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Mohar NP, Cox EM, Adelizzi E, Moore SA, Mathews KD, Darbro BW, Wallrath LL. The Influence of a Genetic Variant in CCDC78 on LMNA-Associated Skeletal Muscle Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4930. [PMID: 38732148 PMCID: PMC11084688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the LMNA gene-encoding A-type lamins can cause Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy Type 1B (LGMD1B). This disease presents with weakness and wasting of the proximal skeletal muscles and has a variable age of onset and disease severity. This variability has been attributed to genetic background differences among individuals; however, such variants have not been well characterized. To identify such variants, we investigated a multigeneration family in which affected individuals are diagnosed with LGMD1B. The primary genetic cause of LGMD1B in this family is a dominant mutation that activates a cryptic splice site, leading to a five-nucleotide deletion in the mature mRNA. This results in a frame shift and a premature stop in translation. Skeletal muscle biopsies from the family members showed dystrophic features of variable severity, with the muscle fibers of some family members possessing cores, regions of sarcomeric disruption, and a paucity of mitochondria, not commonly associated with LGMD1B. Using whole genome sequencing (WGS), we identified 21 DNA sequence variants that segregate with the family members possessing more profound dystrophic features and muscle cores. These include a relatively common variant in coiled-coil domain containing protein 78 (CCDC78). This variant was given priority because another mutation in CCDC78 causes autosomal dominant centronuclear myopathy-4, which causes cores in addition to centrally positioned nuclei. Therefore, we analyzed muscle biopsies from family members and discovered that those with both the LMNA mutation and the CCDC78 variant contain muscle cores that accumulated both CCDC78 and RyR1. Muscle cores containing mislocalized CCDC78 and RyR1 were absent in the less profoundly affected family members possessing only the LMNA mutation. Taken together, our findings suggest that a relatively common variant in CCDC78 can impart profound muscle pathology in combination with a LMNA mutation and accounts for variability in skeletal muscle disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P. Mohar
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (N.P.M.); (E.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Efrem M. Cox
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA (S.A.M.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, UNLV School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA
| | - Emily Adelizzi
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (N.P.M.); (E.A.)
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Steven A. Moore
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA (S.A.M.)
| | - Katherine D. Mathews
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Benjamin W. Darbro
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (N.P.M.); (E.A.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Lori L. Wallrath
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (N.P.M.); (E.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Liu H, Liu X, Luo S, Ma R, Ge W, Meng S, Gao Y. Lamin A/C mediates microglial activation by modulating cell proliferation and immune response. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25263. [PMID: 38284866 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Lamin A/C is involved in macrophage activation and premature aging, also known as progeria. As the resident macrophage in brain, overactivation of microglia causes brain inflammation, promoting aging and brain disease. In this study, we investigated the role of Lamin A/C in microglial activation and its impact on progeria using Lmna-/- mice, primary microglia, Lmna knockout (Lmna-KO) and Lmna-knockdown (Lmna-KD) BV2 cell lines. We found that the microglial activation signatures, including cell proliferation, morphology changes, and proinflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), were significantly suppressed in all Lamin A/C-deficient models when stimulated with LPS. TMT-based quantitative proteomic and bioinformatic analysis were further applied to explore the mechanism of Lamin A/C-regulated microglia activation from the proteome level. The results revealed that immune response and phagocytosis were impaired in Lmna-/- microglia. Stat1 was identified as the hub protein in the mechanism by which Lamin A/C regulates microglial activation. Additionally, DNA replication, chromatin organization, and mRNA processing were also altered by Lamin A/C, with Ki67 fulfilling the main hub function. Lamin A/C is a mechanosensitive protein and, the immune- and proliferation-related biological processes are also regulated by mechanotransduction. We speculate that Lamin A/C-mediated mechanotransduction is required for microglial activation. Our study proposes a novel mechanism for microglial activation mediated by Lamin A/C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinnan Liu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqi Luo
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rayna Ma
