patients and mice. Brain 2022; 145:3999-4015. [PMID: 35148379 PMCID: PMC9679171 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular markers scalable for clinical use are critical for the development of effective treatments and the design of clinical trials. Here, we identify proteins in sera of patients and mouse models with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) with characteristics that make them suitable as biomarkers in clinical practice and therapeutic trials. We collected serum from mouse models of CMT1A (C61 het), CMT2D (GarsC201R, GarsP278KY), CMT1X (Gjb1-null), CMT2L (Hspb8K141N) and from CMT patients with genotypes including CMT1A (PMP22d), CMT2D (GARS), CMT2N (AARS) and other rare genetic forms of CMT. The severity of neuropathy in the patients was assessed by the CMT Neuropathy Examination Score (CMTES). We performed multitargeted proteomics on both sample sets to identify proteins elevated across multiple mouse models and CMT patients. Selected proteins and additional potential biomarkers, such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and cell free mitochondrial DNA, were validated by ELISA and quantitative PCR, respectively. We propose that neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) is a candidate biomarker for CMT, as it was elevated in Gjb1-null, Hspb8K141N, GarsC201R and GarsP278KY mice as well as in patients with both demyelinating (CMT1A) and axonal (CMT2D, CMT2N) forms of CMT. We show that NCAM1 may reflect disease severity, demonstrated by a progressive increase in mouse models with time and a significant positive correlation with CMTES neuropathy severity in patients. The increase in NCAM1 may reflect muscle regeneration triggered by denervation, which could potentially track disease progression or the effect of treatments. We found that member proteins of the complement system were elevated in Gjb1-null and Hspb8K141N mouse models as well as in patients with both demyelinating and axonal CMT, indicating possible complement activation at the impaired nerve terminals. However, complement proteins did not correlate with the severity of neuropathy measured on the CMTES scale. Although the complement system does not seem to be a prognostic biomarker, we do show complement elevation to be a common disease feature of CMT, which may be of interest as a therapeutic target. We also identify serum GDF15 as a highly sensitive diagnostic biomarker, which was elevated in all CMT genotypes as well as in Hspb8K141N, Gjb1-null, GarsC201R and GarsP278KY mouse models. Although we cannot fully explain its origin, it may reflect increased stress response or metabolic disturbances in CMT. Further large and longitudinal patient studies should be performed to establish the value of these proteins as diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers for CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Jennings
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexia Kagiava
- Department of Neuroscience and Neuromuscular Disorders Centre, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Leen Vendredy
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emily L Spaulding
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Marina Stavrou
- Department of Neuroscience and Neuromuscular Disorders Centre, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Denisa Hathazi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anika Grüneboom
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften—ISAS—e.V, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Vicky De Winter
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Burkhard Gess
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Schara
- Centre for Neuromuscular Disorders in Children, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oksana Pogoryelova
- Directorate of Neurosciences, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Brain and Mind Research Institute and Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center–University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christoph H Borchers
- Segal Cancer Proteomics Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Center for Computational and Data-Intensive Science and Engineering, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreas Roos
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Brain and Mind Research Institute and Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Heimer Institute for Muscle Research, University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Robert W Burgess
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kleopas A Kleopa
- Department of Neuroscience and Neuromuscular Disorders Centre, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Rita Horvath
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Zhou L, Shan Z, Fan J. Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Bone Marrow Stem Cells Inhibit Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Growth by Inhibiting MAPK Pathway via the miR-29b-3p/GDF15 Axis. Acta Haematol 2022; 146:504-516. [PMID: 36327876 DOI: 10.1159/000527456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a common hematologic neoplastic disease. This study discussed the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on ALL cells and the mechanism. METHODS BMSCs-EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation and identified. The effect of BMSCs-EVs on ALL cell proliferation and apoptosis was evaluated. The expression of miR-29b-3p in ALL cells and EVs was detected. The uptake of EVs by ALL cells was observed. The effect of miR-29b-3p on ALL cell proliferation and apoptosis was assessed after silencing miR-29b-3p. The targeting relation of miR-29b-3p and GDF15 was analyzed by bioinformatics website and dual-luciferase assay. The role of GDF15 in proliferation and apoptosis of ALL cells was further confirmed, and Western blot assay was performed to measure MAPK pathway-related protein levels. RESULTS BMSC-derived EVs inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of ALL cells, as shown by the up-regulation of caspase-3 and Bax expressions and down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression. EVs carried miR-29b-3p into ALL cells, upregulated miR-29b-3p expression in ALL cells, and inhibited GDF15 expression. Silencing of miR-29b-3p or overexpression of GDF15 partially reversed the effect of EVs. EVs inhibited the MAPK pathway through the miR-29b-3p/GDF15 axis. CONCLUSION BMSCs-EVs carried miR-29b-3p into ALL cells, upregulated miR-29b-3p, and inhibited GDF15 to suppress the MAPK pathway and further inhibit proliferation and promote apoptosis of ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Hematopathology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhe Shan
- Department of Hematopathology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jiangsha Fan
- Department of Hematopathology, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, Changzhou, China
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28
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Zhang Y, Li D, Zhu Z, Chen S, Lu M, Cao P, Chen T, Li S, Xue S, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Ruan G, Ding C. Evaluating the impact of metformin targets on the risk of osteoarthritis: a mendelian randomization study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2022; 30:1506-1514. [PMID: 35803489 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide some causal evidence concerning the effects of metformin on osteoarthritis (OA) using two metformin targets, namely AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) as metformin proxies. METHODS This is a 2-sample Mendelian randomization design. We constructed 44 AMPK-related variants genetically predicted in HbA1c (%) as instruments for AMPK and five variants strongly predicted GDF-15 as instruments for GDF-15. Summary-level data for three OA phenotypes, including OA at any site, knee OA, and hip OA were obtained from the largest genome-wide meta-analysis across the UK Biobank and arcOGEN with 455,211 Europeans. Main analyses were conducted using the inverse-variance weighted method. Weighted median and MR-Egger were conducted as sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of our results. RESULTS Genetically predicted AMPK were negatively associated with OA at any site (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.43-0.83) and hip OA (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.22-0.80), but with not knee OA (OR: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.49-1.50). Higher levels of genetically predicted GDF-15 reduced the risk of hip OA (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.90-0.99), but not OA at any site (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.98-1.02) and knee OA (OR: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.98-1.07). CONCLUSION This study indicates that AMPK and GDF-15 can be potential therapeutic targets for OA, especially for hip OA, and metformin would be repurposed for OA therapy which needs to be verified in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - D Li
