1
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Venkatesh A, Casano G, Wei R, Rao Y, Lingua H, Karoui H, Yulikov M, Ouari O, Emsley L. Rational Design of Dinitroxide Polarizing Agents for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to Enhance Overall NMR Sensitivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317337. [PMID: 38193258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We evaluate the overall sensitivity gains provided by a series of eighteen nitroxide biradicals for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR at 9.4 T and 100 K, including eight new biradicals. We find that in the best performing group the factors contributing to the overall sensitivity gains, namely the DNP enhancement, the build-up time, and the contribution factor, often compete with each other leading to very similar overall sensitivity across a range of biradicals. NaphPol and HydroPol are found to provide the best overall sensitivity factors, in organic and aqueous solvents respectively. One of the new biradicals, AMUPolCbm, provides high sensitivity for all three solvent formulations measured here, and can be considered to be a "universal" polarizing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Venkatesh
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Current address: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Ran Wei
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Rao
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Lingua
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire UMR 7273, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Zhao Y, El Mkami H, Hunter RI, Casano G, Ouari O, Smith GM. Large cross-effect dynamic nuclear polarisation enhancements with kilowatt inverting chirped pulses at 94 GHz. Commun Chem 2023; 6:171. [PMID: 37607991 PMCID: PMC10444895 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00963-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarisation (DNP) is a process that transfers electron spin polarisation to nuclei by applying resonant microwave radiation, and has been widely used to improve the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Here we demonstrate new levels of performance for static cross-effect proton DNP using high peak power chirped inversion pulses at 94 GHz to create a strong polarisation gradient across the inhomogeneously broadened line of the mono-radical 4-amino TEMPO. Enhancements of up to 340 are achieved at an average power of a few hundred mW, with fast build-up times (3 s). Experiments are performed using a home-built wideband kW pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer operating at 94 GHz, integrated with an NMR detection system. Simultaneous DNP and EPR characterisation of other mono-radicals and biradicals, as a function of temperature, leads to additional insights into limiting relaxation mechanisms and give further motivation for the development of wideband pulsed amplifiers for DNP at higher frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhao
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland
| | - Hassane El Mkami
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland
| | - Robert I Hunter
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13013, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, UMR 7273, F-13013, Marseille, France
| | - Graham M Smith
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, KY16 9SS, Fife, Scotland.
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3
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De Biasi F, Hope MA, Avalos CE, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Mishra A, Badoni S, Stevanato G, Kubicki DJ, Milani J, Ansermet JP, Rossini AJ, Lelli M, Ouari O, Emsley L. Optically Enhanced Solid-State 1H NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37366803 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Low sensitivity is the primary limitation to extending nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to more advanced chemical and structural studies. Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) is an NMR hyperpolarization technique where light is used to excite a suitable donor-acceptor system, creating a spin-correlated radical pair whose evolution drives nuclear hyperpolarization. Systems that exhibit photo-CIDNP in solids are not common, and this effect has, up to now, only been observed for 13C and 15N nuclei. However, the low gyromagnetic ratio and natural abundance of these nuclei trap the local hyperpolarization in the vicinity of the chromophore and limit the utility for bulk hyperpolarization. Here, we report the first example of optically enhanced solid-state 1H NMR spectroscopy in the high-field regime. This is achieved via photo-CIDNP of a donor-chromophore-acceptor molecule in a frozen solution at 0.3 T and 85 K, where spontaneous spin diffusion among the abundant strongly coupled 1H nuclei relays polarization through the whole sample, yielding a 16-fold bulk 1H signal enhancement under continuous laser irradiation at 450 nm. These findings enable a new strategy for hyperpolarized NMR beyond the current limits of conventional microwave-driven DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico De Biasi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Hope
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Claudia E Avalos
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ganesan Karthikeyan
- Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Aditya Mishra
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saumya Badoni
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Milani
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Ansermet
- Institut de Physique, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- U.S. Department of Energy, Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche delle Metalloproteine Paramagnetiche (CIRMMP), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Institute of Radical Chemistry, Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingenierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Menzildjian G, Schlagnitweit J, Casano G, Ouari O, Gajan D, Lesage A. Polarizing agents for efficient high field DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy under magic-angle spinning: from design principles to formulation strategies. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6120-6148. [PMID: 37325158 PMCID: PMC10266460 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a cornerstone approach to enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy under Magic Angle Spinning (MAS), opening unprecedented analytical opportunities in chemistry and biology. DNP relies on a polarization transfer from unpaired electrons (present in endogenous or exogenous polarizing agents) to nearby nuclei. Developing and designing new polarizing sources for DNP solid-state NMR spectroscopy is currently an extremely active research field per se, that has recently led to significant breakthroughs and key achievements, in particular at high magnetic fields. This review describes recent developments in this area, highlighting key design principles that have been established over time and led to the introduction of increasingly more efficient polarizing sources. After a short introduction, Section 2 presents a brief history of solid-state DNP, highlighting the main polarization transfer schemes. The third section is devoted to the development of dinitroxide radicals, discussing the guidelines that were progressively established to design the fine-tuned molecular structures in use today. In Section 4, we describe recent efforts in developing hybrid radicals composed of a narrow EPR line radical covalently linked to a nitroxide, highlighting the parameters that modulate the DNP efficiency of these mixed structures. Section 5 reviews recent advances in the design of metal complexes suitable for DNP MAS NMR as exogenous electron sources. In parallel, current strategies that exploit metal ions as endogenous polarization sources are discussed. Section 6 briefly describes the recent introduction of mixed-valence radicals. In the last part, experimental aspects regarding sample formulation are reviewed to make best use of these polarizing agents in a broad panel of application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Judith Schlagnitweit
