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Gonzalez A, Cheung WW, Perens EA, Oliveira EA, Gertler A, Mak RH. A Leptin Receptor Antagonist Attenuates Adipose Tissue Browning and Muscle Wasting in Infantile Nephropathic Cystinosis-Associated Cachexia. Cells 2021; 10:1954. [PMID: 34440723 PMCID: PMC8393983 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking the functional cystinosin gene (Ctns-/-), a model of infantile nephropathic cystinosis (INC), exhibit the cachexia phenotype with adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting. Elevated leptin signaling is an important cause of chronic kidney disease-associated cachexia. The pegylated leptin receptor antagonist (PLA) binds to but does not activate the leptin receptor. We tested the efficacy of this PLA in Ctns-/- mice. We treated 12-month-old Ctns-/- mice and control mice with PLA (7 mg/kg/day, IP) or saline as a vehicle for 28 days. PLA normalized food intake and weight gain, increased fat and lean mass, decreased metabolic rate and improved muscle function. It also attenuated perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and muscle in Ctns-/- mice. PLA attenuated adipose tissue browning in Ctns-/- mice. PLA increased gastrocnemius weight and fiber size as well as attenuated muscle fat infiltration in Ctns-/- mice. This was accompanied by correcting the increased expression of muscle wasting signaling while promoting the decreased expression of myogenesis in gastrocnemius of Ctns-/- mice. PLA attenuated aberrant expressed muscle genes that have been associated with muscle atrophy, increased energy expenditure and lipolysis in Ctns-/- mice. Leptin antagonism may represent a viable therapeutic strategy for adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in INC.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/genetics
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral/metabolism
- Animals
- Body Composition/drug effects
- Cachexia/etiology
- Cachexia/metabolism
- Cachexia/pathology
- Cachexia/prevention & control
- Cystinosis/complications
- Cystinosis/drug therapy
- Cystinosis/metabolism
- Cystinosis/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy/etiology
- Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy/prevention & control
- Receptors, Leptin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Leptin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gonzalez
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Wai W. Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Elliot A. Perens
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
| | - Eduardo A. Oliveira
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30130-100, MG, Brazil
| | - Arieh Gertler
- Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Robert H. Mak
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0831, USA; (A.G.); (W.W.C.); (E.A.P.); (E.A.O.)
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2
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Characterization and Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Skeletal Muscle in Pekin Duck at Different Growth Stages Using RNA-Seq. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030834. [PMID: 33809502 PMCID: PMC8000258 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Skeletal muscle is an important tissue and its development is strictly regulated by genes. In this study, in order to understand the muscle-related gene expression in Pekin duck, RNA-seq was performed to analyze and compare skeletal muscle at different growth stages. Alternative splicing, single nucleotide polymorphisms and insertion–deletions were detected, and 299 novel genes were discovered. MYL4, IGF2BP1, CSRP3, SPP1, KLHL31, LAMB2, LAMA2, ITGB1 and OPN played crucial roles in skeletal muscle development. Oxidative phosphorylation, ECM-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, carbon metabolism, and biosynthesis of amino acids participated in the regulation of skeletal muscle development in Pekin duck. This study provides an important reference for revealing the developmental mechanisms of pectoral and leg muscles in duck. Abstract Skeletal muscle, accounting for approximately 50% of body weight, is the largest and most important tissue. In this study, the gene expression profiles and pathways in skeletal muscle of Pekin duck were investigated and compared at embryonic day 17, 21, and 27 and postnatally at 6 months of age. An average of 49,555,936 reads in each sample was obtained from the transcriptome libraries. Over 70.0% of alternative splicing (AS) in each sample was mainly alternative 5′ first exon (transcription start site)—the first exon splicing (TSS) and alternative 3′ last exon (transcription terminal site)—the last exon splicing (TTS), indicating that TSS and TTS were the most common AS event in Pekin ducks, and these AS events were closely related to the regulation of muscle development at different growth stages. The results provided a valuable genomic resource for selective breeding and functional studies of genes. A total of 299 novel genes with ≥2 exons were obtained. There were 294 to 2806 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each pairwise comparison of Pekin duck. Notably, 90 DEGs in breast muscle and 9 DEGs in leg muscle were co-expressed at all developmental points. DEGs were validated by qPCR analysis, which confirmed the tendency of the expression. DEGs related to muscle development were involved in biological processes such as “endodermal cell differentiation”, “muscle cell cellular homeostasis”, “skeletal muscle tissue growth” and “skeletal muscle cell differentiation”, and were involved in pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, ECM-receptor (extracellular matrix receptor) interaction, focal adhesion, carbon metabolism, and biosynthesis of amino acids. Some DEGs, including MYL4, IGF2BP1, CSRP3, SPP1 and KLHL31, as well as LAMB2, LAMA2, ITGB1 and OPN, played crucial roles in muscle growth and development. This study provides valuable information about the expression profile of mRNAs and pathways from duck skeletal muscle at different growth stages, and further functional study of these mRNAs and pathways could provide new ideas for studying the molecular networks of growth and development in duck skeletal muscle.