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Spine Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Zhu
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - S Chen
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - P Cao
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - T Chen
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - S Li
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - S Xue
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Arthritis Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - G Ruan
- Clinical Research Centre, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - C Ding
- Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
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Patel S, Haider A, Alvarez-Guaita A, Bidault G, El-Sayed Moustafa JS, Guiu-Jurado E, Tadross JA, Warner J, Harrison J, Virtue S, Scurria F, Zvetkova I, Blüher M, Small KS, O'Rahilly S, Savage DB. Combined genetic deletion of GDF15 and FGF21 has modest effects on body weight, hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in high fat fed mice. Mol Metab 2022; 65:101589. [PMID: 36064109 PMCID: PMC9486046 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity in humans and mice is associated with elevated levels of two hormones responsive to cellular stress, namely GDF15 and FGF21. Over-expression of each of these is associated with weight loss and beneficial metabolic changes but where they are secreted from and what they are required for physiologically in the context of overfeeding remains unclear. METHODS Here we used tissue selective knockout mouse models and human transcriptomics to determine the source of circulating GDF15 in obesity. We then generated and characterized the metabolic phenotypes of GDF15/FGF21 double knockout mice. RESULTS Circulating GDF15 and FGF21 are both largely derived from the liver, rather than adipose tissue or skeletal muscle, in obese states. Combined whole body deletion of FGF21 and GDF15 does not result in any additional weight gain in response to high fat feeding but it does result in significantly greater hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance than that seen in GDF15 single knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively the data suggest that overfeeding activates a stress response in the liver which is the major source of systemic rises in GDF15 and FGF21. These hormones then activate pathways which reduce this metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Patel
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Afreen Haider
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Anna Alvarez-Guaita
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Guillaume Bidault
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - John A Tadross
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; East Midlands and East of England Genomic Laboratory Hub & Department of Histopathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Warner
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - James Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel Virtue
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fabio Scurria
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ilona Zvetkova
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München, University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerrin S Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Campus, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David B Savage
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK; MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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30
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Karusheva Y, Ratcliff M, Mörseburg A, Barker P, Melvin A, Sattar N, Burling K, Backmark A, Roth R, Jermutus L, Guiu-Jurado E, Blüher M, Welsh P, Hyvönen M, O'Rahilly S. The Common H202D Variant in GDF-15 Does Not Affect Its Bioactivity but Can Significantly Interfere with Measurement of Its Circulating Levels. J Appl Lab Med 2022; 7:1388-1400. [PMID: 35796717 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing interest in the measurement of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) in a range of disorders associated with cachexia. We undertook studies to determine whether a common histidine (H) to aspartate (D) variant at position 202 in the pro-peptide (position 6 in the mature peptide) interfered with its detection by 3 of the most commonly used immunoassays. METHODS Three synthetic GDF-15-forms (HH homo-, HD hetero-, and DD-homodimers) were measured after serial dilution using Roche Elecsys®, R&D QuantikineTM ELISA, and MSD R&D DuoSet® immunoassays. GDF-15 concentrations were measured by the Roche and the MSD R&D immunoassays in 173 genotyped participants (61 HH homozygotes, 59 HD heterozygotes, and 53 DD homozygotes). For the comparative statistical analyses of the GDF-15 concentrations, we used non-parametric tests, in particular Bland-Altman difference (bias) plots and Passing-Bablok regression. The bioactivity of the 2 different homodimers was compared in a cell-based assay in HEK293S-SRF-RET/GFRAL cells. RESULTS The Roche assay detected H- and D-containing peptides similarly but the R&D reagents (Quantikine and DuoSet) consistently underreported GDF-15 concentrations in the presence of the D variant. DD dimers had recoveries of approximately 45% while HD dimers recoveries were 62% to 78%. In human serum samples, the GDF-15 concentrations reported by the R&D assay were a median of 4% lower for HH, a median of 36% lower for HD, and a median of 61% lower for DD compared to the Roche assay. The bioactivities of the HH and DD peptides were indistinguishable. CONCLUSIONS The D variant of GDF-15 substantially affects its measurement by a commonly used immunoassay, a finding that has clear implications for its interpretation in research and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanislava Karusheva
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew Ratcliff
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Alexander Mörseburg
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Barker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Core Biochemical Assay Laboratory, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Audrey Melvin
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Keith Burling
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Anna Backmark
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- Projects, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther Guiu-Jurado
- Department for Clinical Obesity Research, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department for Clinical Obesity Research, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Welsh
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Marko Hyvönen
- Biologics Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
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Gao F, Li C, Wang Y, Lu J, Lu W, Zhou J, Yin J, Ma X. Growth differentiation factor 15 is not associated with glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with metformin: a post-hoc analysis of AIM study. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:256. [PMID: 36273168 PMCID: PMC9588202 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was newly discovered to be a promising target of metformin. The study was aimed to investigate the relationship between GDF15 and glycemic control after metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS The study was a post-hoc analysis of AIM (the effect of Acarbose on glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using premixed Insulin compared to Metformin) study. The participants were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of metformin (MET) or acarbose (ACA) treatment combined with insulin. Serum GDF15 levels of 51 subjects from MET group and 53 subjects from ACA group were measured at baseline and after a 12-week treatment. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-h postprandial plasma glucose (2-h PG) and glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured at baseline and endpoint. RESULTS After a 12-week treatment, serum GDF15 levels significantly increased in MET group [baseline vs. endpoint, 936.70 (741.00, 1205.40) pg/mL vs. 1265.20 (1027.90, 1634.00) pg/mL, P < 0.001], but not in ACA group [baseline vs. endpoint, 920.60 (701.45, 1332.55) pg/mL vs. 893.80 (663.25, 1284.05) pg/mL, P = 0.944]. However, there were no significant differences of glycemic control parameters (ΔFPG, Δ2-h PG and ΔHbA1c) between subgroups of MET group divided by median of ΔGDF15 (all P > 0.05). Spearman correlation coefficient and analysis of covariance after adjustment for baseline HbA1c levels showed that ΔGDF15 was not correlated with ΔFPG, Δ2-h PG and ΔHbA1c (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Serum GDF15 levels were significantly elevated after metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the increase was not an indicator of the glucose-lowering effect of metformin. