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Rodríguez C, García-Pinto D, Martínez LC, López-Fernández A. A new analytical model for the response curve in megavoltage photon beams of the radiochromic EBT3 films measured with flatbed scanners. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2022; 23:e13654. [PMID: 35580051 PMCID: PMC9359044 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this work is to study a new analytical model which describes the dose–response curve in megavoltage photon beams of the radiochromic EBT3 film measured with two commercially available flatbed scanners. This model takes into account the different increase of the number of two types of absorbents in the film with absorbed dose and it allows to identify parameters that depend on the flatbed scanner and the film model, and parameters that exclusively depend on the production lot. In addition, the new model is also compared with other models commonly used in the literature in terms of its performance in reducing systematic calibration uncertainties. Methods and materials The new analytical model consists on a linear combination of two saturating exponential functions for every color channel. The exponents modeling the growing of each kind of absorbent are film model and scanner model‐dependent, but they do not depend on the manufacturing lot. The proposed model considers the different dose kinetics of each absorbent and the apparent effective behavior of one of the absorbents in the red color channel of the scanner. The dose–response curve has been measured using EBT3 films, a percentage depth dose (PDD) calibration method in a dose range between 0.5 and 25 Gy, and two flatbed scanners: a Microtek 1000 XL and an EPSON 11000 XL. The PDD calibration method allows to obtain a dense collection of calibration points which have been fitted to the proposed response curve model and to other published models. The fit residuals were used to evaluate the performance of each model compared with the new analytical model. Results The model presented here does not introduce any systematic deviations up to the degree of accuracy reached in this work. The residual distribution is normally shaped and with lower variance than the distributions of the other published models. The model separates the parameters reflecting specific characteristics of the dosimetry system from the linear parameters which depend only on the production lot and are related to the relative abundance of each type of absorbent. The calibration uncertainty is reduced by a mean factor of two by using this model compared with the other studied models. Conclusions The proposed model reduces the calibration uncertainty related to systematic deviations introduced by the response curve. In addition, it separates parameters depending on the flatbed scanner and the film model from those depending on the production lot exclusively and therefore provides a better characterization of the dosimetry system and increases its reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Rodríguez
- Medical Physics, Radiology Department, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.,Medical Physics and Radiation Protection Service, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Diego García-Pinto
- Medical Physics, Radiology Department, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carlos Martínez
- Medical Physics and Radiation Protection Service, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso López-Fernández
- Medical Physics and Radiation Protection Service, Fuenlabrada University Hospital, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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2
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Piliero MA, Pupillo F, Presilla S. A diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer for radiation dosimetry of EBT3 GAFchromic films. RADIAT MEAS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2022.106777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Abu Mhanna HY, Omar AF, Radzi YM, Akhdar HF, Al Ewaidat H. Expired EBT3 Films’ Sensitivity for the Measurement of X-ray and UV Radiation: An Optical Analysis. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082903. [PMID: 35454597 PMCID: PMC9027090 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare the optical responses of external beam therapy 3 (EBT3) films exposed to X-rays and solar ultraviolet rays (SUV-rays), as a dose control technique in the clinical sector for various radiation types, energies, and absorbed doses up to 4 Gy. In this study, EBT3 films with three different expiry dates were prepared and cut into pieces of size 2 by 2 cm2. The first group was exposed to 90 kVp X-rays, while the second group was exposed to the SUV-rays at noon. The analysis was performed using a visible Jaz spectrometer and an EPSON Perfection V370 Photo scanner to obtain the absorbance, the net reflective optical density (ROD) and the red-green-blue (RGB) values of the samples. The results have shown that spectroscopic measurements of the exposed expired EBT3 films with these radiation sources are able to produce primary peaks and secondary peaks at λ = 641.74 nm and λ = 585.98 nm for X-rays, and at λ = 637.93 nm and λ = 584.45 nm for SUV-rays, respectively. According to these findings, compared to 2021 films that expired shortly before the trial start date; 2018 films responded better to the absorbed dose than 2016 films when exposed to both X-ray and SUV-rays. In terms of energy dependence, the expired EBT3 2018 had the largest net ROD value. Using L*a*b* indices extracted from the RGB data, and despite that EBT3 films have expiry dates according to the manufacturer; all the films exhibited a substantial colour change, indicating that these films are still usable for clinical and research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Yahia Abu Mhanna
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (H.Y.A.M.); (A.F.O.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Ahmad Fairuz Omar
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (H.Y.A.M.); (A.F.O.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Yasmin Md Radzi
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia;
| | - Hanan Fawaz Akhdar
- Physics Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (H.Y.A.M.); (A.F.O.); (H.F.A.)