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Micheletto MLJ, Hermes TDA, Bertassoli BM, Petri G, Perez MM, Fonseca FLA, Carvalho AADS, Feder D. Ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, exhibits potential effect in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2021; 102:11-21. [PMID: 33296126 PMCID: PMC7839951 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin deficiency makes the sarcolemma fragile and susceptible to degeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The proteasome is a multimeric protease complex and is central to the regulation of cellular proteins. Previous studies have shown that proteasome inhibition improved pathological changes in mdx mice. Ixazomib is the first oral proteasome inhibitor used as a therapy in multiple myeloma. This study investigated the effects of ixazomib on the dystrophic muscle of mdx mice. MDX mice were treated with ixazomib (7.5 mg/kg/wk by gavage) or 0.2 mL of saline for 12 weeks. The Kondziela test was performed to measure muscle strength. The tibialis anterior (TA) and diaphragm (DIA) muscles were used for morphological analysis, and blood samples were collected for biochemical measurement. We observed maintenance of the muscle strength in the animals treated with ixazomib. Treatment with ixazomib had no toxic effect on the mdx mouse. The morphological analysis showed a reduction in the inflammatory area and fibres with central nuclei in the TA and DIA muscles and an increase in the number of fibres with a diameter of 20 µm2 in the DIA muscle after treatment with ixazomib. There was an increase in the expression of dystrophin and utrophin in the TA and DIA muscles and a reduction in the expression of osteopontin and TGF-β in the DIA muscle of mdx mice treated with ixazomib. Ixazomib was thus shown to increase the expression of dystrophin and utrophin associated with improved pathological and functional changes in the dystrophic muscles of mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tulio de Almeida Hermes
- Departament of Morphology and PhysiologyMedical Faculty of the ABCSanto AndréBrazil
- Departament of AnatomyFederal University of AlfenasAlfenasBrazil
| | | | - Giuliana Petri
- Departament of Morphology and PhysiologyMedical Faculty of the ABCSanto AndréBrazil
| | | | | | | | - David Feder
- Departament of Morphology and PhysiologyMedical Faculty of the ABCSanto AndréBrazil
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Polymeric nanoparticles functionalized with muscle-homing peptides for targeted delivery of phosphatase and tensin homolog inhibitor to skeletal muscle. Acta Biomater 2020; 118:196-206. [PMID: 33053428 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) antagonizes muscle growth and repair, and inhibition of PTEN has been shown to improve the pathophysiology and dystrophic muscle function in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). However, conventional pharmacological delivery of PTEN inhibitors carries a high risk of off-target side effects in other non-muscle organs due to broad targeting spectrums. Here we report a muscle-targeted nanoparticulate platform for cell-specific delivery of a PTEN inhibitor. Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles (NPs) are functionalized with a muscle-homing peptide M12 to promote the selective uptake by muscle cells/tissue in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the NPs are formulated to slowly release the PTEN inhibitor, preventing cytotoxicity associated with direct exposure to the drug and facilitating sustained inhibition of PTEN. This advanced delivery approach taking advantages of polymeric nanomaterials and muscle-homing peptides opens a new avenue for the development of long-term therapeutic strategies in DMD treatment.