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02438397 . Registered 8 May 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Yufei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jingyi Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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Radwanska A, Cottage CT, Piras A, Overed-Sayer C, Sihlbom C, Budida R, Wrench C, Connor J, Monkley S, Hazon P, Schluter H, Thomas MJ, Hogaboam CM, Murray LA. Increased expression and accumulation of GDF15 in IPF extracellular matrix contribute to fibrosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153058. [PMID: 35993367 PMCID: PMC9462497 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic disease of unmet medical need. It is characterized by formation of scar tissue leading to a progressive and irreversible decline in lung function. IPF is associated with repeated injury, which may alter the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we demonstrate that IPF patient–derived pulmonary ECM drives profibrotic response in normal human lung fibroblasts (NHLF) in a 3D spheroid assay. Next, we reveal distinct alterations in composition of the diseased ECM, identifying potentially novel associations with IPF. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was identified among the most significantly upregulated proteins in the IPF lung–derived ECM. In vivo, GDF15 neutralization in a bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model led to significantly less fibrosis. In vitro, recombinant GDF15 (rGDF15) stimulated α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression in NHLF, and this was mediated by the activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5) receptor. Furthermore, in the presence of rGDF15, the migration of NHLF in collagen gel was reduced. In addition, we observed a cell type–dependent effect of GDF15 on the expression of cell senescence markers. Our data suggest that GDF15 mediates lung fibrosis through fibroblast activation and differentiation, implicating a potential direct role of this matrix-associated cytokine in promoting aberrant cell responses in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Radwanska
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Travis Cottage
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonio Piras
- Bioscience In Vivo, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Overed-Sayer
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ramachandramouli Budida
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catherine Wrench
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Connor
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Monkley
- Translational Science and Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Hazon
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Holger Schluter
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew J. Thomas
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Lynne A. Murray
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, R&I, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Torrens-Mas M, Perelló-Reus CM, Trias-Ferrer N, Ibargüen-González L, Crespí C, Galmes-Panades AM, Navas-Enamorado C, Sanchez-Polo A, Piérola-Lopetegui J, Masmiquel L, Crespi LS, Barcelo C, Gonzalez-Freire M. GDF15 and ACE2 stratify COVID-19 patients according to severity while ACE2 mutations increase infection susceptibility. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:942951. [PMID: 35937703 PMCID: PMC9355674 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.942951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a persistent global pandemic with a very heterogeneous disease presentation ranging from a mild disease to dismal prognosis. Early detection of sensitivity and severity of COVID-19 is essential for the development of new treatments. In the present study, we measured the levels of circulating growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in plasma of severity-stratified COVID-19 patients and uninfected control patients and characterized the in vitro effects and cohort frequency of ACE2 SNPs. Our results show that while circulating GDF15 and ACE2 stratify COVID-19 patients according to disease severity, ACE2 missense SNPs constitute a risk factor linked to infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Torrens-Mas
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity Group (TRIAL group), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Catalina M. Perelló-Reus
- Translational Pancreatic Cancer Oncogenesis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Neus Trias-Ferrer
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity Group (TRIAL group), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Lesly Ibargüen-González
- Translational Pancreatic Cancer Oncogenesis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Catalina Crespí
- Cell Culture and Flow Cytometry Facility, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Aina Maria Galmes-Panades
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity Group (TRIAL group), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Research Group (GICAFE), Institute for Educational Research and Innovation (IRIE), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Cayetano Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity Group (TRIAL group), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Andres Sanchez-Polo
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity Group (TRIAL group), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Javier Piérola-Lopetegui
- Microscopy Facility, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Luis Masmiquel
- Vascular and Metabolic Pathologies Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Socias Crespi
- Intensive Care Unit, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Son Llatzer University Hospital, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Carles Barcelo
- Translational Pancreatic Cancer Oncogenesis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Gonzalez-Freire, ; Carles Barcelo,
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity Group (TRIAL group), Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marta Gonzalez-Freire, ; Carles Barcelo,
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Xu WD, Huang Q, Yang C, Li R, Huang AF. GDF-15: A Potential Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926373. [PMID: 35911685 PMCID: PMC9332889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a member of transforming growth factor-β superfamily. To date, association of GDF-15 with SLE pathogenesis is not clarified. This study discussed GDF-15 serum levels and gene polymorphisms in SLE patients and lupus mouse model further demonstrated the role of GDF-15 in lupus development. We conducted two independent case-control studies for SLE patients. One is to evaluate serum levels of GDF-15 in 54 SLE patients and 90 healthy controls, and the other one is to analyze gene polymorphisms of GDF-15 in 289 SLE patients and 525 healthy controls. Serum levels of GDF-15 were detected by ELISA. GDF-15 gene polymorphisms (rs1055150, rs1058587, rs1059519, rs1059369, rs1227731, rs4808793, and rs16982345) were genotyped by the Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) method. Addition of recombinant GDF-15 into pristane-induced lupus mice evaluated histological and serological changes. Results showed that serum levels of GDF-15 were overexpressed in SLE patients and associated with disease activity. Polymorphisms rs1055150, rs1059369, rs1059519, and rs4808793 of GDF-15 gene were related to SLE risk. Lupus mice showed splenomegaly, severe histological scores, and high levels of autoantibodies [antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and total immunoglobulin G (IgG)], whereas administration of GDF-15 into lupus mice reduced the histological changes. Percentages of CD8+, CD11b+, CD19+, CD11C+ cells, TH2 cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-21, and IL-22) were reduced after GDF-15 treatment in lupus mice. In conclusion, GDF-15 was related to lupus pathogenesis and inhibited lupus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Chan Yang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - An-Fang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: An-Fang Huang,
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35
