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Lilly Thankamony AS, Wittmann JJ, Kaushik M, Corzilius B. Dynamic nuclear polarization for sensitivity enhancement in modern solid-state NMR. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 102-103:120-195. [PMID: 29157490 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The field of dynamic nuclear polarization has undergone tremendous developments and diversification since its inception more than 6 decades ago. In this review we provide an in-depth overview of the relevant topics involved in DNP-enhanced MAS NMR spectroscopy. This includes the theoretical description of DNP mechanisms as well as of the polarization transfer pathways that can lead to a uniform or selective spreading of polarization between nuclear spins. Furthermore, we cover historical and state-of-the art aspects of dedicated instrumentation, polarizing agents, and optimization techniques for efficient MAS DNP. Finally, we present an extensive overview on applications in the fields of structural biology and materials science, which underlines that MAS DNP has moved far beyond the proof-of-concept stage and has become an important tool for research in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aany Sofia Lilly Thankamony
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes J Wittmann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Monu Kaushik
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Björn Corzilius
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Perez Linde AJ, Chinthalapalli S, Carnevale D, Bodenhausen G. Rotation-induced recovery and bleaching in magnetic resonance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6415-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05735j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sharp decrease of the longitudinal proton spin relaxation time T1(1H) is observed at 100 K when frozen mixtures of glycerol and H2O doped with lanthanides are made to rotate slowly about the magic angle, in a manner that is reminiscent of spin refrigerators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel J. Perez Linde
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Srinivas Chinthalapalli
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Diego Carnevale
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey Bodenhausen
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC)
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
- 1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
- Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University
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Corzilius B, Michaelis VK, Penzel SA, Ravera E, Smith AA, Luchinat C, Griffin RG. Dynamic nuclear polarization of (1)H, (13)C, and (59)Co in a tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) crystalline lattice doped with Cr(III). J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11716-27. [PMID: 25069794 PMCID: PMC4140501 DOI: 10.1021/ja5044374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The study of inorganic crystalline materials by solid-state NMR spectroscopy is often complicated by the low sensitivity of heavy nuclei. However, these materials often contain or can be prepared with paramagnetic dopants without significantly affecting the structure of the crystalline host. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is generally capable of enhancing NMR signals by transferring the magnetization of unpaired electrons to the nuclei. Therefore, the NMR sensitivity in these paramagnetically doped crystals might be increased by DNP. In this paper we demonstrate the possibility of efficient DNP transfer in polycrystalline samples of [Co(en)3Cl3]2·NaCl·6H2O (en = ethylenediamine, C2H8N2) doped with Cr(III) in varying concentrations between 0.1 and 3 mol %. We demonstrate that (1)H, (13)C, and (59)Co can be polarized by irradiation of Cr(III) with 140 GHz microwaves at a magnetic field of 5 T. We further explain our findings on the basis of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of the Cr(III) site and analysis of its temperature-dependent zero-field splitting, as well as the dependence of the DNP enhancement factor on the external magnetic field and microwave power. This first demonstration of DNP transfer from one paramagnetic metal ion to its diamagnetic host metal ion will pave the way for future applications of DNP in paramagnetically doped materials or metalloproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corzilius
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Takahashi H, Fernández-de-Alba C, Lee D, Maurel V, Gambarelli S, Bardet M, Hediger S, Barra AL, De Paëpe G. Optimization of an absolute sensitivity in a glassy matrix during DNP-enhanced multidimensional solid-state NMR experiments. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2014; 239:91-99. [PMID: 24480716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to instrumental and theoretical development, notably the access to high-power and high-frequency microwave sources, high-field dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) on solid-state NMR currently appears as a promising solution to enhance nuclear magnetization in many different types of systems. In magic-angle-spinning DNP experiments, systems of interest are usually dissolved or suspended in glass-forming matrices doped with polarizing agents and measured at low temperature (down to ∼100K). In this work, we discuss the influence of sample conditions (radical concentration, sample temperature, etc.) on DNP enhancements and various nuclear relaxation times which affect the absolute sensitivity of DNP spectra, especially in multidimensional experiments. Furthermore, DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR experiments performed at 9.4 T are complemented by high-field CW EPR measurements performed at the same magnetic field. Microwave absorption by the DNP glassy matrix is observed even below the glass transition temperature caused by softening of the glass. Shortening of electron relaxation times due to glass softening and its impact in terms of DNP sensitivity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takahashi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Carlos Fernández-de-Alba
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Lee
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Maurel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Gambarelli
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Michel Bardet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Sabine Hediger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Laure Barra
- Laboratoire National des Champs Magnétiques Intenses, CNRS, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Gaël De Paëpe
- Laboratoire de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR-E3 (CEA/UJF) and CNRS, Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie, CEA, 38054 Grenoble, France.
