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Asrih M, Wei S, Nguyen TT, Yi HS, Ryu D, Gariani K. Overview of growth differentiation factor 15 in metabolic syndrome. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:1157-1167. [PMID: 36992609 PMCID: PMC10148061 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily. GDF15 has been linked with several metabolic syndrome pathologies such as obesity and cardiovascular diseases. GDF15 is considered to be a metabolic regulator, although its precise mechanisms of action remain to be determined. Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-like (GRAL), located in the hindbrain, has been identified as the receptor for GDF15 and signals through the coreceptor receptor tyrosine kinase (RET). Administration of GDF15 analogues in preclinical studies using various animal models has consistently been shown to induce weight loss through a reduction in food intake. GDF15, therefore, represents an attractive target to combat the current global obesity epidemic. In this article, we review current knowledge on GDF15 and its involvement in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shibo Wei
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Thanh T Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Immune System, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea
| | - Karim Gariani
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Patient Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
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Asrih M, Sinturel F, Dubos R, Guessous I, Pataky Z, Dibner C, Jornayvaz FR, Gariani K. Sex-specific modulation of circulating growth differentiation factor-15 in patients with type 2 diabetes and/or obesity. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:EC-22-0054. [PMID: 35700236 PMCID: PMC9346339 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15), a key metabolic regulator, is associated with obesity and diabetes in which sex-specific differences have been reported. Thus, we assessed whether GDF15 could be dependent on sex in diabetes and/or obesity groups. METHODS We measured serum GDF15 levels by ELISA in eight lean women and men (n = 16), eight women and eight men having obesity (n = 16), eight women and eight men with type 2 diabetes (T2D, n = 16), and seven women and nine men with both diabetes and obesity (n = 16). Estimation of the difference in the means of each group was performed by two-way ANOVA. The interdependence of the different variates was addressed by multivariate analysis. Correlations between GDF15 levels and HOMA-IR, HbA1c, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL were explored by linear regression. RESULTS Being a woman and having obesity alone or in combination with diabetes decreased GDF15 serum levels (β = -0.47, CI = -0.95, 0.00, P = 0.052; β = -0.45, CI = -0.94, 0.05, P= 0.075). Diabetes independently of metformin treatment and obesity were not predictive of low GDF15 levels (β = 0.10, CI = -0.36, 0.57, P = 0.7). Correlation analysis showed that HOMA-IR (r = 0.45, P = 0.008) and triglycerides (r = 0.41, P = 0.017) were positively correlated and HDL (r = -0.48, P = 0.005) was negatively correlated with GDF15 levels in men. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION GDF15 level was significantly different between men and women, as well as between the groups. Sex and group interaction revealed that being a woman and having obesity alone or in combination with diabetes decreased GDF15 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Flore Sinturel
- Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard Dubos
- Department and Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Department and Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Zoltan Pataky
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charna Dibner
- Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals (HUG), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence should be addressed to K Gariani:
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Asrih M, Dusaulcy R, Gosmain Y, Philippe J, Somm E, Jornayvaz FR, Kang BE, Jo Y, Choi MJ, Yi HS, Ryu D, Gariani K. Growth differentiation factor-15 prevents glucotoxicity and connexin-36 downregulation in pancreatic beta-cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 541:111503. [PMID: 34763008 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cell dysfunction is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), which is an energy homeostasis regulator, has been shown to improve several metabolic parameters in the context of diabetes. However, its effects on pancreatic beta-cell remain to be identified. We, therefore, performed experiments using cell models and histological sectioning of wild-type and knock-out GDF15 mice to determine the effect of GDF15 on insulin secretion and cell viability. A bioinformatics analysis was performed to identify GDF15-correlated genes. GDF15 prevents glucotoxicity-mediated altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and connexin-36 downregulation. Inhibition of endogenous GDF15 reduced GSIS in cultured mouse beta-cells under standard conditions while it had no impact on GSIS in cells exposed to glucolipotoxicity, which is a diabetogenic condition. Furthermore, this inhibition exacerbated glucolipotoxicity-reduced cell survival. This suggests that endogenous GDF15 in beta-cell is required for cell survival but not GSIS in the context of glucolipotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rodolphe Dusaulcy
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Gosmain
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Philippe
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Somm