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Muniyan S, Pothuraju R, Seshacharyulu P, Batra SK. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in cancer: Beyond the cellular phenotype. Cancer Lett 2022; 536:215664. [PMID: 35351601 PMCID: PMC9088220 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite technological advances in diagnostic abilities and improved treatment methods, the burden of cancers remains high, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. One primary reason is that cancer cell secretory factors modulate the tumor microenvironment, supporting tumor growth and circumvents anticancer activities of conventional therapies. Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a pleiotropic cytokine elevated in various cancers. MIC-1 regulates various cancer hallmarks, including sustained proliferation, tumor-promoting inflammation, avoiding immune destruction, inducing invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and resisting cell death. Despite these facts, the molecular regulation and downstream signaling of MIC-1 in cancer remain elusive, partly because its receptor (GFRAL) was unknown until recently. Binding of MIC-1 to GFRAL recruits the coreceptor tyrosine kinase RET to execute its downstream signaling. So far, studies have shown that GFRAL expression is restricted to the brain stem and is responsible for MIC-1/GFRAL/RET-mediated metabolic disorders. Nevertheless, abundant levels of MIC-1 expression have been reported in all cancer types and have been proposed as a surrogate biomarker. Given the ubiquitous expression of MIC-1 in cancers, it is crucial to understand both upstream regulation and downstream MIC-1/GFRAL/RET signaling in cancer hallmark traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthivel Muniyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Seshacharyulu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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36
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Cao M, Gu L, Guo L, Liu M, Wang T, Zhang J, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Zhao Y, Qiu X, Gui X, Ma M, Tian Y, Liu X, Meng F, Xiao Y, Sun L. Elevated Expression of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Is Associated With Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891448. [PMID: 35784345 PMCID: PMC9241490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a highly divergent member of the TGF-β superfamily and has been implicated in various biological functions. However, the expression of GDF-15 in patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (AE-IPF) is unclear. Method The study included 47 AE-IPF patients, 61 stable IPF (S-IPF) subjects, and 31 healthy controls (HCs). Serum GDF-15 levels and their expression in the lung were measured. The correlation between serum GDF-15 and other clinical parameters and the risk factors for AE occurrence and the survival of IPF patients were analyzed. Results Serum GDF-15 levels were significantly elevated in AE-IPF patients (1279.22 ± 540.02 pg/ml) as compared with HCs (891.30 ± 479.90 pg/ml) or S-IPF subjects (107.82 ± 14.21 pg/ml) (both p < 0.001). The protein and mRNA expressions of GDF-15 in the lung of AE-IPF patients were significantly increased as compared with S-IPF cases (p = 0.007 and p = 0.026, respectively). The serum GDF-15 level was correlated with the clinical variables of inflammation, metabolism, and disease severity in IPF subjects (all p < 0.05). The GDF-15 serum concentration was significantly higher in decedents than in survivors (p = 0.005). A serum GDF-15 level above 989.3 pg/ml was a risk factor for AE occurrence (p = 0.04), and the level above 1,075.76 pg/ml was an independent predictor for survival in IPF cases (p = 0.007). Conclusions The GDF-15 level was significantly elevated in subjects with AE-IPF. GDF-15 could be a promising biomarker for AE occurrence and survival in IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshu Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengying Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianzhen Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Wuxi Transplant Center, Wuxi People’s Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Huizhe Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanchen Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yichao Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohua Qiu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianhua Gui
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqiong Tian
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanqing Meng
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lingyun Sun, ; Yonglong Xiao, ; Fanqing Meng,
| | - Yonglong Xiao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lingyun Sun, ; Yonglong Xiao, ; Fanqing Meng,
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Lingyun Sun, ; Yonglong Xiao, ; Fanqing Meng,
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Agarwal N, Ramirez Bustamante CE, Wu H, Armamento‐Villareal R, Lake JE, Balasubramanyam A, Hartig S. Heightened levels of plasma growth differentiation factor 15 in men living with HIV. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15293. [PMID: 35510313 PMCID: PMC9069165 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma biomarkers that reflect energy balance disorders in people living with HIV (PLWH) remain limited. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) abundance in plasma of mice and humans induces negative energy balance but also becomes highly elevated in obesity and other metabolic diseases. We sought to compare plasma GDF15 levels in PLWH and HIV-negative persons and mouse models expressing the HIV accessory protein Vpr (that recapitulate HIV-associated metabolic disorders) and determine their relationship to metabolic parameters. We measured liver Gdf15 mRNA levels and plasma GDF15 levels in male Vpr mice and littermate controls. In parallel, we analyzed plasma GDF15 levels in 18 male PLWH on stable, long-term antiretroviral therapy and 13 HIV-negative men (6 healthy controls and 7 with metabolic syndrome). Plasma GDF15 levels were correlated with anthropometric and immune cell parameters in humans. Gene expression analysis of Vpr mouse liver demonstrated elevated Gdf15 mRNA. Plasma GDF15 levels were also higher in Vpr mouse models. Levels of plasma GDF15 in PLWH were greater than in both HIV-negative groups and correlated positively with the CD4/CD8 T cell ratio in PLWH. Plasma GDF15 levels correlated positively with age in the HIV-negative subjects but not in PLWH. Since GDF15 levels predict fatty liver disease and energy balance disorders, further studies are warranted to determine the effect of GDF15 in mediating the metabolic disturbances that occur in Vpr mice and PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeti Agarwal
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and MetabolismBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Huaizhu Wu
- Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein ResearchBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Reina Armamento‐Villareal
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and MetabolismBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory DiseasesMichael E DeBakey VA Medical CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Jordan E. Lake
- Division of Infectious DiseasesDepartment of Internal MedicineMcGovern Medical SchoolUniversity of Texas Health Science CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Ashok Balasubramanyam
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and MetabolismBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Sean M. Hartig
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and MetabolismBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
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38
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Xu G, Chen J, Jo S, Grayson TB, Ramanadham S, Koizumi A, Germain-Lee EL, Lee SJ, Shalev A. Deletion of Gdf15 Reduces ER Stress-induced Beta-cell Apoptosis and Diabetes. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6548945. [PMID: 35290443 PMCID: PMC9272264 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress contributes to pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis in diabetes, but the factors involved are still not fully elucidated. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress response gene and has been reported to be increased and play an important role in various diseases. However, the role of GDF15 in beta cells in the context of ER stress and diabetes is still unclear. In this study, we have discovered that GDF15 promotes ER stress-induced beta-cell apoptosis and that downregulation of GDF15 has beneficial effects on beta-cell survival in diabetes. Specifically, we found that GDF15 is induced by ER stress in beta cells and human islets, and that the transcription factor C/EBPβ is involved in this process. Interestingly, ER stress-induced apoptosis was significantly reduced in INS-1 cells with Gdf15 knockdown and in isolated Gdf15 knockout mouse islets. In vivo, we found that Gdf15 deletion attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetes by preserving beta cells and insulin levels. Moreover, deletion of Gdf15 significantly delayed diabetes development in spontaneous ER stress-prone Akita mice. Thus, our findings suggest that GDF15 contributes to ER stress-induced beta-cell apoptosis and that inhibition of GDF15 may represent a novel strategy to promote beta-cell survival and treat diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlan Xu
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: Guanlan Xu, PhD, Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Blvd, Shelby Bldg 1272, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA. E-mail:
| | - Junqin Chen