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Meng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanpan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Cesar S, Coll M, Fiol V, Fernandez-Falgueras A, Cruzalegui J, Iglesias A, Moll I, Perez-Serra A, Martínez-Barrios E, Ferrer-Costa C, del Olmo B, Puigmulè M, Alcalde M, Lopez L, Pico F, Berrueco R, Brugada J, Zschaeck I, Natera-de Benito D, Carrera-García L, Exposito-Escudero J, Ortez C, Nascimento A, Brugada R, Sarquella-Brugada G, Campuzano O. LMNA-related muscular dystrophy: Identification of variants in alternative genes and personalized clinical translation. Front Genet 2023; 14:1135438. [PMID: 37035729 PMCID: PMC10080029 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1135438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Laminopathies are caused by rare alterations in LMNA, leading to a wide clinical spectrum. Though muscular dystrophy begins at early ages, disease progression is different in each patient. We investigated variability in laminopathy phenotypes by performing a targeted genetic analysis of patients diagnosed with LMNA-related muscular dystrophy to identify rare variants in alternative genes, thereby explaining phenotypic differences. Methods: We analyzed 105 genes associated with muscular diseases by targeted sequencing in 26 pediatric patients of different countries, diagnosed with any LMNA-related muscular dystrophy. Family members were also clinically assessed and genetically analyzed. Results: All patients carried a pathogenic rare variant in LMNA. Clinical diagnoses included Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD, 13 patients), LMNA-related congenital muscular dystrophy (L-CMD, 11 patients), and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 1B (LGMD1B, 2 patients). In 9 patients, 10 additional rare genetic variants were identified in 8 genes other than LMNA. Genotype-phenotype correlation showed additional deleterious rare variants in five of the nine patients (3 L-CMD and 2 EDMD) with severe phenotypes. Conclusion: Analysis f known genes related to muscular diseases in close correlation with personalized clinical assessments may help identify additional rare variants of LMNA potentially associated with early onset or most severe disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cesar
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monica Coll
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fiol
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Fernandez-Falgueras
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Cruzalegui
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anna Iglesias
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isaac Moll
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexandra Perez-Serra
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Martínez-Barrios
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carles Ferrer-Costa
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernat del Olmo
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Puigmulè
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireia Alcalde
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Lopez
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Pico
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Berrueco
- Pediatric Hematology Service, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (IRP-HSJD), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Brugada
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Arrhythmia Section, Cardiology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Zschaeck
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares Neurociències Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Daniel Natera-de Benito
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares Neurociències Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Laura Carrera-García
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares Neurociències Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Jessica Exposito-Escudero
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares Neurociències Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Carlos Ortez
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares Neurociències Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Andrés Nascimento
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Investigación Aplicada en Enfermedades Neuromusculares Neurociències Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Biomédica de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Brugada
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Cardiology Department, Hospital Josep Trueta, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Georgia Sarquella-Brugada
- Pediatric Arrhythmias, Inherited Cardiac Diseases and Sudden Death Unit, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Arrítmies pediàtriques, Cardiologia Genètica i Mort sobtada, Malalties Cardiovasculars en el Desenvolupament, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- European Reference Network for Rare, Low Prevalence and Complex Diseases of the Heart (ERN GUARD-Heart), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Oscar Campuzano, ; Georgia Sarquella-Brugada,
| | - Oscar Campuzano
- Cardiovascular Genetics Center, University of Girona-IDIBGI, Girona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Science Department, School of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Oscar Campuzano, ; Georgia Sarquella-Brugada,
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Akinci G, Celik M, Akinci B. Complications of lipodystrophy syndromes. Presse Med 2021; 50:104085. [PMID: 34728268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2021.104085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipodystrophy syndromes are rare complex multisystem disorders caused by generalized or partial lack of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue dysfunction in lipodystrophy is associated with leptin deficiency. Lipodystrophy leads to severe metabolic problems. These abnormalities include, but are not limited to, insulin-resistant diabetes, severe hypertriglyceridemia, and lipid accumulation in ectopic organs such as the liver, and are associated with end-organ complications. Metabolic abnormalities can be present at the time of diagnosis or may develop over time as the disease progresses. In addition to metabolic abnormalities, subtype-specific presentations due to underlying molecular etiology in genetic forms and autoimmunity in acquired forms contribute to severe morbidity in lipodystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Akinci
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Merve Celik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Baris Akinci
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.