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Baeki E Kang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju Jo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Choi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, 35015, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 06351, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Patient Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland; University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Bascuas T, Zedira H, Kropp M, Harmening N, Asrih M, Prat-Souteyrand C, Tian S, Thumann G. Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Overexpressing the Neuroprotective Proteins PEDF and GM-CSF to Treat Degeneration of the Neural Retina. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:168-183. [PMID: 34238157 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210707123809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-viral transposon-mediated gene delivery can overcome viral vectors' limitations. Transposon gene delivery offers the safe and life-long expression of genes such as pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to counteract retinal degeneration by reducing oxidative stress damage. OBJECTIVE Use Sleeping Beauty transposon to transfect human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells with the neuroprotective factors PEDF and GM-CSF to investigate the effect of these factors on oxidative stress damage. METHODS Human RPE cells were transfected with PEDF and GM-CSF by electroporation, using the hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposon gene delivery system (SB100X). Gene expression was determined by RT-qPCR and protein level by Western Blot as well as ELISA. The cellular stress level and the neuroprotective effect of the proteins were determined by measuring the concentrations of the antioxidant glutathione in human RPE cells and immunohistochemical examination of retinal integrity, inflammation, and apoptosis of rat retina-organotypic cultures (ROC) exposed to H2O2. RESULTS Human RPE cells were efficiently transfected, showing a significantly augmented gene expression and protein secretion. Human RPE cells overexpressing PEDF and/or GM-CSF or pre-treated with recombinant proteins presented significantly increased glutathione levels post-H2O2 incubation than non-transfected/untreated controls. rPEDF and/or rGM-CSF-treated ROC exhibited decreased inflammatory reactions and cell degeneration. CONCLUSION GM-CSF and/or PEDF could be delivered successfully to RPE cells by combining the use of SB100X and electroporation. PEDF and/or GM-CSF reduced H2O2-mediated oxidative stress damage in RPE cells and ROC offering an encouraging technique to re-establish a cell-protective environment to halt age-related retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Bascuas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hajer Zedira
- Experimental Ophthalmology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Martina Kropp
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nina Harmening
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Asrih
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Shuwei Tian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, China
| | - Gabriele Thumann
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes leads to multiple organ defects and cellular dysfunctions such as increased expression of sodium-glucose like transporters (SGLTs). These transporters contribute to glucose homeostasis through glucose reabsorption in the proximal renal tubule. When inhibited, it results in reduced hyperglycemia, increased glucosuria and decreased HbA1c. AIMS This review article summarizes the positive and adverse effects of the three main SGLT inhibitors used in Europe, on different organs with the aim of providing useful information to clinicians in order to select the adapted SGLT inhibitor in regard to patient health problems. DISCUSSION Recently, SGLT pharmacological inhibitors have been developed to manage hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. SGLT inhibitors like canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013 for use in Europe. Beyond their impact on glucose re-uptake by the kidney, these inhibitors exert beneficial pleiotropic effects. Nevertheless, several studies have recently warned the scientific community regarding adverse effects of these agents. Therefore, clinicians should consider these effects to adapt the treatment regarding patients' health. CONCLUSION The use of SGLT inhibitor in the treatment of type 2 diabetes should be considered with the perspective of general health state of the patient. In fact, SGLT inhibitors promote pleiotropic effects, among which some are beneficial for certain organs while some are deleterious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret- Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karim Gariani
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret- Gentil 4, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Philippe C, Wauquier F, Landrier JF, Bonnet L, Miot-Noirault E, Rochefort GY, Sadoine J, Asrih M, Jornayvaz FR, Bernalier A, Coxam V, Wittrant Y. GPR40 mediates potential positive effects of a saturated fatty acid enriched diet on bone. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 61. [PMID: 27611773 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The stimulation of the free fatty acid receptor G-protein coupled receptor (GPR) 40 by GW9508 prevents bone loss by inhibiting osteoclast activity, both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we questioned whether the stimulation of the GPR40 receptor by dietary fatty acids may lead to the same beneficial effect on bone. METHODS AND RESULTS We investigated (i) the impact of a fatty acid enriched diet (high-fat diet [HFD]) on bone health in C57/BL6 female mice depending on (ii) the estrogen status (ovariectomy) and (iii) the genotype (GPR40+/+ or GPR40-/- ). Bone mineral density (BMD), body composition, weight, inflammation and bone remodeling parameters were monitored. HFD decreased BMD in HFD-SH-GPR40+/+ mice but OVX failed to further impact BMD in HFD-OVX-GPR40+/+ mice, while additional bone loss was observed in HFD-OVX-GPR40-/- animals. These data suggest that when stimulated by fatty acid enriched diets GPR40 contributes to counteract ovariectomy-induced bone alteration. The sparing effect is supported by the modulation of both the osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (OPG/RANKL) ratio in blood stream and the expression level of inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Bone preservation by GPR40 stimulation is dependent on the presence of long-chain saturated fatty acids. CONCLUSION GPR40 contributes to counter ovariectomy-induced bone loss in a context of saturated fatty acid enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Philippe