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - SeongHo Jo
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Truman B Grayson
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Akio Koizumi
- Institute of Public Health and Social Welfare Public Interest Incorporation Associations, Kyoto Hokenkai, Ukyo-ku Kyoto 615-8577, Japan
| | - Emily L Germain-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Connecticut Children’s Center for Rare Bone Disorders, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Anath Shalev
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Asrih M, Dusaulcy R, Gosmain Y, Philippe J, Somm E, Jornayvaz FR, Kang BE, Jo Y, Choi MJ, Yi HS, Ryu D, Gariani K. Growth differentiation factor-15 prevents glucotoxicity and connexin-36 downregulation in pancreatic beta-cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 541:111503. [PMID: 34763008 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cell dysfunction is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which is an energy homeostasis regulator, has been shown to improve several metabolic parameters in the context of diabetes. However, its effects on pancreatic beta-cell remain to be identified. We, therefore, performed experiments using cell models and histological sectioning of wild-type and knock-out GDF15 mice to determine the effect of GDF15 on insulin secretion and cell viability. A bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify GDF15-correlated genes. GDF15 prevents glucotoxicity-mediated altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and connexin-36 downregulation. Inhibition of endogenous GDF15 reduced GSIS in cultured mouse beta-cells under standard conditions while it had no impact on GSIS in cells exposed to glucolipotoxicity, which is a diabetogenic condition. Furthermore, this inhibition exacerbated glucolipotoxicity-reduced cell survival. This suggests that endogenous GDF15 in beta-cell is required for cell survival but not GSIS in the context of glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rodolphe Dusaulcy
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Gosmain
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Baeki E Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju Jo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Choi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 06351, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Lu JF, Zhu MQ, Xie BC, Shi XC, Liu H, Zhang RX, Xia B, Wu JW. Camptothecin effectively treats obesity in mice through GDF15 induction. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001517. [PMID: 35202387 PMCID: PMC8870521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) have been shown to reduce food intake and lower body weight through activation of hindbrain receptor glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor alpha-like (GFRAL) in rodents and nonhuman primates, thus endogenous induction of this peptide holds promise for obesity treatment. Here, through in silico drug-screening methods, we found that small molecule Camptothecin (CPT), a previously identified drug with potential antitumor activity, is a GDF15 inducer. Oral CPT administration increases circulating GDF15 levels in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and genetic ob/ob mice, with elevated Gdf15 expression predominantly in the liver through activation of integrated stress response. In line with GDF15's anorectic effect, CPT suppresses food intake, thereby reducing body weight, blood glucose, and hepatic fat content in obese mice. Conversely, CPT loses these beneficial effects when Gdf15 is inhibited by a neutralizing antibody or AAV8-mediated liver-specific knockdown. Similarly, CPT failed to reduce food intake and body weight in GDF15's specific receptor GFRAL-deficient mice despite high levels of GDF15. Together, these results indicate that CPT is a promising anti-obesity agent through activation of GDF15-GFRAL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meng Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bao Cai Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Chen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bo Xia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiang Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Patsalos A, Halasz L, Medina-Serpas MA, Berger WK, Daniel B, Tzerpos P, Kiss M, Nagy G, Fischer C, Simandi Z, Varga T, Nagy L. A growth factor-expressing macrophage subpopulation orchestrates regenerative inflammation via GDF-15. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20210420. [PMID: 34846534 PMCID: PMC8635277 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle regeneration is the result of the concerted action of multiple cell types driven by the temporarily controlled phenotype switches of infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages. Pro-inflammatory macrophages transition into a phenotype that drives tissue repair through the production of effectors such as growth factors. This orchestrated sequence of regenerative inflammatory events, which we termed regeneration-promoting program (RPP), is essential for proper repair. However, it is not well understood how specialized repair-macrophage identity develops in the RPP at the transcriptional level and how induced macrophage-derived factors coordinate tissue repair. Gene expression kinetics-based clustering of blood circulating Ly6Chigh, infiltrating inflammatory Ly6Chigh, and reparative Ly6Clow macrophages, isolated from injured muscle, identified the TGF-β superfamily member, GDF-15, as a component of the RPP. Myeloid GDF-15 is required for proper muscle regeneration following acute sterile injury, as revealed by gain- and loss-of-function studies. Mechanistically, GDF-15 acts both on proliferating myoblasts and on muscle-infiltrating myeloid cells. Epigenomic analyses of upstream regulators of Gdf15 expression identified that it is under the control of nuclear receptors RXR/PPARγ. Finally, immune single-cell RNA-seq profiling revealed that Gdf15 is coexpressed with other known muscle regeneration-associated growth factors, and their expression is limited to a unique subpopulation of repair-type macrophages (growth factor-expressing macrophages [GFEMs]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Patsalos
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Laszlo Halasz
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Miguel A. Medina-Serpas
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Wilhelm K. Berger
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Bence Daniel
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
| | - Petros Tzerpos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Máté Kiss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltan Simandi
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL
| | - Tamas Varga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Kim KM, Jang WG. NXNL1 negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation via GDF15-induced PP2A Cα dependent manner in MC3T3-E1 cells. Biofactors 2022; 48:239-248. [PMID: 34932831 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is important for the survival and differentiation of osteoblasts. Intracellular ROS levels are controlled by antioxidant enzymes that modulate the redox state of the cell. Nucleoredoxin-like 1 (NXNL1) is an antioxidant enzyme that increases the viability of rod and cone cells by protecting them from oxidative stress, and is a potential pharmacological target for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. The present study investigated the role of NXNL on osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells. Results from qPCR experiments demonstrated that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) increased NXNL1 expression, and that GDF15-induced NXNL1 decreased the expression of osteogenic genes such as distal-less homeobox 5 (Dlx5) and Runt-related transcription factor 2. Furthermore, NXNL1 also inhibits bone morphogenetic protein 2-induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/9 and alkaline phosphatase activity. The inhibitory effects of NXNL1 on osteoblast differentiation were mediated by protein phosphatase 2A Cα (PP2A Cα). The expression of PP2A Cα was regulated by GDF15, and overexpression of PP2A Cα increased the expression of NXNL1. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NXNL1 inhibits osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 due to GDF15-induced expression of PP2A Cα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Min Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
- Research Institute of Anti-Aging, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Gu Jang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
- Research Institute of Anti-Aging, Daegu University, Gyeongbuk, South Korea