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Jia Z, Zhang Y, Deng J, Guo Y, Du Y, Wang G, Xu J, Li X. A novel LMNA indel mutation identified in a family with atrioventricular block and atrial fibrillation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25910. [PMID: 34106654 PMCID: PMC8133043 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that many genetic factors are involved in the occurrence and progression of atrioventricular block (AV block) and atrial fibrillation (AF). However, the genetic variants discovered so far have only explained parts of these processes. More genes and variants remain to be identified. In the present study, a three-generation family with an autosomal dominant form of AV block and AF was enrolled. Whole exome sequencing was conducted in three affected and one unaffected family member. A total of 64 nonsynonymous variants was shared by three affected individuals and not present in the unaffected individual. By selection of variants absent in the known databases and were predicted to be deleterious, 4 novel variants were identified. Only one novel frameshift insertion in the LMNA gene (c.825_826insCAGG) was identified in another affected family member and not detected in other non-affected family members and the 100 controls. Our finding expanded the spectrum of variants associated with AV block and AF, and was valuable in the genetic diagnosis of AV block and AF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yimei Du
- Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan
| | - Jiyao Xu
- Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital, Taiyuan
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Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Disorders Caused by Mutations in Genes Encoding Intermediate Filament Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084256. [PMID: 33923914 PMCID: PMC8073371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are major components of the cytoskeleton. Desmin and synemin, cytoplasmic intermediate filament proteins and A-type lamins, nuclear intermediate filament proteins, play key roles in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Desmin, encoded by the DES gene (OMIM *125660) and A-type lamins by the LMNA gene (OMIM *150330), have been involved in striated muscle disorders. Diseases include desmin-related myopathy and cardiomyopathy (desminopathy), which can be manifested with dilated, restrictive, hypertrophic, arrhythmogenic, or even left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy, Emery–Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (EDMD2 and EDMD3, due to LMNA mutations), LMNA-related congenital Muscular Dystrophy (L-CMD) and LMNA-linked dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction system defects (CMD1A). Recently, mutations in synemin (SYNM gene, OMIM *606087) have been linked to cardiomyopathy. This review will summarize clinical and molecular aspects of desmin-, lamin- and synemin-related striated muscle disorders with focus on LMNA and DES-associated clinical entities and will suggest pathogenetic hypotheses based on the interplay of desmin and lamin A/C. In healthy muscle, such interplay is responsible for the involvement of this network in mechanosignaling, nuclear positioning and mitochondrial homeostasis, while in disease it is disturbed, leading to myocyte death and activation of inflammation and the associated secretome alterations.
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Araújo de Melo Campos JT, Dantas de Medeiros JL, Cardoso de Melo ME, Alvares da Silva M, Oliveira de Sena M, Sales Craveiro Sarmento A, Fassarella Agnez Lima L, de Freitas Fregonezi GA, Gomes Lima J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and muscle dysfunction in congenital lipodystrophies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166120. [PMID: 33713793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lipodystrophy syndromes are a group of rare diseases related to the pathological impairment of adipose tissue and metabolic comorbidities, including dyslipidemia, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypoleptinemia, and hypoadiponectinemia. They can be categorized as partial or generalized according to the degree of fat loss, and inherited or acquired disorders, if they are associated with genetic mutations or are related to autoimmunity, respectively. Some types of lipodystrophies have been associated with changes in both redox and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis as well as muscle dysfunction (MD). Although ER stress (ERS) has been related to muscle dysfunction (MD) in many diseases, there is no data concerning its role in lipodystrophies' muscle physiopathology. Here we focused on congenital lipodystrophies associated with ERS and MD. We also described recent advances in our understanding of the relationships among ERS, MD, and genetic lipodystrophies, highlighting the adiponectin-protective roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julliane Tamara Araújo de Melo Campos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Luiz Dantas de Medeiros
- PneumoCardioVascular Lab/HUOL, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares and Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Maria Eduarda Cardoso de Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Monique Alvares da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Matheus Oliveira de Sena
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Aquiles Sales Craveiro Sarmento
- Unidade de Laboratório de Análises Clínicas e Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitário de Lagarto (HUL)/UFS, Lagarto, SE, Brazil
| | - Lucymara Fassarella Agnez Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Genômica, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Augusto de Freitas Fregonezi