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche INRA Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint Genés Champanelle, France
| | - Fabien Wauquier
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche INRA Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint Genés Champanelle, France
| | - Jean-François Landrier
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 1 et 2, Marseille, France
| | - Lauriane Bonnet
- INRA, UMR1260, Nutriments Lipidiques et Prévention des Maladies Métaboliques, Marseille, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université de la Méditerranée Aix-Marseille 1 et 2, Marseille, France
| | - Elisabeth Miot-Noirault
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INSERM, UMR990, IMTV, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gaël Y Rochefort
- EA 2496 Pathologie, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, UFR Odontologie, Université Paris Descartes and PIPA, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
| | - Jérémy Sadoine
- EA 2496 Pathologie, Imagerie et Biothérapies Orofaciales, UFR Odontologie, Université Paris Descartes and PIPA, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, Montrouge, France
| | - Mohamed Asrih
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Métabolisme, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service d'Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Métabolisme, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Véronique Coxam
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche INRA Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint Genés Champanelle, France
| | - Yohann Wittrant
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Equipe Alimentation, Squelette et Métabolismes, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Centre de Recherche INRA Auvergne Rhône Alpes, Site de Theix, 63122 Saint Genés Champanelle, France
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Asrih M, Veyrat-Durebex C, Poher AL, Lyautey J, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Jornayvaz FR. Leptin as a Potential Regulator of FGF21. Cell Physiol Biochem 2016; 38:1218-25. [PMID: 26982498 DOI: 10.1159/000443070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a potent metabolic regulator, has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity in animal models of insulin resistance. Several studies have focused on identifying mediators of FGF21 effects. However, the identification of factors involved in FGF21 regulation is far from complete. As leptin is a potent metabolic modulator as well, we aimed at characterizing whether leptin may regulate FGF21. METHODS We investigated a potential regulation of FGF21 by leptin in vivo in Wistar rats and in vitro using human derived hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells. This model was chosen as the liver is considered the main FGF21 expression site. RESULTS We found that leptin injections increased plasma FGF21 levels in adult Wistar rats. This was confirmed in vitro, as leptin increased FGF21 expression in HepG2 cells. We also showed that the leptin effect on FGF21 expression was mediated by STAT3 activation in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION New findings regarding a leptin-STAT3-FGF21 axis were provided in this study, although investigating the exact mechanisms linking leptin and FGF21 are still needed. These results are of great interest in the context of identifying potential new clinical approaches to treat metabolic diseases associated with insulin resistance, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Asrih M, Jornayvaz FR. Metabolic syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Is insulin resistance the link? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 1:55-65. [PMID: 25724480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a disease composed of different risk factors such as obesity, type 2 diabetes or dyslipidemia. The prevalence of this syndrome is increasing worldwide in parallel with the rise in obesity. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the most frequent chronic liver disease in western countries, affecting more than 30% of the general population. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver manifestations ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis, which may ultimately progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. There is accumulating evidence supporting an association between NAFLD and MetS. Indeed, NAFLD is recognized as the liver manifestation of MetS. Insulin resistance is increasingly recognized as a key factor linking MetS and NAFLD. Insulin resistance is associated with excessive fat accumulation in ectopic tissues, such as the liver, and increased circulating free fatty acids, which can further promote inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. This in turn aggravates and maintains the insulin resistant state, constituting a vicious cycle. Importantly, evidence shows that most of the patients developing NAFLD present at least one of the MetS traits. This review will define MetS and NAFLD, provide an overview of the common pathophysiological mechanisms linking MetS and NAFLD, and give a perspective regarding treatment of these ever growing metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Rue du Bugnon 46, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland.
