1
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Yeste J, Azagra M, Ortega MA, Portela A, Matajsz G, Herrero-Gómez A, Kim Y, Sriram R, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Marco-Rius I. Parallel detection of chemical reactions in a microfluidic platform using hyperpolarized nuclear magnetic resonance. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4950-4958. [PMID: 37906028 PMCID: PMC10661666 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00474k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of NMR may be enhanced by more than four orders of magnitude via dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP), potentially allowing real-time, in situ analysis of chemical reactions. However, there has been no widespread use of the technique for this application and the major limitation has been the low experimental throughput caused by the time-consuming polarization build-up process at cryogenic temperatures and fast decay of the hyper-intense signal post dissolution. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a microfluidic device compatible with dDNP-MR spectroscopic imaging methods for detection of reactants and products in chemical reactions in which up to 8 reactions can be measured simultaneously using a single dDNP sample. Multiple MR spectroscopic data sets can be generated under the same exact conditions of hyperpolarized solute polarization, concentration, pH, and temperature. A proof-of-concept for the technology is demonstrated by identifying the reactants in the decarboxylation of pyruvate via hydrogen peroxide (e.g. 2-hydroperoxy-2-hydroxypropanoate, peroxymonocarbonate and CO2). dDNP-MR allows tracing of fast chemical reactions that would be barely detectable at thermal equilibrium by MR. We envisage that dDNP-MR spectroscopic imaging combined with microfluidics will provide a new high-throughput method for dDNP enhanced MR analysis of multiple components in chemical reactions and for non-destructive in situ metabolic analysis of hyperpolarized substrates in biological samples for laboratory and preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Yeste
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marc Azagra
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria A Ortega
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Portela
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gergő Matajsz
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alba Herrero-Gómez
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yaewon Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Graduate program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Graduate program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Peters JP, Brahms A, Janicaud V, Anikeeva M, Peschke E, Ellermann F, Ferrari A, Hellmold D, Held-Feindt J, Kim NM, Meiser J, Aden K, Herges R, Hövener JB, Pravdivtsev AN. Nitrogen-15 dynamic nuclear polarization of nicotinamide derivatives in biocompatible solutions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd3643. [PMID: 37611105 PMCID: PMC10446501 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) increases the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging by more than 10,000 times, enabling in vivo metabolic imaging to be performed noninvasively in real time. Here, we are developing a group of dDNP polarized tracers based on nicotinamide (NAM). We synthesized 1-15N-NAM and 1-15N nicotinic acid and hyperpolarized them with dDNP, reaching (13.0 ± 1.9)% 15N polarization. We found that the lifetime of hyperpolarized 1-15N-NAM is strongly field- and pH-dependent, with T1 being as long as 41 s at a pH of 12 and 1 T while as short as a few seconds at neutral pH and fields below 1 T. The remarkably short 1-15N lifetime at low magnetic fields and neutral pH drove us to establish a unique pH neutralization procedure. Using 15N dDNP and an inexpensive rodent imaging probe designed in-house, we acquired a 15N MRI of 1-15N-NAM (previously hyperpolarized for more than an hour) in less than 1 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh P. Peters
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arne Brahms
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Vivian Janicaud
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Maria Anikeeva
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Eva Peschke
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Frowin Ellermann
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arianna Ferrari
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dana Hellmold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Str. 3, House D, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Na-mi Kim
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Johannes Meiser
- Cancer Metabolism Group, Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 6A Rue Nicolas-Ernest Barblé, 1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Konrad Aden
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto Diels Institute for Organic Chemistry, Kiel University, Otto-Hahn Platz 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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3