- PneumoCardioVascular Lab/HUOL, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes, Empresa Brasileira de Serviços Hospitalares and Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica em Reabilitação, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Josivan Gomes Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL)/UFRN, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Choi SA, Cho A, Kim SY, Kim WJ, Shim YK, Lee JS, Jang SS, Lim BC, Kim H, Hwang H, Choi JE, Kim KJ, Kim MJ, Seong MW, Chae JH. Importance of early diagnosis in LMNA-related muscular dystrophy for cardiac surveillance. Muscle Nerve 2019; 60:668-672. [PMID: 31498906 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The identification of LMNA-related muscular dystrophy is important because it poses life-threatening cardiac complications. However, diagnosis of LMNA-related muscular dystrophy based on clinical features is challenging. METHODS We reviewed the clinical phenotypes of 14 children with LMNA variants, focusing on the cardiac function and genotypes. RESULTS Most patients presented with motor developmental delay or gait abnormalities. Eight (57%) patients had prominent neck extensor weakness or contractures. All patients showed ankle contractures at an early stage. Regular cardiac surveillance allowed for the detection of dysrhythmias in 57% of patients at a mean age of 14 years (range, 5-26). All patients had missense variants; however, there were no clear phenotype-genotype correlations. DISCUSSION Early diagnosis of LMNA-related muscular dystrophy provides an opportunity for cardiac surveillance, potentially leading to the prevention of cardiac mortality in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ah Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Anna Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kyu Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Sook Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Se Song Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hunmin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hee Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Joong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Woo Seong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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9
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Chandran S, Suggs JA, Wang BJ, Han A, Bhide S, Cryderman DE, Moore SA, Bernstein SI, Wallrath LL, Melkani GC. Suppression of myopathic lamin mutations by muscle-specific activation of AMPK and modulation of downstream signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:351-371. [PMID: 30239736 PMCID: PMC6337691 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminopathies are diseases caused by dominant mutations in the human LMNA gene encoding A-type lamins. Lamins are intermediate filaments that line the inner nuclear membrane, provide structural support for the nucleus and regulate gene expression. Drosophila melanogaster models of skeletal muscle laminopathies were developed to investigate the pathological defects caused by mutant lamins and identify potential therapeutic targets. Human disease-causing LMNA mutations were modeled in Drosophila Lamin C (LamC) and expressed in indirect flight muscle (IFM). IFM-specific expression of mutant, but not wild-type LamC, caused held-up wings indicative of myofibrillar defects. Analyses of the muscles revealed cytoplasmic aggregates of nuclear envelope (NE) proteins, nuclear and mitochondrial dysmorphology, myofibrillar disorganization and up-regulation of the autophagy cargo receptor p62. We hypothesized that the cytoplasmic aggregates of NE proteins trigger signaling pathways that alter cellular homeostasis, causing muscle dysfunction. In support of this hypothesis, transcriptomics data from human muscle biopsy tissue revealed misregulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1)/autophagy/proteostatic pathways. Ribosomal protein S6K (S6K) messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were increased and AMPKα and mRNAs encoding downstream targets were decreased in muscles expressing mutant LMNA relative controls. The Drosophila laminopathy models were used to determine if altering the levels of these factors modulated muscle pathology. Muscle-specific over-expression of AMPKα and down-stream targets 4E-BP, Forkhead box transcription factors O (Foxo) and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), as well as inhibition of S6K, suppressed the held-up wing phenotype, myofibrillar defects and LamC aggregation. These findings provide novel insights on mutant LMNA-based disease mechanisms and identify potential targets for drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaana Chandran
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Suggs
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bingyan J Wang
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Han
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shruti Bhide
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Diane E Cryderman
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Steven A Moore
- Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sanford I Bernstein
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lori L Wallrath
- Department of Biochemistry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Girish C Melkani
- Department of Biology, Molecular Biology and Heart Institutes, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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10
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Akinci B, Meral R, Oral EA. Phenotypic and Genetic Characteristics of Lipodystrophy: Pathophysiology, Metabolic Abnormalities, and Comorbidities. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:143. [PMID: 30406415 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-1099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article focuses on recent progress in understanding the genetics of lipodystrophy syndromes, the pathophysiology of severe metabolic abnormalities caused by these syndromes, and causes of severe morbidity and a possible signal of increased mortality associated with lipodystrophy. An updated classification scheme is also presented. RECENT FINDINGS Lipodystrophy encompasses a group of heterogeneous rare diseases characterized by generalized or partial lack of adipose tissue and associated metabolic abnormalities including altered lipid metabolism and insulin resistance. Recent advances in the field have led to the discovery of new genes associated with lipodystrophy and have also improved our understanding of adipose biology, including differentiation, lipid droplet assembly, and metabolism. Several registries have documented the natural history of the disease and the serious comorbidities that patients with lipodystrophy face. There is also evolving evidence for increased mortality rates associated with lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy syndromes represent a challenging cluster of diseases that lead to severe insulin resistance, a myriad of metabolic abnormalities, and serious morbidity. The understanding of these syndromes is evolving in parallel with the identification of novel disease-causing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Akinci