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5
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Huang H, Liu L, Li C, Liang Z, Huang Z, Wang Q, Li S, Zhao Z. Fat mass- and obesity-associated (FTO) gene promoted myoblast differentiation through the focal adhesion pathway in chicken. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:403. [PMID: 32903970 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The action of FTO on myoblasts proliferation and differentiation and molecular mechanism underlying it were investigated by transfecting with FTO lentiviral overexpression vector and gene expression profile sequencing. Compared with the control group, myoblasts with FTO transfection was significantly enhanced proliferation; the expression of MYOG and MYOD mRNA was significantly increased. In cells transfected with FTO, 129 differentially expressed genes were determined compared with control group, with 104 up-regulated and 25 down-regulated genes. Twelve pathways (Phagosome, Focal adhesion, Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes, Endocytosis, Cardiac muscle contraction, Toll-like receptor, Ribosome, Tight junction, Regulation of actin cytoskeleton, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Adrenergic signaling in cardiomyocytes and MAPK) were significantly enriched. Eight genes known to be directly or indirectly related to skeletal muscle development (LAMA5, SPP1, CAV3, RASGRF1, FAK, PDGFB, PDGFRα, and RAC2) were enriched in the focal adhesion and expressed differentially. Altogether, these data suggested that FTO stimulated differentiation of myoblasts through regulation of eight genes enriched in the focal adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Huang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jiangsu, 225125 People's Republic of China
| | - Longzhou Liu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jiangsu, 225125 People's Republic of China
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jinzhou, 8060550 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmiao Li
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jiangsu, 225125 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Liang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jiangsu, 225125 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyang Huang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jiangsu, 225125 People's Republic of China
| | - Qianbao Wang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jiangsu, 225125 People's Republic of China
| | - Shoufeng Li
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jiangsu, 225125 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Institute of Poultry Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Jiangsu, 225125 People's Republic of China
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6
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Creation and characterization of an immortalized canine myoblast cell line: Myok9. Mamm Genome 2020; 31:95-109. [PMID: 32246189 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-020-09833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The availability of an in vitro canine cell line would reduce the need for dogs for primary in vitro cell culture and reduce overall cost in pre-clinical studies. An immortalized canine muscle cell line, named Myok9, from primary myoblasts of a normal dog has been developed by the authors. Immortalization was performed by SV40 viral transfection of the large T antigen into the primary muscle cells. Proliferation assays, growth curves, quantitative PCR, western blotting, mass spectrometry, and light microscopy were performed to characterize the MyoK9 cell line at different stages of growth and differentiation. The expression of muscle-related genes was determined to assess myogenic origin. Myok9 cells expressed dystrophin and other muscle-specific proteins during differentiation, as detected with mass spectrometry and western blotting. Using the Myok9 cell line, new therapies before moving to pre-clinical studies to enhance the number and speed of analyses and reduce the cost of early experimentation can be tested now. This cell line will be made available to the research community to further evaluate potential therapeutics.
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7
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Cheung WW, Hao S, Wang Z, Ding W, Zheng R, Gonzalez A, Zhan J, Zhou P, Li S, Esparza MC, Hoffman HM, Lieber RL, Mak RH. Vitamin D repletion ameliorates adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in infantile nephropathic cystinosis-associated cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:120-134. [PMID: 31721480 PMCID: PMC7015252 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ctns-/- mice, a mouse model of infantile nephropathic cystinosis, exhibit hypermetabolism with adipose tissue browning and profound muscle wasting. Ctns-/- mice are 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 insufficient. We investigated whether vitamin D repletion could ameliorate adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in Ctns-/- mice. METHODS Twelve-month-old Ctns-/- mice and wild-type controls were treated with 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 (75 μg/kg/day and 60 ng/kg/day, respectively) or an ethylene glycol vehicle for 6 weeks. Serum chemistry and parameters of energy homeostasis were measured. We quantitated total fat mass and studied expression of molecules regulating adipose tissue browning, energy metabolism, and inflammation. We measured lean mass content, skeletal muscle fibre size, in vivo muscle function (grip strength and rotarod activity), and expression of molecules regulating muscle metabolism. We also analysed the transcriptome of skeletal muscle in Ctns-/- mice using RNAseq. RESULTS Supplementation of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 normalized serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 in Ctns-/- mice, respectively. Repletion of vitamin D partially or fully normalized food intake, weight gain, gain of fat, and lean mass, improved energy homeostasis, and attenuated perturbations of uncoupling proteins and adenosine triphosphate content in adipose tissue and muscle in Ctns-/- mice. Vitamin D repletion attenuated elevated expression of beige adipose cell biomarkers (UCP-1, CD137, Tmem26, and Tbx1) as well as aberrant expression of molecules implicated in adipose tissue browning (Cox2, Pgf2α, and NF-κB pathway) in inguinal white adipose tissue in Ctns-/- mice. Vitamin D repletion normalized skeletal muscle fibre size and improved in vivo muscle function in Ctns-/- mice. This was accompanied by correcting the increased muscle catabolic signalling (increased protein contents of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α as well as an increased