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Lê TP, Hyacinthe JN, Capozzi A. Multi-sample/multi-nucleus parallel polarization and monitoring enabled by a fluid path technology compatible cryogenic probe for dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7962. [PMID: 37198242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34958-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Low throughput is one of dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (dDNP) main shortcomings. Especially for clinical and preclinical applications, where direct 13C nuclei polarization is usually pursued, it takes hours to generate one single hyperpolarized (HP) sample. Being able to hyperpolarize more samples at once represents a clear advantage and can expand the range and complexity of the applications. In this work, we present the design and performance of a highly versatile and customizable dDNP cryogenic probe, herein adapted to a 5 T "wet" preclinical polarizer, that can accommodate up to three samples at once and, most importantly, it is capable of monitoring the solid-state spin dynamics of each sample separately, regardless of the kind of radical used and the nuclear species of interest. Within 30 min, the system was able to dispense three HP solutions with high repeatability across the channels (30.0 ± 1.2% carbon polarization for [1-13C]pyruvic acid doped with trityl radical). Moreover, we tested multi-nucleus NMR capability by polarizing and monitoring simultaneously 13C, 1H and 129Xe. Finally, we implemented [1-13C]lactate/[1-13C]pyruvate polarization and back-to-back dissolution and injection in a healthy mouse model to perform multiple-substrate HP Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) at 14.1 T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Phong Lê
- LIFMET, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Noël Hyacinthe
- LIFMET, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Image Guided Intervention Laboratory, Department of Radiology and Medical Informatics, University of Geneva, 4 Rue Gabrielle - Perret - Gentil, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva School of Health Sciences, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 47 Avenue de Champel, 1206, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Capozzi
- LIFMET, Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- HYPERMAG, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 349, 2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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4
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Negroni M, Turhan E, Kress T, Ceillier M, Jannin S, Kurzbach D. Frémy’s Salt as a Low-Persistence Hyperpolarization Agent: Efficient Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Plus Rapid Radical Scavenging. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20680-20686. [PMID: 36322908 PMCID: PMC9673139 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a key
technique
for molecular structure determination in solution. However, due to
its low sensitivity, many efforts have been made to improve signal
strengths and reduce the required substrate amounts. In this regard,
dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DDNP) is a versatile approach
as signal enhancements of over 10 000-fold are achievable.
Samples are signal-enhanced ex situ by transferring
electronic polarization from radicals to nuclear spins before dissolving
and shuttling the boosted sample to an NMR spectrometer for detection.
However, the applicability of DDNP suffers from one major drawback,
namely, paramagnetic relaxation enhancements (PREs) that critically
reduce relaxation times due to the codissolved radicals. PREs are
the primary source of polarization losses canceling the signal improvements
obtained by DNP. We solve this problem by using potassium nitrosodisulfonate
(Frémy’s salt) as polarization agent (PA), which provides
high nuclear spin polarization and allows for rapid scavenging under
mild reducing conditions. We demonstrate the potential of Frémy’s
salt, (i) showing that both 1H and 13C polarization
of ∼30% can be achieved and (ii) describing a hybrid sample
shuttling system (HySSS) that can be used with any DDNP/NMR combination
to remove the PA before NMR detection. This gadget mixes the hyperpolarized
solution with a radical scavenger and injects it into an NMR tube,
providing, within a few seconds, quantitatively radical-free, highly
polarized solutions. The cost efficiency and broad availability of
Frémy’s salt might facilitate the use of DDNP in many
fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Negroni
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ertan Turhan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Kress
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Morgan Ceillier
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs (UMR 5082) Université de Lyon/CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs (UMR 5082) Université de Lyon/CNRS/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1/ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Negroni M, Guarin D, Che K, Epasto LM, Turhan E, Selimović A, Kozak F, Cousin S, Abergel D, Bodenhausen G, Kurzbach D. Inversion of Hyperpolarized 13C NMR Signals through Cross-Correlated Cross-Relaxation in Dissolution DNP Experiments. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4599-4610. [PMID: 35675502 PMCID: PMC9234958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DDNP) is a versatile tool to boost signal amplitudes in solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. For DDNP, nuclei are spin-hyperpolarized "ex situ" in a dedicated DNP device and then transferred to an NMR spectrometer for detection. Dramatic signal enhancements can be achieved, enabling shorter acquisition times, real-time monitoring of fast reactions, and reduced sample concentrations. Here, we show how the sample transfer in DDNP experiments can affect NMR spectra through cross-correlated cross-relaxation (CCR), especially in the case of low-field passages. Such processes can selectively invert signals of 13C spins in proton-carrying moieties. For their investigations, we use schemes for simultaneous or "parallel" detection of hyperpolarized 1H and 13C nuclei. We find that 1H → 13C CCR can invert signals of 13C spins if the proton polarization is close to 100%. We deduce that low-field passage in a DDNP experiment, a common occurrence due to the introduction of so-called "ultra-shielded" magnets, accelerates these effects due to field-dependent paramagnetic relaxation enhancements that can influence CCR. The reported effects are demonstrated for various molecules, laboratory layouts, and DDNP systems. As coupled 13C-1H spin systems are ubiquitous, we expect similar effects to be observed in various DDNP experiments. This might be exploited for selective spectroscopic labeling of hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Negroni