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Room 5313, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rasimcan Meral
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Room 5313, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Elif Arioglu Oral
- Brehm Center for Diabetes Research, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall Street, Room 5313, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
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11
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Janin A, Gache V. Nesprins and Lamins in Health and Diseases of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1277. [PMID: 30245638 PMCID: PMC6137955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the inner nuclear transmembrane protein emerin in the early 1990s, nuclear envelope (NE) components and related involvement in nuclei integrity and functionality have been highly investigated. The NE is composed of two distinct lipid bilayers described as the inner (INM) and outer (ONM) nuclear membrane. NE proteins can be specifically “integrated” in the INM (such as emerin and SUN proteins) or in the ONM such as nesprins. Additionally, flanked to the INM, the nuclear lamina, a proteinaceous meshwork mainly composed of lamins A and C completes NE composition. This network of proteins physically interplays to guarantee NE integrity and most importantly, shape the bridge between cytoplasmic cytoskeletons networks (such as microtubules and actin) and the genome, through the anchorage to the heterochromatin. The essential network driving the connection of nucleoskeleton with cytoskeleton takes place in the perinuclear space (the space between ONM and INM) with the contribution of the LINC complex (for Linker of Nucleoskeleton to Cytoskeleton), hosting KASH and SUN proteins interactions. This close interplay between compartments has been related to diverse functions from nuclear integrity, activity and positioning through mechanotransduction pathways. At the same time, mutations in NE components genes coding for proteins such as lamins or nesprins, had been associated with a wide range of congenital diseases including cardiac and muscular diseases. Although most of these NE associated proteins are ubiquitously expressed, a large number of tissue-specific disorders have been associated with diverse pathogenic mutations. Thus, diagnosis and molecular explanation of this group of diseases, commonly called “nuclear envelopathies,” is currently challenging. This review aims, first, to give a better understanding of diverse functions of the LINC complex components, from the point of view of lamins and nesprins. Second, to summarize human congenital diseases with a special focus on muscle and heart abnormalities, caused by mutations in genes coding for these two types of NE associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Janin
- CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire de Cardiogénétique Moléculaire, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Vincent Gache
- CNRS UMR5310, INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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12
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Guillín-Amarelle C, Sánchez-Iglesias S, Mera A, Pintos E, Castro-Pais A, Rodríguez-Cañete L, Pardo J, Casanueva FF, Araújo-Vilar D. Inflammatory myopathy in the context of an unusual overlapping laminopathy. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2018; 62:376-382. [PMID: 29791652 PMCID: PMC10118788 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Laminopathies are genetic disorders associated with alterations in nuclear envelope proteins, known as lamins. The LMNA gene encodes lamins A and C, and LMNA mutations have been linked to diseases involving fat (type 2 familial partial lipodystrophy [FPLD2]), muscle (type 2 Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy [EDMD2], type 1B limb-girdle muscular dystrophy [LGMD1B], and dilated cardiomyopathy), nerves (type 2B1 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease), and premature aging syndromes. Moreover, overlapping syndromes have been reported. This study aimed to determine the genetic basis of an overlapping syndrome in a patient with heart disease, myopathy, and features of lipodystrophy, combined with severe metabolic syndrome. We evaluated a 54-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hypercortisolism (endogenous and exogenous), and a history of cured adrenal Cushing syndrome. The patient presented with a complex disorder, including metabolic syndrome associated with mild partial lipodystrophy (Köbberling-like); mild hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with Wolff-Parkinson- White syndrome and atrial fibrillation; and limb-girdle inflammatory myopathy. Mutational analysis of the LMNA gene showed a heterozygous c.1634G>A (p.R545H) variant in exon 10 of LMNA. This variant has previously been independently associated with FPLD2, EDMD2, LGMD1B, and heart disease. We describe a new, LMNA-associated, complex overlapping syndrome in which fat, muscle, and cardiac disturbances are related to a p.R545H variant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofía Sánchez-Iglesias
- UETeM - Molecular Pathology Group. IDIS-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mera
- Division of Rheumatology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Elena Pintos
- Division of Pathology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Castro-Pais
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Julio Pardo
- División of Neurology, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe F Casanueva
- Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Araújo-Vilar
- UETeM - Molecular Pathology Group. IDIS-CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Division of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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13