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273 Marseille France
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à, Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 5 Rue de la doua 69100 Villeurbanne France
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5
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Venkatesh A, Casano G, Rao Y, De Biasi F, Perras FA, Kubicki DJ, Siri D, Abel S, Karoui H, Yulikov M, Ouari O, Emsley L. Deuterated TEKPol Biradicals and the Spin-Diffusion Barrier in MAS DNP. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202304844. [PMID: 37222433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy is considerably enhanced by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). In DNP polarization is transferred from unpaired electrons of a polarizing agent to nearby proton spins. In solids, this transfer is followed by the transport of hyperpolarization to the bulk via 1H-1H spin diffusion. The efficiency of these steps is critical to obtain high sensitivity gains, but the pathways for polarization transfer in the region near the unpaired electron spins are unclear. Here we report a series of seven deuterated and one fluorinated TEKPol biradicals to probe the effect of deprotonation on MAS DNP at 9.4 T. The experimental results are interpreted with numerical simulations, and our findings support that strong hyperfine couplings to nearby protons determine high transfer rates across the spin diffusion barrier to achieve short build-up times and high enhancements. Specifically, 1H DNP build-up times increase substantially with TEKPol isotopologues that have fewer hydrogen atoms in the phenyl rings, suggesting that these protons play a crucial role transferring the polarization to the bulk. Based on this new understanding, we have designed a new biradical, NaphPol, which yields significantly increased NMR sensitivity, making it the best performing DNP polarizing agent in organic solvents to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Venkatesh
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, ISIC, SWITZERLAND
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Universite de Provence: Aix-Marseille Universite, ICR, FRANCE
| | - Yu Rao
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, ISIC, SWITZERLAND
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Maxim Yulikov
- ETH Zurich: Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Zurich, Chemistry, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Lyndon Emsley
- EPFL: Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Avenue Forel, 1015, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
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6
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Menzildjian G, Lund A, Yulikov M, Gajan D, Niccoli L, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Jeschke G, Ouari O, Lelli M, Lesage A. Efficient Dynamic Nuclear Polarization up to 230 K with Hybrid BDPA-Nitroxide Radicals at a High Magnetic Field. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13329-13338. [PMID: 34818009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pairing the spectral resolution provided by high magnetic fields at ambient temperature with the enhanced sensitivity offered by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a major goal of modern solid-state NMR spectroscopy, which will allow one to unlock ever-challenging applications. This study demonstrates that, by combining HyTEK2, a hybrid BDPA-nitroxide biradical polarizing agent, with ortho-terphenyl (OTP), a rigid DNP matrix, enhancement factors as high as 65 can be obtained at 230 K, 40 kHz magic angle spinning (MAS), and 18.8 T. The temperature dependence of the DNP enhancement and its behavior around the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the matrix is investigated by variable-temperature EPR measurements of the electron relaxation properties and numerical simulations. A correlation is suggested between the decrease in enhancement at the passage of the Tg and the concomitant drop of both transverse electron relaxation times in the biradical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alicia Lund
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lorenzo Niccoli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ganesan Karthikeyan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCBL), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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7
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Jaudzems K, Kirsteina A, Schubeis T, Casano G, Ouari O, Bogans J, Kazaks A, Tars K, Lesage A, Pintacuda G. Struktur eines an virusähnliche Partikel gekoppelten Antigens: Analyse einer Impfstoff‐Formulierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis Aizkraukles 21 Riga LV-1006 Lettland
| | - Anna Kirsteina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre Ratsupites 1 k1 Riga LV-1067 Lettland
| | - Tobias Schubeis
- Very High Field NMR Center of Lyon – UMR 5082 CNRS ENS Lyon UCB Lyon 1) University of Lyon F-69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Gilles Casano
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire Universität Aix-Marseille F-13013 Marseille Frankreich
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire Universität Aix-Marseille F-13013 Marseille Frankreich
| | - Janis Bogans
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre Ratsupites 1 k1 Riga LV-1067 Lettland
| | - Andris Kazaks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre Ratsupites 1 k1 Riga LV-1067 Lettland
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre Ratsupites 1 k1 Riga LV-1067 Lettland
| | - Anne Lesage
- Very High Field NMR Center of Lyon – UMR 5082 CNRS ENS Lyon UCB Lyon 1) University of Lyon F-69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Very High Field NMR Center of Lyon – UMR 5082 CNRS ENS Lyon UCB Lyon 1) University of Lyon F-69100 Villeurbanne Frankreich
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8
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Jaudzems K, Kirsteina A, Schubeis T, Casano G, Ouari O, Bogans J, Kazaks A, Tars K, Lesage A, Pintacuda G. Structural Analysis of an Antigen Chemically Coupled on Virus-Like Particles in Vaccine Formulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12847-12851. [PMID: 33750007 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Structure determination of adjuvant-coupled antigens is essential for rational vaccine development but has so far been hampered by the relatively low antigen content in vaccine formulations and by their heterogeneous composition. Here we show that magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR can be used to assess the structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk long alpha helix antigen, both in its free, unformulated form and once chemically coupled to the surface of large virus-like particles (VLPs). The sensitivity boost provided by high-field dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and proton detection at fast MAS rates allows to overcome the penalty associated with the antigen dilution. Comparison of the MAS NMR fingerprints between the free and VLP-coupled forms of the antigen provides structural evidence of the conservation of its native fold upon bioconjugation. This work demonstrates that high-sensitivity MAS NMR is ripe to play a major role in vaccine design, formulation studies, and manufacturing process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristaps Jaudzems
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga, LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Anna Kirsteina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1 k1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Tobias Schubeis