| | - Haytham Al Ewaidat
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences-Radiologic Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
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Optical Response of Expired EBT3 Film for Absorbed Dose Measurement in X-ray and Electron Beam Range. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the optical response of an expired External Beam Therapy (EBT3) film, which expired in 2018, using X-rays and electron beam doses. The film’s optical responses were evaluated for its usability in measuring different radiation sources, energy, and absorbed doses ranging up to 5 Gy. Pieces of the expired EBT3 film were irradiated with 90 kVp, 6 MV X-ray photons, and 6 MeV electron beam. The analysis was performed using the Jaz visible spectrometer and EPSON Perfection V370 Photo scanner to obtain the absorbance and the net relative optical density (ROD) of the film samples respectively. The results showed that spectroscopic measurements of the exposed expired EBT3 films under these radiation sources were able to produce primary secondary peaks at λ = 633.52 nm and λ = 582.3 nm respectively. The best wavelength subsets that presented the best MLR regression fitting for all experiments were 541.48 nm, 561.11 nm, and 600.28 nm. While, for the 6 MV photon and the 6 MeV electron beam they were 600.28 nm, 650.79 nm and 654.10 nm. In case of the irradiation with the 6 MV photon and the 6 MeV electron beam, expired EBT3 film showed no significant differences, which made it suitable for dosimetry in various sources of radiation. The individual calibration of radiation dose produces very high measurement accuracy with coefficient of determination, R2 above 0.99 and root mean square of error, RMSE of 0.038 Gy, 0.113 Gy, and 0.115 Gy for films irradiated with 90 kVp X-rays, 6 MV photon beam, and 6 MeV electron beam respectively. Hence, from the results, the expired EBT3 film used in this study showed promising usability of expired EBT3 films beyond their prescribed expiry dates.
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5
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Characterization of Gafchromic™ film response against radionuclide activity. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 178:109988. [PMID: 34688025 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we used Gafchromic™ film XR-QA2 and RT-QA2 to characterize the film energy response against various radionuclides. We introduce a neutron depletion theoretical model that can describe film response as a function of cumulated activity. The film response was investigated with respect to different backscatter media such as polystyrene, perspex, lead and corrugated fibreboard carton (CFC). The sensitivity of the two types of film to different energies was also studied. Lastly, a film stack method was tested to allow the user to obtain sequential, cumulative doses at different time points. METHODS Pieces of Gafchromic™ film XR-QA2 and RT-QA2 were exposed to Am-241, Cs-137, Tc-99m, and I-131 to obtain various cumulative activities. After 24 h, each film piece was digitized by scanning it with an Epson Perfection V330 flatbed scanner to obtain 48-bit RGB TIFF images. Afterwards, each image was processed with the Image J software package. The film response was fitted to a theoretically derived function based on the neutron depletion model and the Beer-Lambert Law and compared with an existing fitting function. Layers of the film were also placed together and irradiated with the above-mentioned radionuclides to investigate the possibility of increasing the sensitivity of the film as a dosimeter. The energy response of the two types of film was investigated by irradiating pieces of film with different photon energies. RESULTS The theoretical response model fits OD vs cumulative activity accurately. XR-QA2 film shows good energy film response by using CFC as a backscatter material when using radionuclides. From the results, it is also evident that XR-QA2 is more sensitive to low energy gamma rays than RT-QA2. Its OD sensitivity can be increased by 2 ± 0.2 when using a double layer film and by 2.8 ± 0.3 when using a triple-layer film. By using a film stack, the experimental time can be decreased by using the second-order polynomial relationship obtained to relate the stacked film data to the single film data. CONCLUSIONS The neutron depletion theoretical model is accurate and contains less free parameters than higher-order polynomial fits. The Gafchromic™ XR-QA2 film is also better to use in nuclear medicine because of its higher sensitivity. The sensitivity of the film as a dosimeter can also be increased by using multiple layers of film. Experiment times can also be decreased by using the film stack method.