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Asrih M, Montessuit C, Philippe J, Jornayvaz FR. Free Fatty Acids Impair FGF21 Action in HepG2 Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 37:1767-78. [PMID: 26584278 DOI: 10.1159/000438540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a key mediator of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the beneficial effects of exogenous FGF21 administration are attenuated in obese animals and humans with elevated levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFA). METHODS We investigated in vitro how FFA impact FGF21 effects on hepatic lipid metabolism. RESULTS In the absence of FFA, FGF21 reduced lipogenesis and increased lipid oxidation in HepG2 cells. Inhibition of lipogenesis was associated with a down regulation of SREBP-1c, FAS and SCD1. The lipid-lowering effect was associated with AMPK and ACC phosphorylation, and up regulation of CPT-1α expression. Further, FGF21 treatment reduced TNFα gene expression, suggesting a beneficial action of FGF21 on inflammation. In contrast, the addition of FFA abolished the positive effects of FGF21 on lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION In the absence of FFA, FGF21 improves lipid metabolism in HepG2 cells and reduces the inflammatory cytokine TNFα. However, under high levels of FFA, FGF21 action on lipid metabolism and TNFα gene expression is impaired. Therefore, FFA impair FGF21 action in HepG2 cells potentially through TNFα.
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Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an important regulator of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism and represents a potential pharmacological agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Mice fed a ketogenic diet (KD) develop hepatic insulin resistance in association with high levels of FGF21, suggesting a state of FGF21 resistance. To address the role of FGF21 in hepatic insulin resistance, we assessed insulin action in FGF21 whole-body knock-out (FGF21 KO) male mice and their littermate WT controls fed a KD. Here, we report that FGF21 KO mice have hepatic insulin resistance and increased hepatic glucose production associated with an increase in plasma glucagon levels. FGF21 KO mice are also hypometabolic and display increased fat mass compared with their WT littermates. Taken together, these findings support a major role of FGF21 in regulating energy expenditure and hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, and its potential role as a candidate in the treatment of diseases associated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo G Camporez
- Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Asrih
- Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland
| | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland
| | - François R Jornayvaz
- Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland Department of Internal MedicineHoward Hughes Medical InstituteYale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USAService of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne CHUV, Switzerland
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11
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Asrih M, Altirriba J, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Jornayvaz FR. Ketogenic Diet Impairs FGF21 Signaling and Promotes Differential Inflammatory Responses in the Liver and White Adipose Tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126364. [PMID: 25973847 PMCID: PMC4431718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Hypothesis Beside its beneficial effects on weight loss, ketogenic diet (KD) causes dyslipidemia, a pro-inflammatory state involved in the development of hepatic steatosis, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, although the latter is still being debated. Additionally, KD is known to increase fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plasma levels. However, FGF21 cannot initiate its beneficial actions on metabolism in these conditions. We therefore hypothesized and tested in the present study that KD may impair FGF21 signaling. Methods/Results Using indirect calorimetry, we found that KD-fed mice exhibited higher energy expenditure than regular chow (RC)-fed mice associated with increased Ucp1 levels in white adipose tissue (WAT), along with increased plasma FGF21 levels. We then assessed the effect of KD on FGF21 signaling in both the liver and WAT. We found that Fgfr4 and Klb (β-klotho) were downregulated in the liver, while Fgfr1 was downregulated in WAT of KD-fed mice. Because inflammation could be one of the mechanisms linking KD to impaired FGF21 signaling, we measured the expression levels of inflammatory markers and macrophage accumulation in WAT and liver and found an increased inflammation and macrophage accumulation in the liver, but surprisingly, a reduction of inflammation in WAT.We also showed that KD enhances lipid accumulation in the liver, which may explain hepatic inflammation and impaired Fgfr4 and Klb expression. In contrast, import of lipids from the circulation was significantly reduced in WAT of KD-fed mice, as suggested by a downregulation of Lpl and Cd36. This was further associated with reduced inflammation in WAT. Conclusion Altogether, these results indicate that KD could be beneficial for a given tissue but deleterious for another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, 14, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Altirriba
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, 14, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Rohner-Jeanrenaud
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, 14, Switzerland
| | - François R. Jornayvaz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, 14, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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12