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon-UMR 5082 (CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, AixMarseille Université, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, AixMarseille Université, 13013, Marseille, France
| | - Janis Bogans
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1 k1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Andris Kazaks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1 k1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Tars
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1 k1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon-UMR 5082 (CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs de Lyon-UMR 5082 (CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1), Université de Lyon, 69100, Villeurbanne, France
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9
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Berruyer P, Björgvinsdóttir S, Bertarello A, Stevanato G, Rao Y, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Ouari O, Lelli M, Reiter C, Engelke F, Emsley L. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhancement of 200 at 21.15 T Enabled by 65 kHz Magic Angle Spinning. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8386-8391. [PMID: 32960059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance under magic angle spinning (MAS) enhanced with dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a powerful approach to characterize many important classes of materials, allowing access to previously inaccessible structural and dynamic parameters. Here, we present the first DNP MAS experiments using a 0.7 mm MAS probe, which allows us to reach spinning frequencies of 65 kHz, with microwave irradiation, at 100 K. At the highest magnetic field available for DNP today (21.1 T), we find that the polarizing agent HyTEK2 provides DNP enhancements as high as 200 at a spinning rate of 65 kHz at 100 K, and BDPA yields an enhancement of 106 under the same conditions. Fast spinning rates enable excellent DNP performance, but they also yield unprecedented 1H resolution under DNP conditions. We report well-resolved 1H-detected 1H-13C and 1H-15N correlation spectra of microcrystalline histidine·HCl·H2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierrick Berruyer
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Snædís Björgvinsdóttir
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bertarello
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Rao
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | | | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Stevanato G, Casano G, Kubicki DJ, Rao Y, Esteban Hofer L, Menzildjian G, Karoui H, Siri D, Cordova M, Yulikov M, Jeschke G, Lelli M, Lesage A, Ouari O, Emsley L. Open and Closed Radicals: Local Geometry around Unpaired Electrons Governs Magic-Angle Spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:16587-16599. [PMID: 32806886 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of magic-angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization (MAS DNP) has allowed atomic-level characterization of materials for which conventional solid-state NMR is impractical due to the lack of sensitivity. The rapid progress of MAS DNP has been largely enabled through the understanding of rational design concepts for more efficient polarizing agents (PAs). Here, we identify a new design principle which has so far been overlooked. We find that the local geometry around the unpaired electron can change the DNP enhancement by an order of magnitude for two otherwise identical conformers. We present a set of 13 new stable mono- and dinitroxide PAs for MAS DNP NMR where this principle is demonstrated. The radicals are divided into two groups of isomers, named open (O-) and closed (C-), based on the ring conformations in the vicinity of the N-O bond. In all cases, the open conformers exhibit dramatically improved DNP performance as compared to the closed counterparts. In particular, a new urea-based biradical named HydrOPol and a mononitroxide O-MbPyTol yield enhancements of 330 ± 60 and 119 ± 25, respectively, at 9.4 T and 100 K, which are the highest enhancements reported so far in the aqueous solvents used here. We find that while the conformational changes do not significantly affect electron spin-spin distances, they do affect the distribution of the exchange couplings in these biradicals. Electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiments suggest that the improved performance of the open conformers is correlated with higher solvent accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Dominik J Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yu Rao
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Esteban Hofer
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Manuel Cordova
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM/CIRMMP), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB-Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Avalos CE, Richert S, Socie E, Karthikeyan G, Casano G, Stevanato G, Kubicki DJ, Moser JE, Timmel CR, Lelli M, Rossini AJ, Ouari O, Emsley L. Enhanced Intersystem Crossing and Transient Electron Spin Polarization in a Photoexcited Pentacene–Trityl Radical. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6068-6075. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E. Avalos
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Richert
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Etienne Socie
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik J. Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacques E. Moser
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance (CAESR), University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3QR Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Lund A, Casano G, Menzildjian G, Kaushik M, Stevanato G, Yulikov M, Jabbour R, Wisser D, Renom-Carrasco M, Thieuleux C, Bernada F, Karoui H, Siri D, Rosay M, Sergeyev IV, Gajan D, Lelli M, Emsley L, Ouari O, Lesage A. TinyPols: a family of water-soluble binitroxides tailored for dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced NMR spectroscopy at 18.8 and 21.1 T. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2810-2818. [PMID: 34084341 PMCID: PMC8157490 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05384k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) has recently emerged as a key method to increase the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy under Magic Angle Spinning (MAS). While efficient binitroxide polarizing agents such as AMUPol have been developed for MAS DNP NMR at magnetic fields up to 9.4 T, their performance drops rapidly at higher fields due to the unfavorable field dependence of the cross-effect (CE) mechanism and AMUPol-like radicals were so far disregarded in the context of the development of polarizing agents for very high-field DNP. Here, we introduce a new family of water-soluble binitroxides, dubbed TinyPols, which have a three-bond non-conjugated flexible amine linker allowing sizable couplings between the two unpaired electrons. We show that this adjustment of the linker is crucial and leads to unexpectedly high DNP enhancement factors at 18.8 T and 21.1 T: an improvement of about a factor 2 compared to AMUPol is reported for spinning frequencies ranging from 5 to 40 kHz, with ε H of up to 90 at 18.8 T and 38 at 21.1 T for the best radical in this series, which are the highest MAS DNP enhancements measured so far in aqueous solutions at these magnetic fields. This work not only breathes a new momentum into the design of binitroxides tailored towards high magnetic fields, but also is expected to push the application frontiers of high-resolution DNP MAS NMR, as demonstrated here on a hybrid mesostructured silica material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Lund