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Guarin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States.,Polarize ApS, 1808 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kateryna Che
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludovica M Epasto
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ertan Turhan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Albina Selimović
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fanny Kozak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel Cousin
- Institut de Chimie Radicalaire─UMR 7273, Saint-Jérôme Campus, Av. Esc. Normandie Niemen, Aix-Marseille Université/CNRS, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Daniel Abergel
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Geoffrey Bodenhausen
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, LBM, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Hilty C, Kurzbach D, Frydman L. Hyperpolarized water as universal sensitivity booster in biomolecular NMR. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:1621-1657. [PMID: 35546640 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is the only method to access the structural dynamics of biomolecules at high (atomistic) resolution in their native solution state. However, this method's low sensitivity has two important consequences: (i) typically experiments have to be performed at high concentrations that increase sensitivity but are not physiological, and (ii) signals have to be accumulated over long periods, complicating the determination of interaction kinetics on the order of seconds and impeding studies of unstable systems. Both limitations are of equal, fundamental relevance: non-native conditions are of limited pharmacological relevance, and the function of proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids often relies on their interaction kinetics. To overcome these limitations, we have developed applications that involve 'hyperpolarized water' to boost signal intensities in NMR of proteins and nucleic acids. The technique includes four stages: (i) preparation of the biomolecule in partially deuterated buffers, (ii) preparation of 'hyperpolarized' water featuring enhanced 1H NMR signals via cryogenic dynamic nuclear polarization, (iii) sudden melting of the cryogenic pellet and dissolution of the protein or nucleic acid in the hyperpolarized water (enabling spontaneous exchanges of protons between water and target) and (iv) recording signal-amplified NMR spectra targeting either labile 1H or neighboring 15N/13C nuclei in the biomolecule. Water in the ensuing experiments is used as a universal 'hyperpolarization' agent, rendering the approach versatile and applicable to any biomolecule possessing labile hydrogens. Thus, questions can be addressed, ranging from protein and RNA folding problems to resolving structure-function relationships of intrinsically disordered proteins to investigating membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hilty
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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7
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Elliott SJ, Stern Q, Ceillier M, El Daraï T, Cousin SF, Cala O, Jannin S. Practical dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 126-127:59-100. [PMID: 34852925 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review article intends to provide insightful advice for dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization in the form of a practical handbook. The goal is to aid research groups to effectively perform such experiments in their own laboratories. Previous review articles on this subject have covered a large number of useful topics including instrumentation, experimentation, theory, etc. The topics to be addressed here will include tips for sample preparation and for checking sample health; a checklist to correctly diagnose system faults and perform general maintenance; the necessary mechanical requirements regarding sample dissolution; and aids for accurate, fast and reliable polarization quantification. Herein, the challenges and limitations of each stage of a typical dissolution-dynamic nuclear polarization experiment are presented, with the focus being on how to quickly and simply overcome some of the limitations often encountered in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Elliott
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Quentin Stern
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Morgan Ceillier
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Théo El Daraï
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samuel F Cousin
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Cala
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire à Très Hauts Champs - UMR 5082 Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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8