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Asrih M, Jornayvaz FR. Diets and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The good and the bad. Clin Nutr 2014; 33:186-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Braunersreuther V, Montecucco F, Asrih M, Pelli G, Galan K, Frias M, Burger F, Quinderé ALG, Montessuit C, Krause KH, Mach F, Jaquet V. Corrigendum to “Role of NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury” [J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 64 (2013) 99–107]. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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14
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Braunersreuther V, Montecucco F, Asrih M, Ashri M, Pelli G, Galan K, Frias M, Burger F, Quinderé ALG, Montessuit C, Krause KH, Mach F, Jaquet V. Role of NADPH oxidase isoforms NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 64:99-107. [PMID: 24051369 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial reperfusion injury is mediated by several processes including increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the study is to identify potential sources of ROS contributing to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. For this purpose, we investigated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion pathology in mice deficient in various NADPH oxidase isoforms (Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, as well as Nox1/2 double knockout). Following 30min of ischemia and 24h of reperfusion, a significant decrease in the size of myocardial infarct was observed in Nox1-, Nox2- and Nox1/Nox2-, but not in Nox4-deficient mice. However, no protection was observed in a model of chronic ischemia, suggesting that NOX1 and NOX2-mediated oxidative damage occurs during reperfusion. Cardioprotective effect of Nox1 and Nox2 deficiencies was associated with decrease of neutrophil invasion, but, on the other hand an improved reperfusion injury was also observed in isolated perfused hearts (Langendorff model) suggesting that inflammatory cells were not the major source of oxidative damage. A decrease in global post-reperfusion oxidative stress was clearly detected in Nox2-, but not in Nox1-deficient hearts. Analysis of key signaling pathways during reperfusion suggests distinct cardioprotective patterns: increased phosphorylation was seen for Akt and Erk in Nox1-deficient mice and for Stat3 and Erk in Nox2-deficient mice. Consequently, NOX1 and NOX2 represent interesting drug targets for controlling reperfusion damage associated with revascularization in coronary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Braunersreuther
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Foundation for Medical Researches, 64 Avenue Roseraie, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pathology, Department of Genetic Medicine and Laboratories, University Hospital, 1 rue Michel-Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a major health problem in developed countries. It has affected more than 30% of the general population and is commonly associated with insulin resistance, which is a major risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and a central feature of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, accumulating evidences reveal that NAFLD as well as insulin resistance is strongly related to inflammation. Cytokines and adipokines play a pivotal role in inflammatory processes. In addition, these inflammatory mediators regulate various functions including metabolic energy balance, inflammation, and immune response. However, their role in modulating ectopic lipids involved in the development of insulin resistance, such as diacylglycerols and ceramides, remains unknown. The aim of this review is first to describe the pathophysiology of insulin resistance in NAFLD. In particular, we discuss the role of ectopic lipid accumulation in the liver. Secondly, we also summarize recent findings emphasizing the role of main inflammatory markers in both NAFLD and insulin resistance and their potential role in modulating hepatic fat content in NAFLD and associated hepatic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hypertension and Nutrition, Geneva University Hospital, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Genève 14, Switzerland
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Asrih M, Gardier S, Papageorgiou I, Montessuit C. Dual effect of the heart-targeting cytokine cardiotrophin-1 on glucose transport in cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 56:106-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Asrih M, Lenglet S, Mach F, Montecucco F. Alpha-fetoprotein: A controversial prognostic biomarker for small hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:328-330. [PMID: 23372353 PMCID: PMC3554815 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i3.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of the prognosis in patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma represents a hot-topic issue that requires further improvements and clarifications. The life expectancy of the patients has been shown to depend on several clinical and histological parameters (such as patient’s general conditions, macroscopic tumor morphology and histopathology). Recently, the prognostic role of some biomarkers [i.e., alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)] has been also investigated with controversial findings mainly on the assessment of patient survival. The study by Giannini et al failed to show a prognostic value of AFP on survival of patients with well-compensated cirrhosis and small hepatocellular carcinoma. Since the study presents some limitations, a larger clinical trial is needed to clarify the potential prognostic role of serum AFP levels in these patients.