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | | | - Georges Menzildjian
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Monu Kaushik
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ribal Jabbour
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Dorothea Wisser
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Marc Renom-Carrasco
- Institute of Chemistry of Lyon, Laboratory C2P2 UMR 5265-CNRS-University Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, University of Lyon 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Institute of Chemistry of Lyon, Laboratory C2P2 UMR 5265-CNRS-University Lyon 1-CPE Lyon, University of Lyon 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918 69616 Villeurbanne France
| | | | | | - Didier Siri
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR Marseille France
| | - Melanie Rosay
- Bruker Biospin Corporation 15 Fortune Drive Billerica Massachusetts 01821 USA
| | - Ivan V Sergeyev
- Bruker Biospin Corporation 15 Fortune Drive Billerica Massachusetts 01821 USA
| | - David Gajan
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Center of Magnetic Resonance (CERM), University of Florence Via Luigi Sacconi 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Italy
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à; Très Hauts Champs, Université; de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) 69100 Villeurbanne France
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13
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Wisser D, Karthikeyan G, Lund A, Casano G, Karoui H, Yulikov M, Menzildjian G, Pinon AC, Purea A, Engelke F, Chaudhari SR, Kubicki D, Rossini AJ, Moroz IB, Gajan D, Copéret C, Jeschke G, Lelli M, Emsley L, Lesage A, Ouari O. BDPA-Nitroxide Biradicals Tailored for Efficient Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Enhanced Solid-State NMR at Magnetic Fields up to 21.1 T. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13340-13349. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Wisser
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Alicia Lund
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- AixMarseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- AixMarseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Georges Menzildjian
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Arthur C. Pinon
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sachin R. Chaudhari
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dominik Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ilia B. Moroz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Gajan
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via L. Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne Lesage
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- AixMarseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13013 Marseille, France
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14
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Karthikeyan G, Bonucci A, Casano G, Gerbaud G, Abel S, Thomé V, Kodjabachian L, Magalon A, Guigliarelli B, Belle V, Ouari O, Mileo E. A Bioresistant Nitroxide Spin Label for In-Cell EPR Spectroscopy: In Vitro and In Oocytes Protein Structural Dynamics Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1366-1370. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Karthikeyan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille France
| | - Alessio Bonucci
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille France
| | - Guillaume Gerbaud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
| | - Sébastien Abel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille France
| | - Virginie Thomé
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM; Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM; Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Axel Magalon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne; Marseille France
| | - Bruno Guigliarelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
| | - Valérie Belle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille France
| | - Elisabetta Mileo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
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15
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Karthikeyan G, Bonucci A, Casano G, Gerbaud G, Abel S, Thomé V, Kodjabachian L, Magalon A, Guigliarelli B, Belle V, Ouari O, Mileo E. A Bioresistant Nitroxide Spin Label for In-Cell EPR Spectroscopy: In Vitro and In Oocytes Protein Structural Dynamics Studies. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Karthikeyan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille France
| | - Alessio Bonucci
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille France
| | - Guillaume Gerbaud
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
| | - Sébastien Abel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille France
| | - Virginie Thomé
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM; Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM; Institut de Biologie du Développement de Marseille; Marseille France
| | - Axel Magalon
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCB; Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne; Marseille France
| | - Bruno Guigliarelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
| | - Valérie Belle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR; Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille France
| | - Elisabetta Mileo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, BIP; Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines; Marseille France
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16
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Sauvée C, Casano G, Abel S, Rockenbauer A, Akhmetzyanov D, Karoui H, Siri D, Aussenac F, Maas W, Weber RT, Prisner T, Rosay M, Tordo P, Ouari O. Tailoring of Polarizing Agents in the bTurea Series for Cross-Effect Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in Aqueous Media. Chemistry 2016; 22:5598-606. [PMID: 26992052 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of 18 nitroxide biradicals derived from bTurea has been prepared, and their enhancement factors ɛ ((1)H) in cross-effect dynamic nuclear polarization (CE DNP) NMR experiments at 9.4 and 14.1 T and 100 K in a DNP-optimized glycerol/water matrix ("DNP juice") have been studied. We observe that ɛ ((1)H) is strongly correlated with the substituents on the polarizing agents, and its trend is discussed in terms of different molecular parameters: solubility, average e-e distance, relative orientation of the nitroxide moieties, and electron spin relaxation times. We show that too short an e-e distance or too long a T1e can dramatically limit ɛ ((1)H). Our study also shows that the molecular structure of AMUPol is not optimal and its ɛ ((1)H) could be further improved through stronger interaction with the glassy matrix and a better orientation of the TEMPO moieties. A new AMUPol derivative introduced here provides a better ɛ ((1)H) than AMUPol itself (by a factor of ca. 1.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Sauvée
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Sébastien Abel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Condensed Matter Research Group, Budafoki ut 8, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dimitry Akhmetzyanov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | - Fabien Aussenac
- Bruker BioSpin S.A.S., 34 rue de l'industrie, 67166, Wissembourg, France
| | - Werner Maas
- Bruker BioSpin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts, 01821, USA
| | - Ralph T Weber
- Bruker BioSpin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts, 01821, USA
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue Str. 7, 60438, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany
| | - Mélanie Rosay
- Bruker BioSpin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts, 01821, USA
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille cedex 20, France.