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Lindqvist J, Torvaldson E, Gullmets J, Karvonen H, Nagy A, Taimen P, Eriksson JE. Nestin contributes to skeletal muscle homeostasis and regeneration. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:2833-2842. [PMID: 28733456 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.202226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nestin, a member of the cytoskeletal family of intermediate filaments, regulates the onset of myogenic differentiation through bidirectional signaling with the kinase Cdk5. Here, we show that these effects are also reflected at the organism level, as there is a loss of skeletal muscle mass in nestin-/- (NesKO) mice, reflected as reduced lean (muscle) mass in the mice. Further examination of muscles in male mice revealed that these effects stemmed from nestin-deficient muscles being more prone to spontaneous regeneration. When the regeneration capacity of the compromised NesKO muscle was tested by muscle injury experiments, a significant healing delay was observed. NesKO satellite cells showed delayed proliferation kinetics in conjunction with an elevation in p35 (encoded by Cdk5r1) levels and Cdk5 activity. These results reveal that nestin deficiency generates a spontaneous regenerative phenotype in skeletal muscle that relates to a disturbed proliferation cycle that is associated with uncontrolled Cdk5 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lindqvist
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Elin Torvaldson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Josef Gullmets
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Henok Karvonen
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Pekka Taimen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland .,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520, Turku, Finland
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14
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Akinci G, Topaloglu H, Demir T, Danyeli AE, Talim B, Keskin FE, Kadioglu P, Talip E, Altay C, Yaylali GF, Bilen H, Nur B, Demir L, Onay H, Akinci B. Clinical spectra of neuromuscular manifestations in patients with lipodystrophy: A multicenter study. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 27:923-930. [PMID: 28754454 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipodystrophy is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by loss of adipose tissue. Here, we report on clinical spectra of neuromuscular manifestations of Turkish patients with lipodystrophy. Seventy-four patients with lipodystrophy and 20 healthy controls were included. Peripheral sensorimotor neuropathy was a common finding (67.4%) in lipodystrophic patients with diabetes. Neuropathic foot ulcers were observed in 4 patients. Drop foot developed in 1 patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1. Muscle symptoms and hypertrophy were consistent findings in congenital generalized lipodystrophy (21/21) and familial partial lipodystrophy (25/34); on the other hand, overt myopathy with elevated creatine kinase activity was a distinctive characteristic of congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4. Muscle biopsies revealed myopathic changes at different levels. Accumulation of triglycerides was observed which contributes to insulin resistance. All patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy suffered from tight Achilles tendons at various levels. Scoliosis was observed in congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4 (2/2) and familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 (2/17). Atlantoaxial instability was unique to congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4 (2/2). Bone cysts were detected in congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1 (7/10) and congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 (2/8). Our study suggests that lipodystrophies are associated with a wide spectrum of neuromuscular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcin Akinci
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Haluk Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Demir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Beril Talim
- Pediatric Pathology Unit, Hacettepe University Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ela Keskin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Gaziosmanpasa Taksim Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Pinar Kadioglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enez Talip
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Canan Altay
- Department of Radiology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Guzin Fidan Yaylali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Habib Bilen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Banu Nur
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Leyla Demir
- Department of Biochemistry, Ataturk Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Onay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Baris Akinci
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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15
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Tang DD, Gerlach BD. The roles and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, intermediate filaments and microtubules in smooth muscle cell migration. Respir Res 2017; 18:54. [PMID: 28390425 PMCID: PMC5385055 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cell migration has been implicated in the development of respiratory and cardiovascular systems; and airway/vascular remodeling. Cell migration is a polarized cellular process involving a protrusive cell front and a retracting trailing rear. There are three cytoskeletal systems in mammalian cells: the actin cytoskeleton, the intermediate filament network, and microtubules; all of which regulate all or part of the migrated process. The dynamic actin cytoskeleton spatially and temporally regulates protrusion, adhesions, contraction, and retraction from the cell front to the rear. c-Abl tyrosine kinase plays a critical role in regulating actin dynamics and migration of airway smooth muscle cells and nonmuscle cells. Recent studies suggest that intermediate filaments undergo reorganization during migration, which coordinates focal adhesion dynamics, cell contraction, and nucleus rigidity. In particular, vimentin intermediate filaments undergo phosphorylation and reorientation in smooth muscle cells, which may regulate cell contraction and focal adhesion assembly/disassembly. Motile cells are characterized by a front-rear polarization of the microtubule framework, which regulates all essential processes leading to cell migration through its role in cell mechanics, intracellular trafficking, and signaling. This review recapitulates our current knowledge how the three cytoskeletal systems spatially and temporally modulate the migratory properties of cells. We also summarize the potential role of migration-associated biomolecules in lung and vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale D Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-8, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Brennan D Gerlach