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Asrih M, Steffens S. Emerging role of epigenetics and miRNA in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 22:117-25. [PMID: 22951386 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of heart failure independent of coronary artery disease and hypertension is increasing rapidly in diabetic patients. Thus, this pathophysiology has been recognized as a distinct clinical entity termed "diabetic cardiomyopathy." Several studies support the notion that diabetes is a threatening insult for the myocardium resulting in functional, cellular, and structural changes manifesting as a cardiac myopathy. Recent data suggested that epigenetics including DNA and histone modifications as well as microRNAs play an important role in the development of cardiac diseases. The role of epigenetics in diabetes is largely recognized; however, its role in diabetes-associated cardiomyopathy remains elusive. Thus, molecular, cellular, and functional modulations in the diabetic cardiomyopathy will be investigated in this review. Moreover, particular attention will be drawn on the epigenetic mechanisms that may play an important role in the pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Division of Cardiology, Foundation for Medical Research, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Asrih M, Lerch R, Papageorgiou I, Pellieux C, Montessuit C. Differential regulation of stimulated glucose transport by free fatty acids and PPARα or -δ agonists in cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E872-84. [PMID: 22297301 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00427.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of glucose transport in response to insulin or metabolic stress is an important determinant of cardiac myocyte function and survival, particularly during ischemia-reperfusion episodes. The impact of dyslipidemia and its consequence PPAR activation on stimulated glucose transport in cardiac myocytes remains unknown. Isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes were chronically exposed to free fatty acids (FFA) or PPAR agonists. Insulin- (ISGT) and oligomycin-stimulated glucose transport (OSGT) and related cell signaling were analyzed. Exposure of cardiac myocytes to FFA reduced both ISGT and OSGT. Exposure to either PPARα or PPARδ agonists, but not to a PPARγ agonist, reduced ISGT but not OSGT and increased fatty acid oxidation (FAO). The reduction in ISGT was associated with impaired insulin signaling and, in the case of PPAR stimulation, overexpression of SOCS-3, a protein known to hinder proximal insulin signaling. In contrast, the reduction of OSGT could not be explained by a reduced activity of the cellular energy-sensing system, as assessed from the maintained phosphorylation state of AMPK. Inhibition of FAO at the level of mitochondrial acylcarnitine uptake restored OSGT but not ISGT. Seemingly paradoxically, further stimulation of FAO with PPARα or PPARδ agonists also restored OSGT but not ISGT. Together, these results suggest that inhibition of OSGT occurs downstream of energy gauging and is caused by some intermediate(s) of fatty acid oxidation, which does not appear to be acylcarnitines. The results indicate that the mechanisms underlying FFA-mediated inhibition of ISGT and OSGT differ remarkably.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antimetabolites/metabolism
- Biological Transport, Active/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Deoxyglucose/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/pharmacology
- Glucose/metabolism
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/biosynthesis
- Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative/genetics
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Oligomycins/pharmacology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- PPAR alpha/agonists
- PPAR delta/agonists
- Palmitates/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Uncoupling Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medical Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
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Asrih M, Pellieux C, Papageorgiou I, Lerch R, Montessuit C. Role of ERK1/2 activation in microtubule stabilization and glucose transport in cardiomyocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E836-43. [PMID: 21771966 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00160.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that microtubule disruption impairs stimulation of glucose uptake in cardiomyocytes and that 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) treatment preserved both microtubule integrity and stimulated glucose transport. Herein we investigated whether 1) activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) is responsible for microtubule destabilization and 2) ERK1/2 inactivation may explain the positive effects of 9cRA on glucose uptake and microtubule stabilization. Adult rat cardiomyocytes in primary culture showed increased basal ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Cardiomyocytes exposed to inhibitors of the ERK1/2 kinase mitogen/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) 1/2 had preserved microtubular scaffold, including microtubule-organizing centers (MTOC), together with increased insulin and metabolic stress-stimulated glucose transport as well as signaling, thus replicating the effects of 9cRA treatment. Although 9cRA treatment did not significantly reduce global ERK1/2 activation, it markedly reduced perinuclear-activated ERK1/2 at the location of MTOC. 9cRA also triggered relocation of the ERK1/2 phosphatase mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 from the cytosol to the nucleus. These results indicate that, in cardiomyocytes, microtubule destabilization, leading to impaired stimulation of glucose transport, is mediated by ERK1/2 activation, impacting on the MTOC. 9cRA acid restores stimulated glucose transport indirectly through compartmentalized inactivation of ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Asrih
- Division of Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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