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille cedex 20, France.
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17
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Lelli M, Chaudhari SR, Gajan D, Casano G, Rossini AJ, Ouari O, Tordo P, Lesage A, Emsley L. Solid-State Dynamic Nuclear Polarization at 9.4 and 18.8 T from 100 K to Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:14558-61. [PMID: 26555676 PMCID: PMC4671100 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b08423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Efficient dynamic nuclear polarization
(DNP) in solids, which enables
very high sensitivity NMR experiments, is currently limited to temperatures
of around 100 K and below. Here we show how by choosing an adequate
solvent, 1H cross effect DNP enhancements of over 80 can
be obtained at 240 K. To achieve this we use the biradical TEKPol
dissolved in a glassy phase of ortho-terphenyl (OTP).
We study the solvent DNP enhancement of both TEKPol and BDPA in OTP
in the range from 100 to 300 K at 9.4 and 18.8 T. Surprisingly, we
find that the DNP enhancement decreases only relatively slowly for
temperatures below the glass transition of OTP (Tg = 243 K), and 1H enhancements around 15–20
at ambient temperature can be observed. We use this to monitor molecular
dynamic transitions in the pharmaceutically relevant solids Ambroxol
and Ibuprofen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Lelli
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) , 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sachin R Chaudhari
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) , 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - David Gajan
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) , 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1) , 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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18
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Ayhan MM, Casano G, Karoui H, Rockenbauer A, Monnier V, Hardy M, Tordo P, Bardelang D, Ouari O. Frontispiece: EPR Studies of the Binding Properties, Guest Dynamics, and Inner‐Space Dimensions of a Water‐Soluble Resorcinarene Capsule. Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201584662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Menaf Ayhan
- Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
- Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, P.K.:141, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli (Turkey)
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and, Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki ut 8, 1111 Budapest (Hungary)
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, Spectropole, FR 1739, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Micaël Hardy
- Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - David Bardelang
- Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix‐Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
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19
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Kubicki DJ, Casano G, Schwarzwälder M, Abel S, Sauvée C, Ganesan K, Yulikov M, Rossini AJ, Jeschke G, Copéret C, Lesage A, Tordo P, Ouari O, Emsley L. Rational design of dinitroxide biradicals for efficient cross-effect dynamic nuclear polarization. Chem Sci 2015; 7:550-558. [PMID: 29896347 PMCID: PMC5952883 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02921j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 37 dinitroxide biradicals have been prepared and their performance studied as polarizing agents in cross-effect DNP NMR experiments at 9.4 T and 100 K in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TCE). We observe that in this regime the DNP performance is strongly correlated with the substituents on the polarizing agents, and electron and nuclear spin relaxation times, with longer relaxation times leading to better enhancements. We also observe that deuteration of the radicals generally leads to better DNP enhancement but with longer build-up time. One of the new radicals introduced here provides the best performance obtained so far under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik J Kubicki
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Martin Schwarzwälder
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Abel
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Claire Sauvée
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Karthikeyan Ganesan
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Maxim Yulikov
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- ETH Zurich , Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Anne Lesage
- Université de Lyon , Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS / ENS de Lyon / UCB-Lyon 1) , Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs , 69100 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université , CNRS , ICR UMR 7273 , 13397 Marseille , France . ;
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland .
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20
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Ayhan MM, Casano G, Karoui H, Rockenbauer A, Monnier V, Hardy M, Tordo P, Bardelang D, Ouari O. EPR Studies of the Binding Properties, Guest Dynamics, and Inner-Space Dimensions of a Water-Soluble Resorcinarene Capsule. Chemistry 2015; 21:16404-10. [PMID: 26403999 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitroxide free radicals have been used to study the inner space of one of Rebek's water-soluble capsules. EPR and (1) H NMR spectroscopy, ESI-MS, and DFT calculations showed a preference for the formation of 1:2 complexes. EPR titrations allowed us to determine binding constants (Ka ) in the order of 10(7) M(-2) . EPR spectral-shape analysis provided information on the guest rotational dynamics within the capsule. The interplay between optimum hydrogen bonding upon capsule formation and steric strain for guest accommodation highlights some degree of flexibility for guest inclusion, particularly at the center of the capsule where the hydrogen bond seam can be barely distorted or slightly disturbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Menaf Ayhan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France).,Department of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, P.K.:141, 41400 Gebze, Kocaeli (Turkey)
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and, Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki ut 8, 1111 Budapest (Hungary)
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Spectropole, FR 1739, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Micaël Hardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - David Bardelang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France)
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille (France).
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21
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Casano G, Poulhès F, Tran TK, Ayhan MM, Karoui H, Siri D, Gaudel-Siri A, Rockenbauer A, Jeschke G, Bardelang D, Tordo P, Ouari O. High binding yet accelerated guest rotation within a cucurbit[7]uril complex. Toward paramagnetic gyroscopes and rolling nanomachines. Nanoscale 2015; 7:12143-12150. [PMID: 26123621 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The (15-oxo-3,7,11-triazadispiro[5.1.5.3]hexadec-7-yl)oxidanyl, a bis-spiropiperidinium nitroxide derived from TEMPONE, can be included in cucurbit[7]uril to form a strong (K(a)∼ 2 × 10(5) M(-1)) CB[7]@bPTO complex. EPR and MS spectra, DFT calculations, and unparalleled increased resistance (a factor of ∼10(3)) toward ascorbic acid reduction show evidence of deep inclusion of bPTO inside CB[7]. The unusual shape of the CB[7]@bPTO EPR spectrum can be explained by an anisotropic Brownian rotational diffusion, the global tumbling of the complex being slower than rotation of bPTO around its "long molecular axis" inside CB[7]. The CB[7] (stator) with the encapsulated bPTO (rotator) behaves as a supramolecular paramagnetic rotor with increased rotational speed of the rotator that has great potential for advanced nanoscale machines requiring wheels such as cucurbiturils with virtually no friction between the wheel and the axle for optimum wheel rotation (i.e. nanopulleys and nanocars).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13013 Marseille, France.