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Kress T, Che K, Epasto L, Kozak F, Negroni M, Olsen G, Selimovic A, Kurzbach D. A novel sample handling system for dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization experiments. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:387-394. [PMID: 37904780 PMCID: PMC10539747 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-387-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a system for facilitated sample vitrification, melting, and transfer in dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DDNP) experiments. In DDNP, a sample is typically hyperpolarized at cryogenic temperatures before dissolution with hot solvent and transfer to a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer for detection in the liquid state. The resulting signal enhancements can exceed 4 orders of magnitude. However, the sudden temperature jump from cryogenic temperatures close to 1 K to ambient conditions imposes a particular challenge. It is necessary to rapidly melt the sample to avoid a prohibitively fast decay of hyperpolarization. Here, we demonstrate a sample dissolution method that facilitates the temperature jump by eliminating the need to open the cryostat used to cool the sample. This is achieved by inserting the sample through an airlock in combination with a dedicated dissolution system that is inserted through the same airlock shortly before the melting event. The advantages are threefold: (1) the cryostat can be operated continuously at low temperatures. (2) The melting process is rapid as no pressurization steps of the cryostat are required. (3) Blockages of the dissolution system due to freezing of solvents during melting and transfer are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kress
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road,
Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kateryna Che
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludovica M. Epasto
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fanny Kozak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mattia Negroni
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregory L. Olsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna, Austria
| | - Albina Selimovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological
Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Abhyankar N, Szalai V. Challenges and Advances in the Application of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization to Liquid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5171-5190. [PMID: 33960784 PMCID: PMC9871957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful method to study the molecular structure and dynamics of materials. The inherently low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy is a consequence of low spin polarization. Hyperpolarization of a spin ensemble is defined as a population difference between spin states that far exceeds what is expected from the Boltzmann distribution for a given temperature. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can overcome the relatively low sensitivity of NMR spectroscopy by using a paramagnetic matrix to hyperpolarize a nuclear spin ensemble. Application of DNP to NMR can result in sensitivity gains of up to four orders of magnitude compared to NMR without DNP. Although DNP NMR is now more routinely utilized for solid-state (ss) NMR spectroscopy, it has not been exploited to the same degree for liquid-state samples. This Review will consider challenges and advances in the application of DNP NMR to liquid-state samples. The Review is organized into four sections: (i) mechanisms of DNP NMR relevant to hyperpolarization of liquid samples; (ii) applications of liquid-state DNP NMR; (iii) available detection schemes for liquid-state samples; and (iv) instrumental challenges and outlook for liquid-state DNP NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Abhyankar
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA,National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
| | - Veronika Szalai
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA,Corresponding authors: ,
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10
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Jannin S, Dumez JN, Giraudeau P, Kurzbach D. Application and methodology of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization in physical, chemical and biological contexts. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 305:41-50. [PMID: 31203098 PMCID: PMC6616036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP) is a versatile method to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. It boosts signal intensities by four to five orders of magnitude thereby providing the potential to improve and enable a plethora of applications ranging from the real-time monitoring of chemical or biological processes to metabolomics and in-cell investigations. This perspectives article highlights possible avenues for developments and applications of d-DNP in biochemical and physicochemical studies. It outlines how chemists, biologists and physicists with various fields of interest can transform and employ d-DNP as a powerful characterization method for their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Jannin
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs (CRMN), FRE 2034, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Patrick Giraudeau
