1
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Griwatz JH, Campi CE, Kunz A, Wegner HA. In-situ Oxidation and Coupling of Anilines towards Unsymmetric Azobenzenes Using Flow Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301714. [PMID: 38240749 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Molecular switches, especially azobenzenes, are used in numerous applications, such as molecular solar thermal storage (MOST) systems and photopharmacology. The Baeyer-Mills reaction of anilines and nitrosobenzenes has been established as an efficient synthetic method for non-symmetric azobenzenes. However, nitrosobenzenes are not stable, depending on their substitution pattern and pose a health risk. An in-situ oxidation of anilines with Oxone® was optimized under continuous flow conditions avoiding isolation and contact. The in-situ generated nitrosobenzene derivatives were subjected to a telescoped Baeyer-Mills reaction in flow. That way azobenzenes with a broad substituent spectrum were made accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Griwatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chiara E Campi
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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2
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Gemen J, Church JR, Ruoko TP, Durandin N, Białek MJ, Weißenfels M, Feller M, Kazes M, Odaybat M, Borin VA, Kalepu R, Diskin-Posner Y, Oron D, Fuchter MJ, Priimagi A, Schapiro I, Klajn R. Disequilibrating azobenzenes by visible-light sensitization under confinement. Science 2023; 381:1357-1363. [PMID: 37733864 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of azobenzenes from their stable E isomer to the metastable Z state is the basis of numerous applications of these molecules. However, this reaction typically requires ultraviolet light, which limits applicability. In this study, we introduce disequilibration by sensitization under confinement (DESC), a supramolecular approach to induce the E-to-Z isomerization by using light of a desired color, including red. DESC relies on a combination of a macrocyclic host and a photosensitizer, which act together to selectively bind and sensitize E-azobenzenes for isomerization. The Z isomer lacks strong affinity for and is expelled from the host, which can then convert additional E-azobenzenes to the Z state. In this way, the host-photosensitizer complex converts photon energy into chemical energy in the form of out-of-equilibrium photostationary states, including ones that cannot be accessed through direct photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Gemen
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Jonathan R Church
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Tero-Petri Ruoko
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Nikita Durandin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Michał J Białek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maren Weißenfels
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Moran Feller
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Miri Kazes
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Magdalena Odaybat
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 7SL, UK
| | - Veniamin A Borin
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Rishir Kalepu
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dan Oron
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London W12 7SL, UK
| | - Arri Priimagi
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, 33101 Tampere, Finland
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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3
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DiNardi RG, Douglas AO, Tian R, Price JR, Tajik M, Donald WA, Beves JE. Visible‐Light‐Responsive Self‐Assembled Complexes: Improved Photoswitching Properties by Metal Ion Coordination**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205701. [PMID: 35972841 PMCID: PMC9541570 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A photoswitchable ligand based on azobenzene is self‐assembled with palladium(II) ions to form a [Pd2(E‐L)4]4+ cage. Irradiation with 470 nm light results in the near‐quantitative switching to a monomeric species [Pd(Z‐L)2]2+, which can be reversed by irradiation with 405 nm light, or heat. The photoswitching selectivity towards the metastable isomer is significantly improved upon self‐assembly, and the thermal half‐life is extended from 40 days to 850 days, a promising approach for tuning photoswitching properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray G. DiNardi
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Ruoming Tian
- Crystallography laboratory Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jason R. Price
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- ANSTO The Australian Synchrotron 800 Blackburn Rd Clayton Vic 3168 Australia
| | - Mohammad Tajik
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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4
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DiNardi RG, Douglas AO, Tian R, Price JR, Tajik M, Donald WA, Beves JE. Visible‐Light‐Responsive Self‐Assembled Complexes: Improved Photoswitching Properties by Metal Ion Coordination**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ray G. DiNardi
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Ruoming Tian
- Crystallography laboratory Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Jason R. Price
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- ANSTO The Australian Synchrotron 800 Blackburn Rd Clayton Vic 3168 Australia
| | - Mohammad Tajik
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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5
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Bunchuay T, Docker A, White NG, Beer PD. A new halogen bonding 1,2-iodo-triazolium-triazole benzene motif for anion recognition. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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6