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22
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Bardelang D, Casano G, Poulhès F, Karoui H, Filippini J, Rockenbauer A, Rosas R, Monnier V, Siri D, Gaudel-Siri A, Ouari O, Tordo P. Spin Exchange Monitoring of the Strong Positive Homotropic Allosteric Binding of a Tetraradical by a Synthetic Receptor in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17570-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja509586k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Bardelang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Florent Poulhès
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Hakim Karoui
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Jessica Filippini
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Antal Rockenbauer
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics and MTA-BME Condensed Matter Research Group, Budafoki ut 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Roselyne Rosas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Spectropole, FR 1739, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Spectropole, FR 1739, 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Siri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Anouk Gaudel-Siri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
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23
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Mollica G, Le D, Ziarelli F, Casano G, Ouari O, Phan TNT, Aussenac F, Thureau P, Gigmes D, Tordo P, Viel S. Observing Apparent Nonuniform Sensitivity Enhancements in Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR Spectra of Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:922-925. [PMID: 35596360 DOI: 10.1021/mz500459p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High-field dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) may enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR experiments on a wide range of systems, including synthetic polymers, owing to the transfer of electron spin polarization from radicals to nuclei upon microwave irradiation (usually at cryogenic temperatures). Provided that the radicals are homogeneously dispersed in the sample, a uniform DNP enhancement is expected for all the signals in the 13C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) spectrum. Here, we show that, in the case of methyl group containing polymers, a change in the cross-polarization (CP) dynamics induced by the moderate increase in sample temperature due to microwave irradiation may lead to the observation of apparent nonuniform enhancements in the DNP-enhanced 13C CPMAS spectra. This peculiar behavior should be accounted for when measuring 13C CP DNP enhancements on polymer materials, especially for heterogeneous polymer samples (for which truly nonuniform DNP enhancements could potentially be detected), or when quantitative results are sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mollica
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Dao Le
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille,
CNRS, Fédération des Sciences Chimiques de Marseille
FR 1739, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Trang N. T. Phan
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Pierre Thureau
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille, France
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24
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Le D, Casano G, Phan TNT, Ziarelli F, Ouari O, Aussenac F, Thureau P, Mollica G, Gigmes D, Tordo P, Viel S. Optimizing Sample Preparation Methods for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-state NMR of Synthetic Polymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500788n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dao Le
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS,
ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS,
ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Trang N. T. Phan
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS,
ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Fédération
des Sciences Chimiques de Marseille FR 1739, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS,
ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | | | - Pierre Thureau
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS,
ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Giulia Mollica
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS,
ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS,
ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS,
ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS,
ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
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25
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Lelli M, Rossini AJ, Casano G, Ouari O, Tordo P, Lesage A, Emsley L. Hydrophobic radicals embedded in neutral surfactants for dynamic nuclear polarization of aqueous environments at 9.4 Tesla. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10198-201. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc02152e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Large DNP enhancements of NMR signals are demonstrated from hydrophobic radicals solubilised in aqueous environments by biologically compatible neutral amphiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno Lelli
- Centre de RMN à Trés Hauts Champs
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1)
- Université de Lyon
- 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Centre de RMN à Trés Hauts Champs
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1)
- Université de Lyon
- 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS, ICR UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS, ICR UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS, ICR UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Trés Hauts Champs
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1)
- Université de Lyon
- 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Centre de RMN à Trés Hauts Champs
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1)
- Université de Lyon
- 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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26
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Conley MP, Rossini AJ, Comas-Vives A, Valla M, Casano G, Ouari O, Tordo P, Lesage A, Emsley L, Copéret C. Silica-surface reorganization during organotin grafting evidenced by 119Sn DNP SENS: a tandem reaction of gem-silanols and strained siloxane bridges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:17822-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bu3Sn(allyl) reacts with Q2-geminal disilanols and strained siloxane bridges of partially dehydroxylated silica to yield bipodal species through surface rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Aaron J. Rossini
- Centre de RMN à Trés Hauts Champs
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1)
- Université de Lyon
- 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Aleix Comas-Vives
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maxence Valla
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- ICR UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- ICR UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université
- CNRS
- ICR UMR 7273
- 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre de RMN à Trés Hauts Champs
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1)
- Université de Lyon
- 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Centre de RMN à Trés Hauts Champs
- Institut de Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1)
- Université de Lyon
- 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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27