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-8, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
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16
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Skeletal Muscle Laminopathies: A Review of Clinical and Molecular Features. Cells 2016; 5:cells5030033. [PMID: 27529282 PMCID: PMC5040975 DOI: 10.3390/cells5030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
LMNA-related disorders are caused by mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes for the nuclear envelope proteins, lamin A and C, via alternative splicing. Laminopathies are associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes, including neuromuscular, cardiac, metabolic disorders and premature aging syndromes. The most frequent diseases associated with mutations in the LMNA gene are characterized by skeletal and cardiac muscle involvement. This review will focus on genetics and clinical features of laminopathies affecting primarily skeletal muscle. Although only symptomatic treatment is available for these patients, many achievements have been made in clarifying the pathogenesis and improving the management of these diseases.
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17
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Yajima R, Takahashi T, Higuchi Y, Ishikawa M, Mitsuhashi S, Nishino I, Nishizawa M. Japanese case of Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy with a novel
LMNA
missense mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ncn3.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuji Yajima
- Department of Neurology Brain Research Institute Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Tetsuya Takahashi
- Department of Neurology Brain Research Institute Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Yo Higuchi
- Department of Neurology Brain Research Institute Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Masanori Ishikawa
- Department of Neurology Brain Research Institute Niigata University Niigata Japan
| | - Satomi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Neuromuscular Research National Institute of Neuroscience Translational Medical Center National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research National Institute of Neuroscience Translational Medical Center National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Tokyo Japan
| | - Masatoyo Nishizawa
- Department of Neurology Brain Research Institute Niigata University Niigata Japan
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18
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Gómez-Andrés D, Dabaj I, Mompoint D, Hankiewicz K, Azzi V, Ioos C, Romero NB, Ben Yaou R, Bergounioux J, Bonne G, Richard P, Estournet B, Yves-Carlier R, Quijano-Roy S. Pediatric laminopathies: Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging fingerprint and comparison with Sepn1
myopathy. Muscle Nerve 2016; 54:192-202. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Gómez-Andrés
- Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, TRADESMA; IdiPaz, Madrid España
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ-INSERM; France
- Centre de Référence de Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye, Réseau National Français de la Filière Neuromusculaire (FILNEMUS)
| | - Ivana Dabaj
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ-INSERM; France
- Centre de Référence de Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye, Réseau National Français de la Filière Neuromusculaire (FILNEMUS)
| | - Dominique Mompoint
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Pôle Neuro-locomoteur, Hôpital R. Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ-INSERM; France
| | - Karolina Hankiewicz
- Centre de Référence de Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye, Réseau National Français de la Filière Neuromusculaire (FILNEMUS)
| | - Viviane Azzi
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ-INSERM; France
| | - Christine Ioos
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ-INSERM; France
| | - Norma B. Romero
- Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier-Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrìre, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris VI; Paris France
| | - Rabah Ben Yaou
- Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier-Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrìre, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Universitaire Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center of Research in Myology Paris France
| | - Jean Bergounioux
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ-INSERM; France
| | - Giséle Bonne
- Institut de Myologie, Groupe Hospitalier-Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrìre, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Universitaire Paris 06, INSERM UMRS974, CNRS FRE3617, Center of Research in Myology Paris France
| | - Pascale Richard
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Charles Foix, UF Cardiogénétique et Myogénétique, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, Equipe “Génomique et Physiopathologie des Maladies Cardiovasculaires, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition”; Paris France
| | - Brigitte Estournet
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ-INSERM; France
- Centre de Référence de Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye, Réseau National Français de la Filière Neuromusculaire (FILNEMUS)
| | - Robert Yves-Carlier
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Imagerie Médicale, Pôle Neuro-locomoteur, Hôpital R. Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ-INSERM; France
- Centre de Référence de Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye, Réseau National Français de la Filière Neuromusculaire (FILNEMUS)
| | - Susana Quijano-Roy
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pédiatrie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Ile-de-France Ouest, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, U1179 UVSQ-INSERM; France