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM (UMR 6230), 44000 Nantes, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Steinhauser J, Wespi P, Kwiatkowski G, Kozerke S. Production of highly polarized [1- 13 C]acetate by rapid decarboxylation of [2- 13 C]pyruvate - application to hyperpolarized cardiac spectroscopy and imaging. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:1140-1149. [PMID: 31045272 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of the present work was to develop and implement an efficient approach to hyperpolarize [1-13 C]acetate and apply it to in vivo cardiac spectroscopy and imaging. METHODS Rapid hydrogen peroxide induced decarboxylation was used to convert hyperpolarized [2-13 C]pyruvate into highly polarized [1-13 C]acetate employing an additional step following rapid dissolution of [2-13 C]pyruvate in a home-built multi-sample dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization system. Phantom dissolution experiments were conducted to determine optimal parameters of the decarboxylation reaction, retaining polarization and T1 of [1-13 C]acetate. In vivo feasibility of detecting [1-13 C]acetate metabolism is demonstrated using slice-selective spectroscopy and multi-echo imaging of [1-13 C]acetate and [1-13 C]acetylcarnitine in the healthy rat heart. RESULTS The first in vivo signal was observed ~23 s after dissolution. At the corresponding time point in the phantom experiments, 97.9 ± 0.4% of [2-13 C]pyruvate were converted into [1-13 C]acetate by the decarboxylation reaction. T1 and polarization of [1-13 C]acetate was determined to be 29.7 ± 1.9% and a 47.7 ± 0.5 s. Polarization levels of [2-13 C]pyruvate and [1-13 C]acetate were not significantly different after transfer to the scanner. In vivo, [1-13 C]acetate and [1-13 C]acetylcarnitine could be detected using spectroscopy and imaging. CONCLUSION Decarboxylation of hyperpolarized [2-13 C]pyruvate enables the efficient production of highly polarized [1-13 C]acetate that is applicable to study short-chain fatty acid metabolism in the in vivo heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Steinhauser
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wespi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Kim Y, Liu M, Hilty C. Determination of binding affinities using hyperpolarized NMR with simultaneous 4-channel detection. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 295:80-86. [PMID: 30144688 PMCID: PMC6201311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (D-DNP) is a powerful technique to improve NMR sensitivity by a factor of thousands. Combining D-DNP with NMR-based screening enables to mitigate solubility or availability problems of ligands and target proteins in drug discovery as it can lower the concentration requirements into the sub-micromolar range. One of the challenges that D-DNP assisted NMR screening methods face for broad application, however, is a reduced throughput due to additional procedures and time required to create hyperpolarization. These requirements result in a delay of several tens of minutes in-between each NMR measurement. To solve this problem, we have developed a simultaneous 4-channel detection method for hyperpolarized 19F NMR, which can increase throughput fourfold by utilizing a purpose-built multiplexed NMR spectrometer and probe. With this system, the concentration-dependent binding interactions were observed for benzamidine and benzylamine with the serine protease trypsin. A T2 relaxation measurement of a hyperpolarized reporter ligand (TFBC; CF3C6H4CNHNH2), which competes for the same binding site on trypsin with the other ligands, was used. The hyperpolarized TFBC was mixed with trypsin and the ligand of interest, and injected into four flow cells inside the NMR probe. Across the set of four channels, a concentration gradient was created. From the simultaneously acquired relaxation datasets, it was possible to determine the dissociation constant (KD) of benzamidine and benzylamine without the requirement for individually optimizing experimental conditions for different affinities. A simulation showed that this 4-channel detection method applied to D-DNP NMR extends the screenable KD range to up to three orders of magnitude in a single experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaewon Kim
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mengxiao Liu
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Christian Hilty
- Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, 3255 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Timm KN, Miller JJ, Henry JA, Tyler DJ. Cardiac applications of hyperpolarised magnetic resonance. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 106-107:66-87. [PMID: 31047602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death world-wide. It is increasingly recognised that cardiac pathologies show, or may even be caused by, changes in metabolism, leading to impaired cardiac energetics. The heart turns over 15 times its own weight in ATP every day and thus relies heavily on the availability of substrates and on efficient oxidation to generate this ATP. A number of old and emerging drugs that target different aspects of metabolism are showing promising results with regard to improved cardiac outcomes in patients. A non-invasive imaging technique that could assess the role of different aspects of metabolism in heart disease, as well as measure changes in cardiac energetics due to treatment, would be valuable in the routine clinical care of cardiac patients. Hyperpolarised magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging have revolutionised metabolic imaging, allowing real-time metabolic flux assessment in vivo for the first time. In this review we summarise metabolism in the healthy and diseased heart, give an introduction to the hyperpolarisation technique, 'dynamic nuclear polarisation' (DNP), and review the preclinical studies that have thus far explored healthy cardiac metabolism and different models of human heart disease. We furthermore show what advances have been made to translate this technique into the clinic, what technical challenges still remain and what unmet clinical needs and unexplored metabolic substrates still need to be assessed by researchers in this exciting and fast-moving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin N Timm