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Mcnairn C, Mansour I, Muir B, Thomson RM, Murugkar S. High spatial resolution dosimetry with uncertainty analysis using Raman micro-spectroscopy readout of radiochromic films. Med Phys 2021; 48:4610-4620. [PMID: 34042192 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work is to develop a new approach for high spatial resolution dosimetry based on Raman micro-spectroscopy scanning of radiochromic film (RCF). The goal is to generate dose calibration curves over an extended dose range from 0 to 50 Gy and with improved sensitivity to low (<2 Gy) doses, in addition to evaluating the uncertainties in dose estimation associated with the calibration curves. METHODS Samples of RCF (EBT3) were irradiated at a broad dose range of 0.03-50 Gy using an Elekta Synergy clinical linear accelerator. Raman spectra were acquired with a custom-built Raman micro-spectroscopy setup involving a 500 mW, multimode 785 nm laser focused to a lateral spot diameter of 30 µm on the RCF. The depth of focus of 34 µm enabled the concurrent collection of Raman spectra from the RCF active layer and the polyester laminate. The preprocessed Raman spectra were normalized to the intensity of the 1614 cm-1 Raman peak from the polyester laminate that was unaltered by radiation. The mean intensities and the corresponding standard deviation of the active layer Raman peaks at 696, 1445, and 2060 cm-1 were determined for the 150 × 100 µm2 scan area per dose value. This was used to generate three calibration curves that enabled the conversion of the measured Raman intensity to dose values. The experimental, fitting, and total dose uncertainty was determined across the entire dose range for the dosimetry system of Raman micro-spectroscopy and RCF. RESULTS In contrast to previous work that investigated the Raman response of RCFs using different methods, high resolution in the dose response of the RCF, even down to 0.03 Gy, was obtained in this study. The dynamic range of the calibration curves based on all three Raman peaks in the RCF extended up to 50 Gy with no saturation. At a spatial resolution of 30 × 30 µm2 , the total uncertainty in estimating dose in the 0.5-50 Gy dose range was [6-9]% for all three Raman calibration curves. This consisted of the experimental uncertainty of [5-8]%, and the fitting uncertainty of [2.5-4.5]%. The main contribution to the experimental uncertainty was determined to be from the scan area inhomogeneity which can be readily reduced in future experiments. The fitting uncertainty could be reduced by performing Raman measurements on RCF samples at further intermediate dose values in the high and low dose range. CONCLUSIONS The high spatial resolution experimental dosimetry technique based on Raman micro-spectroscopy and RCF presented here, could become potentially useful for applications in microdosimetry to produce meaningful dose estimates in cellular targets, as well as for applications based on small field dosimetry that involve high dose gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Mcnairn
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Iymad Mansour
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Bryan Muir
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Rowan M Thomson
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Murugkar
- Department of Physics, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
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7
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Hall AV, Musa OM, Hood DK, Apperley DC, Yufit DS, Steed JW. Alkali Metal Salts of 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic Acid and Their Dosimetry Applications. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2021. [PMID: 34054354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Wide-dose-range 2D radiochromic films for radiotherapy, such as GAFchromic EBT, are based on the lithium salt of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (Li-PCDA) as the photosensitive component. We show that there are two solid forms of Li-PCDA-a monohydrated form A and an anhydrous form B. The form used in commercial GAFchromic films is form A due to its short needle-shaped crystals, which provide favorable coating properties. Form B provides an enhanced photoresponse compared to that of form A, but adopts a long needle crystal morphology, which is difficult to process. The two forms were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, CP-MAS 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. In sum, these data suggest a chelating bridging bidentate coordination mode for the lithium ions. The sodium salt of PCDA (Na-PCDA) is also reported, which is an ionic cocrystal with a formula of Na+PCDA-·3PCDA. The PCDA and PCDA- ligands display monodentate and bridging bidentate coordination to the sodium ion in contrast to the coordination sphere of the Li-PCDA forms. In contrast to its lithium analogues, Na-PCDA is photostable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy V Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Osama M Musa
- Ashland LLC, 1005 Route 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - David K Hood
- Ashland LLC, 1005 Route 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - David C Apperley
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Dmitry S Yufit
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Jonathan W Steed
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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8