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Jeong S, Lee SG, Kim KH, Zhu X, Lee WK, Lee HY, Park S, Lee MS, Cheng SY, Lee J, Jo YS. Cell non-autonomous effect of hepatic growth differentiation factor 15 on the thyroid gland. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:966644. [PMID: 36046792 PMCID: PMC9420875 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.966644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid gland plays an essential role in the regulation of body energy expenditure to maintain metabolic homeostasis. However, to date, there are no studies investigating the morphological and functional changes of the thyroid gland due to mitochondrial stress in metabolic organs such as the liver. We used data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression portal to investigate RNA expression patterns of the thyroid gland according to the expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) such as the muscles and liver. To verify the effect of hepatic GDF15 on the thyroid gland, we compared the morphological findings of the thyroid gland from liver-specific GDF15 transgenic mice to that of wild type mice. High GDF15 expression in the muscles and liver was associated with the upregulation of genes related to hypoxia, inflammation (TGF-α via NFκB), apoptosis, and p53 pathway in thyroid glands. In addition, high hepatic GDF15 was related to epithelial mesenchymal transition and mTORC1 signaling. Electron microscopy for liver-specific GDF15 transgenic mice revealed short mitochondrial cristae length and small mitochondrial area, indicating reduced mitochondrial function. However, serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level was not significantly different. In our human cohort, those with a high serum GDF15 level showed high fasting glucose, alanine transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase but no difference in TSH, similar to the data from our mice model. Additionally, high serum GDF15 increased the risk of lymph node metastasis to lateral neck. The hepatic GDF15 affected thyroid morphogenesis via a TSH-independent mechanism, affecting aggressive features of thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonhyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kook Hwan Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Woo Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hwa Young Lee
- Department of Surgery, Open Nanotechnology Biotechnology Information technology Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sunmi Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sheue-Yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jandee Lee
- Department of Surgery, Open Nanotechnology Biotechnology Information technology Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jandee Lee, ; Young Suk Jo,
| | - Young Suk Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jandee Lee, ; Young Suk Jo,
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Gojanovich GS, Jacobson DL, Broadwell C, Karalius B, Kirmse B, Geffner ME, Jao J, Van Dyke RB, McFarland EJ, Silio M, Crain M, Gerschenson M. Associations of FGF21 and GDF15 with mitochondrial dysfunction in children living with perinatally-acquired HIV: A cross-sectional evaluation of pediatric AIDS clinical trials group 219/219C. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0261563. [PMID: 34972147 PMCID: PMC8719680 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In persons living with HIV, mitochondrial disease (MD) is difficult to diagnose, as clinical signs are non-specific with inconsistent patterns. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) are mitokines elevated in MD patients without HIV, and associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities in adults living with HIV. We assessed relationships of these biomarkers with MD in children living with perinatally-acquired HIV infection (CPHIV). SETTING Cross-sectional study of CPHIV from Pediatric ACTG 219/219C classified by Mitochondrial Disease Criteria (MDC) that defines scores 2-4 as "possible" MD. METHODS Each case with MDC equaling 4 (MDC4; n = 23) was matched to one randomly selected control displaying no MDC (MDC0; n = 23) based on calendar date. Unmatched cases with MDC equaling 3 (MDC3; n = 71) were also assessed. Plasma samples proximal to diagnoses were assayed by ELISA. Mitokine distributions were compared using Wilcoxon tests, Spearman correlations were calculated, and associations with MD status were assessed by conditional logistic regression. RESULTS Median FGF21 and GDF15 concentrations, respectively, were highest in MDC4 (143.9 and 1441.1 pg/mL), then MDC3 (104.0 and 726.5 pg/mL), and lowest in controls (89.4 and 484.7 pg/mL). Distributions of FGF21 (paired Wilcoxon rank sum p = 0.002) and GDF15 (paired Wilcoxon rank sum p<0.001) differed in MDC4 vs MDC0. Mitokine concentrations were correlated across all participants (r = 0.33; p<0.001). Unadjusted odds ratios of being MDC4 vs MDC0 were 5.2 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-25.92] for FGF21 and 3.5 (95%CI: 1.19-10.25) for GDF15. Relationships persisted after covariate adjustments. CONCLUSION FGF21 and GDF15 levels may be useful biomarkers to screen for CPHIV with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg S. Gojanovich
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Denise L. Jacobson
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carly Broadwell
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brad Karalius
- Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Brian Kirmse
- University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Mitchell E. Geffner
- Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Jao
- Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Russell B. Van Dyke
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Margarita Silio
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Marilyn Crain
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mariana Gerschenson
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Imbert A, Vialaneix N, Marquis J, Vion J, Charpagne A, Metairon S, Laurens C, Moro C, Boulet N, Walter O, Lefebvre G, Hager J, Langin D, Saris WHM, Astrup A, Viguerie N, Valsesia A. Network Analyses Reveal Negative Link Between Changes in Adipose Tissue GDF15 and BMI During Dietary-induced Weight Loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e130-e142. [PMID: 34415992 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Adipose tissue (AT) transcriptome studies provide holistic pictures of adaptation to weight and related bioclinical settings changes. OBJECTIVE To implement AT gene expression profiling and investigate the link between changes in bioclinical parameters and AT gene expression during 3 steps of a 2-phase dietary intervention (DI). METHODS AT transcriptome profiling was obtained from sequencing 1051 samples, corresponding to 556 distinct individuals enrolled in a weight loss intervention (8-week low-calorie diet (LCD) at 800 kcal/day) followed with a 6-month ad libitum randomized DI. Transcriptome profiles obtained with QuantSeq sequencing were benchmarked against Illumina RNAseq. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to further confirm associations. Cell specificity was assessed using freshly isolated cells and THP-1 cell line. RESULTS During LCD, 5 modules were found, of which 3 included at least 1 bioclinical variable. Change in body mass index (BMI) connected with changes in mRNA level of genes with inflammatory response signature. In this module, change in BMI was negatively associated with changes in expression of genes encoding secreted protein (GDF15, CCL3, and SPP1). Through all phases of the DI, change in GDF15 was connected to changes in SPP1, CCL3, LIPA and CD68. Further characterization showed that these genes were specific to macrophages (with LIPA, CD68 and GDF15 expressed in anti-inflammatory macrophages) and GDF15 also expressed in preadipocytes. CONCLUSION Network analyses identified a novel AT feature with GDF15 upregulated with calorie restriction induced weight loss, concomitantly to macrophage markers. In AT, GDF15 was expressed in preadipocytes and macrophages where it was a hallmark of anti-inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Imbert
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team Metabolic Disorders and Diabesity, 31400, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, 31400, Toulouse, France
- INRAE, UR875 Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées Toulouse, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Vialaneix
- INRAE, UR875 Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées Toulouse, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Julien Marquis
- Université de Lausanne, Genomic Technologies Facility, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julie Vion
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team Metabolic Disorders and Diabesity, 31400, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Aline Charpagne
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Metabolic Health Department, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Metairon
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Metabolic Health Department, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claire Laurens