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Zagdoun A, Casano G, Ouari O, Schwarzwälder M, Rossini AJ, Aussenac F, Yulikov M, Jeschke G, Copéret C, Lesage A, Tordo P, Emsley L. Large molecular weight nitroxide biradicals providing efficient dynamic nuclear polarization at temperatures up to 200 K. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12790-7. [PMID: 23961876 DOI: 10.1021/ja405813t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of seven functionalized nitroxide biradicals (the bTbK biradical and six derivatives) are investigated as exogenous polarization sources for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR at 9.4 T and with ca. 100 K sample temperatures. The impact of electron relaxation times on the DNP enhancement (ε) is examined, and we observe that longer inversion recovery and phase memory relaxation times provide larger ε. All radicals are tested in both bulk 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane solutions and in mesoporous materials, and the difference in ε between the two cases is discussed. The impact of the sample temperature and magic angle spinning frequency on ε is investigated for several radicals each characterized by a range of electron relaxation times. In particular, TEKPol, a bulky derivative of bTbK with a molecular weight of 905 g·mol(-1), is presented. Its high-saturation factor makes it a very efficient polarizing agent for DNP, yielding unprecedented proton enhancements of over 200 in both bulk and materials samples at 9.4 T and 100 K. TEKPol also yields encouraging enhancements of 33 at 180 K and 12 at 200 K, suggesting that with the continued improvement of radicals large ε may be obtained at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Zagdoun
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Sauvée C, Rosay M, Casano G, Aussenac F, Weber RT, Ouari O, Tordo P. Highly efficient, water-soluble polarizing agents for dynamic nuclear polarization at high frequency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10858-61. [PMID: 23956072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Sauvée
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille cedex 20 (France) http://sites.univ-provence.fr/srep/
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Highly Efficient, Water-Soluble Polarizing Agents for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization at High Frequency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Corzilius B, Smith AA, Griffin RG. Solid effect in magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:054201. [PMID: 22894339 DOI: 10.1063/1.4738761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For over five decades, the solid effect (SE) has been heavily utilized as a mechanism for performing dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Nevertheless, it has not found widespread application in contemporary, high magnetic field DNP experiments because SE enhancements display an ω(0)(-2) field dependence. In particular, for nominally forbidden zero and double quantum SE transitions to be partially allowed, it is necessary for mixing of adjacent nuclear spin states to occur, and this leads to the observed field dependence. However, recently we have improved our instrumentation and report here an enhancement of ε = 91 obtained with the organic radical trityl (OX063) in magic angle spinning experiments performed at 5 T and 80 K. This is a factor of 6-7 higher than previous values in the literature under similar conditions. Because the solid effect depends strongly on the microwave field strength, we attribute this large enhancement to larger microwave field strengths inside the sample volume, achieved with more efficient coupling of the gyrotron to the sample chamber. In addition, we develop a theoretical model to explain the dependence of the buildup rate of enhanced nuclear polarization and the steady-state enhancement on the microwave power. Buildup times and enhancements were measured as a function of (1)H concentration for both trityl and Gd-DOTA. Comparison of the results indicates that for trityl the initial polarization step is the slower, rate-determining step. However, for Gd-DOTA the spread of nuclear polarization via homonuclear (1)H spin diffusion is rate-limiting. Finally, we discuss the applicability of the solid effect at fields > 5 T and the requirements to address the unfavorable field dependence of the solid effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Corzilius
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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