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Hall AV, Musa OM, Hood DK, Apperley DC, Yufit DS, Steed JW. Alkali Metal Salts of 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic Acid and Their Dosimetry Applications. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2021; 21:2416-2422. [PMID: 34054354 PMCID: PMC8154271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wide-dose-range 2D radiochromic films for radiotherapy, such as GAFchromic EBT, are based on the lithium salt of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (Li-PCDA) as the photosensitive component. We show that there are two solid forms of Li-PCDA-a monohydrated form A and an anhydrous form B. The form used in commercial GAFchromic films is form A due to its short needle-shaped crystals, which provide favorable coating properties. Form B provides an enhanced photoresponse compared to that of form A, but adopts a long needle crystal morphology, which is difficult to process. The two forms were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, CP-MAS 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. In sum, these data suggest a chelating bridging bidentate coordination mode for the lithium ions. The sodium salt of PCDA (Na-PCDA) is also reported, which is an ionic cocrystal with a formula of Na+PCDA-·3PCDA. The PCDA and PCDA- ligands display monodentate and bridging bidentate coordination to the sodium ion in contrast to the coordination sphere of the Li-PCDA forms. In contrast to its lithium analogues, Na-PCDA is photostable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy V. Hall
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Osama M. Musa
- Ashland
LLC, 1005 Route 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - David K. Hood
- Ashland
LLC, 1005 Route 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - David C. Apperley
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Dmitry S. Yufit
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Jonathan W. Steed
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
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Tiwari A, Sunderland J, Graves SA, Strand S, Flynn R. Absorbed dose distributions from beta-decaying radionuclides: Experimental validation of Monte Carlo tools for radiopharmaceutical dosimetry. Med Phys 2020; 47:5779-5790. [PMID: 32955755 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to experimentally validate the Monte Carlo generated absorbed doses from the beta particles emitted by 90 Y and 177 Lu using radiochromic EBT3 film-based dosimetry. METHODS Line sources of 90 Y and 177 Lu were inserted longitudinally through blocks of low-density polyethylene and tissue-equivalent slabs of cortical bone and lung equivalent plastics. Radiochromic film (Gafchromic EBT3) was laser cut to accommodate orthogonal line sources of radioactivity, and the film was sandwiched intimately between the rectangular blocks to achieve charged particle equilibrium. Line sources consisted of plastic capillary tube of length (13 ± 0.1) cm, with 0.42-mm inner diameter and a wall thickness of 0.21 mm. 90 Y line sources were prepared from a solution of dissolved 90 Y resin microspheres. 177 Lu line sources were prepared from an aliquot of 177 Lu-DOTATATE. Film exposures were conducted for durations ranging from 10 min to 38 h. Radiochromic film calibration was performed by irradiation with 6-MV-bremsstrahlung x rays from a calibrated linear accelerator, in accordance with literature recommendations. Experimental geometries were precisely simulated within the GATE Monte Carlo toolkit, which has previously been used for the generation of dose point kernels. RESULTS The mean percentage difference between measured and simulated absorbed doses were 5.04% and 7.21% for 90 Y and 177 Lu beta absorbed dose in the range of (0.1-10) Gy. Additionally, 1D gamma analysis using a local 10%/1 mm gamma criterion was performed to compare the absorbed dose distributions. The percentage of measurement points passing the gamma criterion, averaged over all tests, was 93.5%. CONCLUSIONS We report the experimental validation of Monte Carlo derived beta absorbed dose distributions for 90 Y and 177 Lu, solidifying the validity of using Monte Carlo-based methods for estimating absorbed dose from beta emitters. Overall, excellent agreement was observed between the experimental beta absorbed doses in the linear region of the radiochromic film and the GATE Monte Carlo simulations demonstrating that radiochromic film dosimetry has sufficient sensitivity and spatial resolution to be used as a tool for measuring beta decay absorbed dose distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Tiwari
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242-1077, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Iowa, 203 Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1479, USA
| | - John Sunderland
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242-1077, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Iowa, 203 Van Allen Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242-1479, USA
| | - Stephen A Graves
- Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242-1077, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242-1089, USA
| | - Sarah Strand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242-1089, USA
| | - Ryan Flynn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA, 52242-1089, USA
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Darafsheh A, Hao Y, Maraghechi B, Cammin J, Reynoso FJ, Khan R. Influence of 0.35 T magnetic field on the response of EBT3 and EBT-XD radiochromic films. Med Phys 2020; 47:4543-4552. [PMID: 32502280 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the inconsistency of recent literature on the effect of magnetic field on the response of radiochromic films, we studied the influence of 0.35 T magnetic field on dosimetric response of EBT3 and EBT-XD GafchromicTM films. METHODS Two different models of radiochromic films, EBT3 and EBT-XD, were investigated. Pieces of films samples from two different batches for each model were irradiated at different dose levels ranging from 1 to 20 Gy using 6 MV flattening filter free (FFF) x-rays generated by a clinical MR-guided radiotherapy system (B = 0.35 T). Film samples from the same batch were irradiated at corresponding dose levels using 6 MV FFF beam from a conventional linac (B = 0) for comparison. The net optical density was measured 48 h postirradiation using a flatbed scanner. The absorbance spectra were also measured over 500-700 nm wavelength range using a fiber-coupled spectrometer with 2.5 nm resolution. To study the effect of fractionated dose delivery to EBT3 (/EBT-XD) films, 8 (/16) Gy dose was delivered in four 2 (/4) Gy fractions