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Sauvée C, Rosay M, Casano G, Aussenac F, Weber RT, Ouari O, Tordo P. Rücktitelbild: Highly Efficient, Water-Soluble Polarizing Agents for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization at High Frequency (Angew. Chem. 41/2013). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201307407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Sauvée C, Rosay M, Casano G, Aussenac F, Weber RT, Ouari O, Tordo P. Back Cover: Highly Efficient, Water-Soluble Polarizing Agents for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization at High Frequency (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41/2013). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201307407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Zagdoun A, Casano G, Ouari O, Schwarzwälder M, Rossini AJ, Aussenac F, Yulikov M, Jeschke G, Copéret C, Lesage A, Tordo P, Emsley L. Large molecular weight nitroxide biradicals providing efficient dynamic nuclear polarization at temperatures up to 200 K. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:12790-7. [PMID: 23961876 DOI: 10.1021/ja405813t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of seven functionalized nitroxide biradicals (the bTbK biradical and six derivatives) are investigated as exogenous polarization sources for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) solid-state NMR at 9.4 T and with ca. 100 K sample temperatures. The impact of electron relaxation times on the DNP enhancement (ε) is examined, and we observe that longer inversion recovery and phase memory relaxation times provide larger ε. All radicals are tested in both bulk 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane solutions and in mesoporous materials, and the difference in ε between the two cases is discussed. The impact of the sample temperature and magic angle spinning frequency on ε is investigated for several radicals each characterized by a range of electron relaxation times. In particular, TEKPol, a bulky derivative of bTbK with a molecular weight of 905 g·mol(-1), is presented. Its high-saturation factor makes it a very efficient polarizing agent for DNP, yielding unprecedented proton enhancements of over 200 in both bulk and materials samples at 9.4 T and 100 K. TEKPol also yields encouraging enhancements of 33 at 180 K and 12 at 200 K, suggesting that with the continued improvement of radicals large ε may be obtained at higher temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Zagdoun
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Institut de Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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30
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Ouari O, Phan T, Ziarelli F, Casano G, Aussenac F, Thureau P, Gigmes D, Tordo P, Viel S. Improved Structural Elucidation of Synthetic Polymers by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:715-719. [PMID: 35606957 DOI: 10.1021/mz4003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is shown to greatly improve the solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) analysis of synthetic polymers by allowing structural assignment of intrinsically diluted NMR signals, which are typically not detected in conventional SSNMR. Specifically, SSNMR and DNP SSNMR were comparatively used to study functional polymers for which precise structural elucidation of chain ends is essential to control their reactivity and to eventually obtain advanced polymeric materials of complex architecture. Results show that the polymer chain-end signals, while hardly observable in conventional SSNMR, could be clearly identified in the DNP SSNMR spectrum owing to the increase in sensitivity afforded by the DNP setup (a factor ∼10 was achieved here), hence providing access to detailed structural characterization within realistic experimental times. This sizable gain in sensitivity opens new avenues for the characterization of "smart" functional polymeric materials and new analytical perspectives in polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Ouari
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR 7273), 13013 Marseille,
France
| | - Trang Phan
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR 7273), 13013 Marseille,
France
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Fédération des Sciences Chimiques de Marseille (FR 1739), 13013 Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR 7273), 13013 Marseille,
France
| | | | - Pierre Thureau
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR 7273), 13013 Marseille,
France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR 7273), 13013 Marseille,
France
| | - Paul Tordo
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR 7273), 13013 Marseille,
France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire (UMR 7273), 13013 Marseille,
France
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Conley MP, Drost RM, Baffert M, Gajan D, Elsevier C, Franks WT, Oschkinat H, Veyre L, Zagdoun A, Rossini A, Lelli M, Lesage A, Casano G, Ouari O, Tordo P, Emsley L, Copéret C, Thieuleux C. A Well-Defined Pd Hybrid Material for theZ-Selective Semihydrogenation of Alkynes Characterized at the Molecular Level by DNP SENS. Chemistry 2013; 19:12234-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sauvée C, Rosay M, Casano G, Aussenac F, Weber RT, Ouari O, Tordo P. Highly efficient, water-soluble polarizing agents for dynamic nuclear polarization at high frequency. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10858-61. [PMID: 23956072 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Sauvée
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, 13397 Marseille cedex 20 (France) http://sites.univ-provence.fr/srep/
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Culcasi M, Casano G, Lucchesi C, Mercier A, Clément JL, Pique V, Michelet L, Krieger-Liszkay A, Robin M, Pietri S. Synthesis and Biological Characterization of New Aminophosphonates for Mitochondrial pH Determination by 31P NMR Spectroscopy. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2487-99. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301866e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Culcasi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Céline Lucchesi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Mercier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Clément
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Pique
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Michelet
- CNRS UMR 8221, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay (iBiTec-S),
CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- CNRS UMR 8221, Institut de Biologie et de Technologie de Saclay (iBiTec-S),
CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Maxime Robin
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvia Pietri
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7273, Equipe Sondes Moléculaires en Biologie et
Stress Oxydant, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