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Aggarwal K, Kuka TP, Banik M, Medellin BP, Ngo CQ, Xie D, Fernandes Y, Dangerfield TL, Ye E, Bouley B, Johnson KA, Zhang YJ, Eberhart JK, Que EL. Visible Light Mediated Bidirectional Control over Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Cells and in Vivo Using Azobenzenesulfonamides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14522-14531. [PMID: 32623882 PMCID: PMC8063266 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two azobenzenesulfonamide molecules with thermally stable cis configurations resulting from fluorination of positions ortho to the azo group are reported that can differentially regulate the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the trans and cis configurations. These fluorinated probes each use two distinct visible wavelengths (520 and 410 or 460 nm) for isomerization with high photoconversion efficiency. Correspondingly, the cis isomer of these systems is highly stable and persistent (as evidenced by structural studies in solid and solution state), permitting regulation of metalloenzyme activity without continuous irradiation. Herein, we use these probes to demonstrate the visible light mediated bidirectional control over the activity of zinc-dependent carbonic anhydrase in solution as an isolated protein, in intact live cells and in vivo in zebrafish during embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanchan Aggarwal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Timothy P Kuka
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street Stop A5000, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mandira Banik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Brenda P Medellin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street Stop A5000, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chinh Q Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Da Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yohaan Fernandes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street Stop A5000, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway, A4800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tyler L Dangerfield
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street Stop A5000, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Elva Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Bailey Bouley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kenneth A Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street Stop A5000, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yan Jessie Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street Stop A5000, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Johann K Eberhart
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street Stop A5000, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, 2500 Speedway, A4800, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Emily L Que
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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7
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Howe PWA. Recent developments in the use of fluorine NMR in synthesis and characterisation. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 118-119:1-9. [PMID: 32883447 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A review of developments in fluorine NMR of relevance to synthesis, characterisation and industrial applications of small organic molecules. Developments considered include those in spectrometer technology, computational methods and pulse sequences. The review of 80 references outlines applications in areas of identification, quantitation, mixture analysis, reaction monitoring, environmental studies and fragment-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W A Howe
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, UK.
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8
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Jaszuński M, Świder P, Sauer SPA. Through-space spin–spin coupling constants involving fluorine: benchmarking DFT functionals. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1563726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Jaszuński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Paweł Świder
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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9
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Brittain WJ, Rastogi SK, Rogers RA, Rinaldi P. Phenyl rotation barrier in
Z
‐azobenzene: A physical organic problem in honor of
J.D.R.. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Brittain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University San Marcos TX USA
| | - Shiva K. Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University San Marcos TX USA
| | - Robert A. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas State University San Marcos TX USA
| | - Peter Rinaldi
- Department of Chemistry The University of Akron Akron OH USA
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10
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Brown C, Rastogi S, Barrett S, Anderson H, Twichell E, Gralinski S, McDonald A, Brittain W. Differential azobenzene solubility increases equilibrium cis/trans ratio in water. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Rastogi SK, Rogers RA, Shi J, Gao C, Rinaldi PL, Brittain WJ. Conformational Dynamics of o-Fluoro-Substituted Z-Azobenzene. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11485-90. [PMID: 26505924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A conformational analysis of o-fluoro Z-azobenzene reveals a slight preference for aromatic C-F/π interaction. Density functional theory (DFT) indicates that the conformation with a C-F/π interaction is preferred by approximately 0.3-0.5 kcal/mol. Ground-state conformations were corroborated with X-ray crystallography. (Z)-Azobenzene (Z-AB) with at least one o-fluoro per ring displays (19)F-(19)F through-space (TS) coupling. 2D J-resolved NMR was used to distinguish through-bond from TS coupling ((TS)JFF). (TS)JFF decreases as the temperature is lowered and the multiplets coalesce into broad singlets. We hypothesize that the coalescence temperature (Tc) corresponds to the barrier for phenyl rotation. The experimentally determined barrier of 8-10 kcal/mol has been qualitatively verified by DFT where transition states with a bisected geometry were identified with zero-point energies of 6-9 kcal/mol relative to ground state. These values are significantly higher that values estimated from previous theoretical studies but lie within a reasonable range for phenyl rotation in hydrocarbon systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University , San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - R A Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University , San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - J Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University , San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - C Gao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - P L Rinaldi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - W J Brittain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University , San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
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