with 24 h interval between fractions. RESULTS No significant difference was found in the net optical density and net absorbance of the films irradiated with or without the presence of magnetic field. No dependency on the orientation of the film during irradiation with respect to the magnetic field was observed. The fractionated dose delivery resulted in the same optical density as delivering the whole dose in a single fraction. CONCLUSIONS The 0.35 T magnetic field employed in the ViewRay® MR-guided radiotherapy system did not show any significant influence on the response of EBT3 and EBT-XD GafchromicTM films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Darafsheh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Yao Hao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Borna Maraghechi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jochen Cammin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Francisco J Reynoso
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rao Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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León‐Marroquín EY, Mulrow D, Darafsheh A, Khan R. Response characterization of EBT‐XD radiochromic films in megavoltage photon and electron beams. Med Phys 2019; 46:4246-4256. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Yazmin León‐Marroquín
- Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Daniel Mulrow
- Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
- Department of Chemistry Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Arash Darafsheh
- Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Rao Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
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Darafsheh A, León-Marroquín EY, Mulrow DJ, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M, Zhao T, Khan R. On the spectral characterization of radiochromic films irradiated with clinical proton beams. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 64:135016. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab23cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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A novel method for EBT3 Gafchromic films read-out at high dose levels. Phys Med 2019; 61:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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14
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Alsaee SK, Omar AF, Ahmed NM, Alsadig A, Sulieman A, Alzimami K. EBT3 Films in Low Solar Ultraviolet and X-Ray Dose Measurement: A Comparative Analysis. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819855532. [PMID: 31236089 PMCID: PMC6572892 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819855532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the potentiality of Gafchromic external beam therapy 3 (EBT3) film to measure low dosage of solar ultraviolet (SUV; 0-10 600 mJ/cm2) and x-ray (0-750 mGy) radiation. In this experiment, 2 groups of EBT3 films were prepared with size 2 cm × 1 cm. The first group of films was exposed by incremental SUV dose in the middle of the day. The other group was irradiated by x-ray at 100 kVp, 100 mA, and 2 S of tube voltage, tube current, and exposure time, respectively. The measured SUV consists of 90% ultraviolet A (UVA) and 10% ultraviolet B. The film discoloration was represented by visible absorbance spectroscopy technique using Jaz spectrometer from Ocean Optics Inc. Simple linear regression produced high accuracy with coefficients of determination, r 2 of 0.9804 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 434.88 mJ/cm2 for the measurement of SUV dose. On the other hand, r 2 of 0.98 and RMSE of 31 mGy was produced for the measurement of x-ray dose. The application of multiple linear regression enhanced the measurement accuracy with R 2 of 99% and 99.7% and RMSE of 327.06 mJ/cm2 and 15.045 mGy for SUV and x-ray dose, respectively. The spectral analysis shows a promising measurement at selected wavelengths for SUV and x-ray dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh K. Alsaee
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Naser M. Ahmed
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Alsadig
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - A. Sulieman
- Radiology and Medical Imaging Department, Collage of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alzimami
- Department of Radiological sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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León‐Marroquín EY, Mulrow DJ, Khan R, Darafsheh A. Spectral analysis of the EBT3 radiochromic films for clinical photon and electron beams. Med Phys 2019; 46:973-982. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.13330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Y. León‐Marroquín
- Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Daniel J. Mulrow
- Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
- Department of Chemistry Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Rao Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
| | - Arash Darafsheh
- Department of Radiation Oncology Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO 63110 USA
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16
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Hammer CG, Rosen BS, Fagerstrom JM, Culberson WS, DeWerd LA. Experimental investigation of GafChromic®
EBT3 intrinsic energy dependence with kilovoltage x rays, 137
Cs, and 60
Co. Med Phys 2017; 45:448-459. [DOI: 10.1002/mp.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cliff G. Hammer
- Department of Medical Physics; School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53705 USA
| | - Benjamin Saul Rosen
- Department of Radiation Oncology; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | | | - Wesley S. Culberson
- Department of Medical Physics; School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53705 USA
| | - Larry A. DeWerd
- Department of Medical Physics; School of Medicine and Public Health; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53705 USA
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