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - John A Henry
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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14
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Wespi P, Steinhauser J, Kwiatkowski G, Kozerke S. Overestimation of cardiac lactate production caused by liver metabolism of hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate. Magn Reson Med 2018; 80:1882-1890. [PMID: 29607535 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this work was to study the contribution of liver [1-13 C]lactate to the lactate signal detected in the heart following injection of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate. METHODS A slice-selective saturation scheme was incorporated into a hybrid metabolic imaging and spectroscopy approach to selectively presaturate lactate in the liver. Imaging and slice-selective spectroscopy of [1-13 C]pyruvate and its downstream metabolites were sequentially interleaved in the same experiment with optional presaturation of liver [1-13 C]lactate. Six healthy rats were measured, and metabolic data in the heart acquired with and without presaturation of liver lactate were compared. RESULTS When using liver lactate presaturation, a statistically significant reduction of the lactate/pyruvate ratio was observed in the spectroscopic data of the left ventricle (0.18 ± 0.03 versus 0.24 ± 0.04; p < .05) as well as in the imaging data of the blood pool (0.05 ± 0.01 versus 0.11 ± 0.01; p < .05). No significant difference in myocardial lactate was observed when using myocardium only as the region of interest in the imaging data (0.08 ± 0.01 versus 0.11 ± 0.02; p = .2). CONCLUSION Liver metabolism leads to statistically significant overestimation of cardiac lactate production in slice-selective or nonselective spectroscopic experiments. Therefore, metabolic imaging is preferred over spectroscopy to separate left-ventricular compartments within the slice and hence avoid contamination of cardiac lactate signals. Alternatively, presaturation pulses should be used in combination with spectroscopy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wespi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Steinhauser
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Wespi P, Steinhauser J, Kwiatkowski G, Kozerke S. High-resolution hyperpolarized metabolic imaging of the rat heart using k-t PCA and k-t SPARSE. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31:e3876. [PMID: 29244228 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wespi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Steinhauser
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Steinhauser J, Wespi P, Kwiatkowski G, Kozerke S. Assessing the influence of isoflurane anesthesia on cardiac metabolism using hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]pyruvate. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 31. [PMID: 29206326 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoflurane is a frequently used anesthetic in small-animal dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization-magnetic resonance imaging (DNP-MRI) studies. Although the literature suggests interactions with mitochondrial metabolism, the influence of the compound on cardiac metabolism has not been assessed systematically to date. In the present study, the impact of low versus high isoflurane concentration was examined in a crossover experiment in healthy rats. The results revealed that cardiac metabolism is modulated by isoflurane concentration, showing increased [1-13 C]lactate and reduced [13 C]bicarbonate production during high isoflurane relative to low isoflurane dose [average differences: +16% [1-13 C]lactate/total myocardial carbon, -22% [13 C]bicarbonate/total myocardial carbon; +51% [1-13 C]lactate/[13 C]bicarbonate]. These findings emphasize that reproducible anesthesia is important when studying cardiac metabolism. As the depth of anesthesia is difficult to control in an experimental animal setting, careful study design is required to exclude confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Steinhauser
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wespi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Grzegorz Kwiatkowski
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kwiatkowski G, Jähnig F, Steinhauser J, Wespi P, Ernst M, Kozerke S. Direct hyperpolarization of micro- and nanodiamonds for bioimaging applications - Considerations on particle size, functionalization and polarization loss. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 286:42-51. [PMID: 29183003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the inherently long relaxation time of 13C spins in diamond, the nuclear polarization enhancement obtained with dynamic nuclear polarization can be preserved for a time on the order of about one hour, opening up an opportunity to use diamonds as a new class of long-lived contrast agents. The present communication explores the feasibility of using 13C spins in directly hyperpolarized diamonds for MR imaging including considerations for potential in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabian Jähnig
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Steinhauser
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Wespi
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Kozerke
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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