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Culcasi M, Benameur L, Mercier A, Lucchesi C, Rahmouni H, Asteian A, Casano G, Botta A, Kovacic H, Pietri S. EPR spin trapping evaluation of ROS production in human fibroblasts exposed to cerium oxide nanoparticles: Evidence for NADPH oxidase and mitochondrial stimulation. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 199:161-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Zagdoun A, Casano G, Ouari O, Lapadula G, Rossini AJ, Lelli M, Baffert M, Gajan D, Veyre L, Maas WE, Rosay M, Weber RT, Thieuleux C, Coperet C, Lesage A, Tordo P, Emsley L. A slowly relaxing rigid biradical for efficient dynamic nuclear polarization surface-enhanced NMR spectroscopy: expeditious characterization of functional group manipulation in hybrid materials. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2284-91. [PMID: 22191415 DOI: 10.1021/ja210177v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new nitroxide-based biradical having a long electron spin-lattice relaxation time (T(1e)) has been developed as an exogenous polarization source for DNP solid-state NMR experiments. The performance of this new biradical is demonstrated on hybrid silica-based mesostructured materials impregnated with 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane radical containing solutions, as well as in frozen bulk solutions, yielding DNP enhancement factors (ε) of over 100 at a magnetic field of 9.4 T and sample temperatures of ~100 K. The effects of radical concentration on the DNP enhancement factors and on the overall sensitivity enhancements (Σ(†)) are reported. The relatively high DNP efficiency of the biradical is attributed to an increased T(1e), which enables more effective saturation of the electron resonance. This new biradical is shown to outperform the polarizing agents used so far in DNP surface-enhanced NMR spectroscopy of materials, yielding a 113-fold increase in overall sensitivity for silicon-29 CPMAS spectra as compared to conventional NMR experiments at room temperature. This results in a reduction in experimental times by a factor >12,700, making the acquisition of (13)C and (15)N one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra at natural isotopic abundance rapid (hours). It has been used here to monitor a series of chemical reactions carried out on the surface functionalities of a hybrid organic-silica material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Zagdoun
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Casano G, Robin M, Barbier P, Peyrot V, Faure R. Synthesis and complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR signals of new acetamido and aminoflavonoid derivatives. Magn Reson Chem 2010; 48:738-744. [PMID: 20589726 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The complete (1)H and (13)C NMR assignment of 9 acetamidochalcones, 18 acetamidoflavones, 18 aminoflavones, 9 acetamidoflavonols and 9 aminoflavonols has been performed using one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques including COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Casano
- UMR 6263, ISM2, Université Paul Cézanne, Case 552 Avenue Escadrille Normandie-Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Casano G, Dumètre A, Pannecouque C, Hutter S, Azas N, Robin M. Anti-HIV and antiplasmodial activity of original flavonoid derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:6012-23. [PMID: 20638854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In our search for potent anti-HIV and antiplasmodial agents, novel series of flavonoid derivatives and their chalcone intermediates were synthesized and evaluated for inhibition of HIV multiplication and antiproliferative activity on Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Chalcones exhibited a more selective antiplasmodial activity than flavonoids. Methoxyflavone 7e was the only one compound active in both P. falciparum and HIV-1 whereas aminomethoxyflavones showed activity against HIV-2. Para substitution on the B ring seemed to increase HIV-2 potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Casano
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires de Marseille, iSm2-UMR CNRS, Centre Saint Jérôme, Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Cuny GD, Robin M, Ulyanova NP, Patnaik D, Pique V, Casano G, Liu JF, Lin X, Xian J, Glicksman MA, Stein RL, Higgins JMG. Structure-activity relationship study of acridine analogs as haspin and DYRK2 kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3491-4. [PMID: 20836251 PMCID: PMC3118465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Haspin is a serine/threonine kinase required for completion of normal mitosis that is highly expressed during cell proliferation, including in a number of neoplasms. Consequently, it has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in oncology. A high throughput screen of approximately 140,000 compounds identified an acridine analog as a potent haspin kinase inhibitor. Profiling against a panel of 270 kinases revealed that the compound also exhibited potent inhibitory activity for DYRK2, another serine/threonine kinase. An optimization study of the acridine series revealed that the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the acridine series for haspin and DYRK2 inhibition had many similarities. However, several structural differences were noted that allowed generation of a potent haspin kinase inhibitor (33, IC50 <60 nM) with 180-fold selectivity over DYRK2. In addition, a moderately potent DYRK2 inhibitor (41, IC50 <400 nM) with a 5.4-fold selectivity over haspin was also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Cuny
- Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Darque A, Dumètre A, Hutter S, Casano G, Robin M, Pannecouque C, Azas N. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new heterocyclic quinolinones as anti-parasite and anti-HIV drug candidates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5962-4. [PMID: 19748781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized quinolinones with potential antiparasitic and anti-HIV activities by an original two-step method involving microwave irradiation and have evaluated their activities against Plasmodium falciparum, Leishmania donovani, Trichomonas vaginalis, and HIV. None of the tested compounds had been previously described using this method of synthesis. One of the compounds had interesting antiparasitic and anti-HIV activity, which could be improved by substitution with different radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Darque
- UMR-MD3-Relations Hôte-Parasites, Pharmacologie et Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille Cedex 05, France
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Martin-Saint-Laurent A, Lavernhe J, Casano G, Simkoff A. Clinical aspects of inflight incapacitations in commercial aviation. Aviat Space Environ Med 1990; 61:256-60. [PMID: 2317181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sudden incapacitations can affect a pilot and even a whole crew during a flight, preventing them from performing their task in complete safety. In some cases, they could even cause an accident. Our study examines the causes of sudden in-flight incapacitation in Air France pilots and flight engineers from 1968-88. Ten cases were reported out of a population of 1,800 cockpit crew, each flying an average of 600 h/year. These incapacitations were due to cardiac disorders (1 atrial fibrillation, 1 sinus tachycardia), epileptic attacks (2 generalized seizures), duodenal hemorrhages (2 cases), infection (1 case of severe vertigo due to viral labyrinthitis), metabolic disorders (1 case of hypoglycemia), and sometimes disorders affecting the whole crew (1 case of hypoxia due to a pressurization deficiency, 1 case of CO2 intoxication caused by the inadequate packaging of a container refrigerated in dry ice). Seven times out of ten, incapacitations occurred during cruising, twice during approach, and once on the ground before starting up, with closed doors (CO2 intoxication). Two of these incapacitations led to flight diversions. None of them caused an accident. In this series, incapacitations of a cardiac nature were rarer and less serious than those caused by gastrointestinal or neurological disorders. Prevention is based on detection during systematic medical check-ups, and on crews being trained to recognize subtle incapacitations early and to ensure that the flight continues safely when such a case occurs.
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