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team Metabolic Disorders and Diabesity, 31400, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Moro
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team Metabolic Disorders and Diabesity, 31400, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Boulet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team Metabolic Disorders and Diabesity, 31400, Toulouse, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team Adipose tissue, microbiota and cardiometabolic flexibility, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Ondine Walter
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Metabolic Health Department, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Lefebvre
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Metabolic Health Department, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Hager
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Metabolic Health Department, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Langin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team Metabolic Disorders and Diabesity, 31400, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, 31400, Toulouse, France
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
- Toulouse University Hospitals, Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Wim H M Saris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nathalie Viguerie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team Metabolic Disorders and Diabesity, 31400, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UMR1297, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Paul Sabatier University, 31400, Toulouse, France
- Franco-Czech Laboratory for Clinical Research on Obesity, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague and Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Armand Valsesia
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Metabolic Health Department, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ma Y, Zheng L, Wang Y, Gao Y, Xu Y. Arachidonic Acid in Follicular Fluid of PCOS Induces Oxidative Stress in a Human Ovarian Granulosa Tumor Cell Line (KGN) and Upregulates GDF15 Expression as a Response. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:865748. [PMID: 35634503 PMCID: PMC9132262 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.865748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the main cause of ovulatory infertility and a common reproductive endocrine disease of women in reproductive age. In addition, nearly half of PCOS patients are associated with obesity, and their total free fatty acids tend to increase. Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Oxidation products of AA reacting with various enzymes[cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), cytochrome P450s (CYP)] can change cellular mitochondrial distribution and calcium ion concentration, and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In this study, we analyzed the follicular fluid fatty acids and found higher levels of C20:4n6 (AA) in PCOS patients than in normal control subjects. Also, to determine whether AA induces oxidative stress (OS) in the human ovarian granulosa tumor cell line (KGN) and affects its function, we treated KGN cells with or without reduced glutathione (GSH) and then stimulated them with AA. The results showed that AA significantly reduced the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and activity of antioxidant enzymes and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA), ROS and superoxide anion(O2-)levels in KGN cells. In addition, AA was also found to impair the secretory and mitochondrial functions of KGN cells and induce their apoptosis. We further investigated the downstream genes affected by AA in KGN cells and its mechanism of action. We found that AA upregulated the expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which had a protective effect on inflammation and tissue damage. Therefore, we investigated whether AA-induced OS in KGN cells upregulates GDF15 expression as an OS response.Through silencing of GDF15 and supplementation with recombinant GDF15 (rGDF15), we found that GDF15, expressed as an OS response, protected KGN cells against AA-induced OS effects, such as impairment of secretory and mitochondrial functions and apoptosis. Therefore, this study suggested that AA might induce OS in KGN cells and upregulate the expression of GDF15 as a response to OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalan Ma
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lianwen Zheng
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yeling Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yiyin Gao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Xu,
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Riley LG, Nafisinia M, Menezes MJ, Nambiar R, Williams A, Barnes EH, Selvanathan A, Lichkus K, Bratkovic D, Yaplito-Lee J, Bhattacharya K, Ellaway C, Kava M, Balasubramaniam S, Christodoulou J. FGF21 outperforms GDF15 as a diagnostic biomarker of mitochondrial disease in children. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 135:63-71. [PMID: 34991945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) levels are elevated in patients with mitochondrial disease (MD) where myopathy is a feature. In this study we investigated the utility of FGF21 and GDF15 as biomarkers for MD in a phenotypically and genotypically diverse pediatric cohort with suspected MD against a panel of healthy controls and non-mitochondrial disease controls with some overlapping clinical features. Serum was collected from 56 children with MD, 104 children with non-mitochondrial disease (27 neuromuscular, 26 cardiac, 21 hepatic, 30 renal) and 30 pediatric controls. Serum FGF21 and GDF15 concentrations were measured using ELISA, and their ability to detect MD was determined. Median FGF21 and GDF15 serum concentrations were elevated 17-fold and 3-fold respectively in pediatric MD patients compared to the healthy control group. Non-mitochondrial disease controls had elevated serum GDF15 concentrations while FGF21 concentrations were in the normal range. Elevation of GDF15 in a range of non-mitochondrial pediatric disorders limits its use as a MD biomarker. FGF21 was elevated in MD patients with a spectrum of clinical phenotypes, including those without myopathy. Serum FGF21 had an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87, indicating good ability to discriminate between pediatric MD and healthy and non-mitochondrial disease controls. Triaging of pediatric MD patients by clinical phenotyping and serum FGF21 testing, followed by massively parallel sequencing, may enable more rapid diagnosis of pediatric MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Riley
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Rare Diseases Functional Genomics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Michael Nafisinia
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Storr Liver Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Minal J Menezes
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Reta Nambiar
- Immunopathology Laboratory, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Williams
- Immunopathology Laboratory, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth H Barnes
- NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arthavan Selvanathan
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate Lichkus
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Drago Bratkovic
- Metabolic Clinic, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joy Yaplito-Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Metabolic Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kaustuv Bhattacharya
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carolyn Ellaway
- Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maina Kava
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Rheumatology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children/Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Neurology, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children/Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shanti Balasubramaniam
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Service, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Metabolic Unit, Department of Rheumatology and Metabolic Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children/Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John Christodoulou
- Genetic Metabolic Disorders Research Unit, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Discipline of Genetic Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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48
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Abstract