- Centre de Référence de Maladies Neuromusculaires Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye, Réseau National Français de la Filière Neuromusculaire (FILNEMUS)
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Díaz-Manera J, Alejaldre A, González L, Olivé M, Gómez-Andrés D, Muelas N, Vílchez JJ, Llauger J, Carbonell P, Márquez-Infante C, Fernández-Torrón R, Poza JJ, López de Munáin A, González-Quereda L, Mirabet S, Clarimon J, Gallano P, Rojas-García R, Gallardo E, Illa I. Muscle imaging in muscle dystrophies produced by mutations in the EMD and LMNA genes. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 26:33-40. [PMID: 26573435 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Identifying the mutated gene that produces a particular muscle dystrophy is difficult because different genotypes may share a phenotype and vice versa. Muscle MRI is a useful tool to recognize patterns of muscle involvement in patients with muscle dystrophies and to guide the diagnosis process. The radiologic pattern of muscle involvement in patients with mutations in the EMD and LMNA genes has not been completely established. Our objective is to describe the pattern of muscle fatty infiltration in patients with mutations in the EMD and in the LMNA genes and to search for differences between the two genotypes that could be helpful to guide the genetic tests. We conducted a national multicenter study in 42 patients, 10 with mutations in the EMD gene and 32 with mutations in the LMNA gene. MRI or CT was used to study the muscles from trunk to legs. Patients had a similar pattern of fatty infiltration regardless of whether they had the mutation in the EMD or LMNA gene. The main muscles involved were the paravertebral, glutei, quadriceps, biceps, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, adductor major, soleus, and gastrocnemius. Involvement of peroneus muscle, which was more frequently affected in patients with mutations in the EMD gene, was useful to differentiate between the two genotypes. Muscle MRI/CT identifies a similar pattern of muscle fatty infiltration in patients with mutations in the EMD or the LMNA genes. The involvement of peroneus muscles could be useful to conduct genetic analysis in patients with an EDMD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Díaz-Manera
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain.
| | - Aida Alejaldre
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Laura González
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, IDIBELL-Hospital de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, IDIBELL-Hospital de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital de Viladecans, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Olivé
- Institute of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, IDIBELL-Hospital de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, IDIBELL-Hospital de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - David Gómez-Andrés
- Pediatric Department, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, TRADESMA IdiPaz-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Muelas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan José Vílchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaume Llauger
- Radiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Carbonell
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Celedonio Márquez-Infante
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roberto Fernández-Torrón
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan José Poza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Adolfo López de Munáin
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Lidia González-Quereda
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain; Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; Neurosciences Area, Biodonostia Institute, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sonia Mirabet
- Cardiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Pía Gallano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain; Genetic Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Rojas-García
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Eduard Gallardo
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
| | - Isabel Illa
- Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Spain
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20
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Iwahara N, Hisahara S, Hayashi T, Kawamata J, Shimohama S. A novel lamin A/C gene mutation causing spinal muscular atrophy phenotype with cardiac involvement: report of one case. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:13. [PMID: 25886484 PMCID: PMC4342086 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of the lamin A/C gene have been associated with several diseases such as Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, dilated cardiomyopathy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, referred to as laminopathies. Only one report of spinal muscular atrophy and cardiomyopathy phenotype with lamin A/C gene mutations has been published. The concept that lamin A/C gene mutations cause spinal muscular atrophy has not been established. CASE PRESENTATION We report a man aged 65 years who presented with amyotrophy of lower limbs, arrhythmia and cardiac hypofunction. He showed gait disturbance since childhood, and his family showed similar symptoms. Neurological and electrophysiological findings suggested spinal muscular atrophy type 3. Gene analysis of lamin A/C gene showed a novel nonsense mutation p.Q353X (c.1057C > T). Further investigations revealed that he and his family members had cardiac diseases including atrioventricular block. CONCLUSIONS We report the first Japanese case of spinal muscular atrophy phenotype associated with lamin A/C mutation. When a patient presents a spinal muscular atrophy phenotype and unexplained cardiac disease, especially when the family history is positive, gene analysis of lamin A/C gene should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Iwahara
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Shin Hisahara
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Jun Kawamata
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
| | - Shun Shimohama
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South 1 West 16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan.
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