This study aims to clarify the potential role of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) as a myokine in bone metabolism and muscle function in females with osteoporosis. In total, 45 female participants (71.0 ± 8.5 years) with distal radius fractures were recruited. Participants were classified as healthy/osteopenic (n = 28) (CON) or osteoporotic (n = 17) (OP) according to their T-score from the areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of the femoral neck. Body mass index, upper arm and calf circumferences, and handgrip strength were assessed. Total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine aBMD was measured via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The focal bone quality of the distal radius was evaluated via 3D reconstructed computed tomographic images. Serum levels of GDF-15, insulin-like growth factor-1, and inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as the corresponding mRNA levels in the pronator quadratus muscle were determined. Participants in the OP group had higher serum GDF-15 levels than those in the CON group. The mRNA levels of GDF-15, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the pronator quadratus muscle were significantly higher in the OP group than in the CON one. Levels of both serum GDF-15 and GDF-15 mRNA in muscle were positively correlated with age and negatively associated with the aBMD of the total hip and focal bone quality of the distal radius. Handgrip power was not correlated with circulating GDF-15 levels but was correlated with circumferences of the upper arm and calf, and levels of GDF-15 mRNA in muscle specimens. The mRNA levels of GDF-15 were correlated with those of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β. The mRNA levels of TNF-α were associated with circumferences of the upper arm and calf and with the aBMD of the total hip. The mRNA levels of GDF-15 in muscle were correlated with serum levels of GDF-15 and TNF-α. GDF-15 may have associations with bone metabolism in humans via paracrinological and endocrinological mechanisms. Maintenance of muscle mass and function would be influenced more by GDF-15 in muscle than by circulating GDF-15. The role of GDF-15 in bone metabolism and muscle homeostasis could be related to inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Woo Hong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Kang
- Clinic of Oral Medicine and Orofacial Pain, Institute of Oral Health Science, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jeong-Hyun Kang,
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Bonaterra GA, Struck N, Zuegel S, Schwarz A, Mey L, Schwarzbach H, Strelau J, Kinscherf R. Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels with low oxygenated blood and blood pressure (Pulmonary trunk): role of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:601. [PMID: 34920697 PMCID: PMC8684150 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02420-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is linked to inflammation, cancer, and atherosclerosis. GDF-15 is expressed in most tissues but is extremely induced under pathological conditions. Elevated serum levels are suggested as a risk factor and a marker for cardiovascular diseases. However, the cellular sources and the effects of GDF-15 on the cardiovascular system have not been completely elucidated including progression, and morphology of atherosclerotic plaques. Thus, this work aimed to characterize the influence of GDF-15 deficiency on the morphology of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels with low-oxygen blood and low blood pressure as the pulmonary trunk (PT), in hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice. METHODS GDF-15-/- ApoE-/- mice were generated by crossbreeding of ApoE-/-- and GDF-15-/- mice. After feeding a cholesterol-enriched diet (CED) for 20 weeks, samples of the brachiocephalic trunk (BT) and PT were dissected and lumen stenosis (LS) was measured. Furthermore, changes in the cellularity of the PT, amounts of apoptosis-, autophagy-, inflammation- and proliferation-relevant proteins were immunohisto-morphometrically analyzed. Additionally, we examined an atherosclerotic plaque in a human post mortem sample of the pulmonary artery. RESULTS After CED the body weight of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- was 22.9% higher than ApoE-/-. Double knockout mice showed also an 35.3% increase of plasma triglyceride levels, whereas plasma cholesterol was similar in both genotypes. LS in the BT and PT of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- mice was significantly reduced by 19.0% and by 6.7% compared to ApoE-/-. Comparing LS in PT and BT of the same genotype revealed a significant 38.8% (ApoE-/-) or 26.4% (GDF-15-/-ApoE-/-) lower LS in the PT. Immunohistomorphometry of atherosclerotic lesions in PT of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- revealed significantly increased levels (39.8% and 7.3%) of CD68 + macrophages (MΦ) and α-actin + smooth muscle cells than in ApoE-/-. The density of TUNEL + , apoptotic cells was significantly (32.9%) higher in plaques of PT of GDF-15-/-ApoE-/- than in ApoE-/-. Analysis of atherosclerotic lesion of a human pulmonary artery showed sm-α-actin, CD68+, TUNEL+, Ki67+, and APG5L/ATG+ cells as observed in PT. COX-2+ and IL-6+ immunoreactivities were predominantly located in endothelial cells and subendothelial space. In BT and PT of GDF15-/-ApoE-/- mice the necrotic area was 10% and 6.5% lower than in ApoE-/-. In BT and PT of GDF15-/-ApoE-/- we found 40% and 57% less unstable plaques than ApoE-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS Atherosclerotic lesions occur in both, BT and PT, however, the size is smaller in PT, possibly due to the effect of the low-oxygen blood and/or lower blood pressure. GDF-15 is involved in atherosclerotic processes in BT and PT, although different mechanisms (e.g. apoptosis) in these two vessels seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Bonaterra
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
| | - N Struck
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - S Zuegel
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - A Schwarz
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - L Mey
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - H Schwarzbach
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - J Strelau
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Kinscherf
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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50
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Silva-Bermudez LS, Sevastyanova TN, Schmuttermaier C, De La Torre C, Schumacher L, Klüter H, Kzhyshkowska J. Titanium Nanoparticles Enhance Production and Suppress Stabilin-1-Mediated Clearance of GDF-15 in Human Primary Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:760577. [PMID: 34975851 PMCID: PMC8714923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.760577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key innate immune cells that mediate implant acceptance or rejection. Titanium implants degrade over time inside the body, which results in the release of implant wear-off particles. Titanium nanoparticles (TiNPs) favor pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization (M1) and lower tolerogenic activation (M2). GDF-15 regulates immune tolerance and fibrosis and is endocytosed by stabilin-1. How TiNPs affect the healing activities of macrophages and their release of circulating cytokines is an open question in regenerative medicine. In this study for the first time, we identified the transcriptional program induced and suppressed by TiNPs in human pro-inflammatory and healing macrophages. Microarray analysis revealed that TiNPs altered the expression of 5098 genes in M1 (IFN-γ-stimulated) and 4380 genes in M2 (IL-4–stimulated) macrophages. 1980 genes were differentially regulated in both M1 and M2. Affymetrix analysis, confirmed by RT-PCR, demonstrated that TiNPs upregulate expression of GDF-15 and suppress stabilin-1, scavenger receptor of GDF-15. TiNPs also significantly stimulated GDF-15 protein secretion in inflammatory and healing macrophages. Flow cytometry demonstrated, that scavenging activity of stabilin-1 was significantly suppressed by TiNPs. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that TiNPs impair internalization of stabilin-1 ligand acLDL and its transport to the endocytic pathway. Our data demonstrate that TiNPs have a dual effect on the GDF-15/stabilin-1 interaction in macrophage system, by increasing the production of GDF-15 and suppressing stabilin-1-mediated clearance function. In summary, this process can result in a significant increase of GDF-15 in the extracellular space and in circulation leading to unbalanced pro-fibrotic reactions and implant complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina S. Silva-Bermudez
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tatyana N. Sevastyanova
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christina Schmuttermaier
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Carolina De La Torre
- Microarray Analytics – NGS Core Facility (IKC), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Leonie Schumacher
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harald Klüter
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
- *Correspondence: Julia Kzhyshkowska,
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