gene expression of Murf-2, atrogin-1, and myostatin) and promoting the decreased muscle regeneration and myogenesis process (decreased gene expression of Igf1, Pax7, and MyoD) in skeletal muscles of Ctns-/- mice. Muscle RNAseq analysis revealed aberrant gene expression profiles associated with reduced muscle and neuron regeneration, increased energy metabolism, and fibrosis in Ctns-/- mice. Importantly, repletion of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 normalized the top 20 differentially expressed genes in Ctns-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS We report the novel findings that correction of 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 insufficiency reverses cachexia and may improve quality of life by restoring muscle function in an animal model of infantile nephropathic cystinosis. Mechanistically, vitamin D repletion attenuates adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in Ctns-/- mice via multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai W. Cheung
- Pediatric NephrologyRady Children's Hospital—San Diego, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Sheng Hao
- Department of Nephrology and RheumatologyShanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of PediatricsShanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of NephrologyShanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ronghao Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, and ImmunologyMaternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Pediatric NephrologyRady Children's Hospital—San Diego, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | | | - Ping Zhou
- Department of PediatricsThe 2 Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Shiping Li
- College of Bioscience and BiotechnologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Mary C. Esparza
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - Richard L. Lieber
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
- Rehabilitation Institute of ChicagoChicagoILUSA
| | - Robert H. Mak
- Pediatric NephrologyRady Children's Hospital—San Diego, University of California, San DiegoSan DiegoCAUSA
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Matsumoto H, Kohara R, Sugi M, Usui A, Oyama K, Mannen H, Sasazaki S. The non-synonymous mutation in bovine SPP1 gene influences carcass weight. Heliyon 2019; 5:e03006. [PMID: 31879711 PMCID: PMC6920195 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat quality in beef cattle is controlled by genetic factors. SPP1 (secreted phosphoprotein 1) gene, coding a multifunctional cytokine with diverse biological functions, is the candidate gene influencing carcass traits. In this study, we tried to discover DNA polymorphisms associated with beef quality in bovine SPP1 gene, so that two SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the promoter region and one SNP in the CDS (coding sequence) region were identified. Although the formers were predicted to alter SPP1 expression, they did not show any effects on the traits. On the contrary, statistical analysis revealed that g.58675C > T, a non-synonymous mutation from threonine to methionine in the conservative region, had a significant effect on carcass weight. Carcass weight of the animals with C/T allele (473.9 ± 6.0 kg) was significantly heavier than that of the C/C homozygotes (459.2 ± 2.8 kg). Because SPP1 gene functions in skeletal muscle cells as a positive regulator, the non-synonymous mutation might influence muscle development and remodeling, resulting in increased carcass weight of the C/T animals. Our results indicate that the SNP can be applied as a DNA marker for the improvement of beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kohara
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugi
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Azumi Usui
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokai University, Kumamoto, 862-8652, Japan
| | - Kenji Oyama
- Food Resources Education and Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kasai, Hyogo, 675-2103, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mannen
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shinji Sasazaki
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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The "Usual Suspects": Genes for Inflammation, Fibrosis, Regeneration, and Muscle Strength Modify Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050649. [PMID: 31083420 PMCID: PMC6571893 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most severe form of dystrophinopathy, is quite homogeneous with regards to its causative biochemical defect, i.e., complete dystrophin deficiency, but not so much with regards to its phenotype. For instance, muscle weakness progresses to the loss of independent ambulation at a variable age, starting from before 10 years, to even after 16 years (with glucocorticoid treatment). Identifying the bases of such variability is relevant for patient counseling, prognosis, stratification in trials, and identification of therapeutic targets. To date, variants in five loci have been associated with variability in human DMD sub-phenotypes: SPP1, LTBP4, CD40, ACTN3, and THBS1. Four of these genes (SPP1, LTBP4, CD40, and THBS1) are implicated in several interconnected molecular pathways regulating inflammatory response to muscle damage, regeneration, and fibrosis; while ACTN3 is known as “the gene for speed”, as it contains a common truncating polymorphism (18% of the general population), which reduces muscle power and sprint performance. Studies leading to the identification of these modifiers were mostly based on a “candidate gene” approach, hence the identification of modifiers in “usual suspect” pathways, which are already known to modify muscle in disease or health. Unbiased approaches that are based on genome mapping have so far been applied only initially, but they will probably represent the focus of future developments in this field, and will hopefully identify novel, “unsuspected” therapeutic targets. In this article, we summarize the state of the art of modifier loci of human dystrophin deficiency, and attempt to assess their relevance and implications on both clinical management and translational research.
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10
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Tidball JG, Welc SS, Wehling-Henricks M. Immunobiology of Inherited Muscular Dystrophies. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1313-1356. [PMID: 30215857 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to acute muscle damage is important for normal repair. However, in chronic diseases such as many muscular dystrophies, the immune response can amplify pathology and play a major role in determining disease severity. Muscular dystrophies are inheritable diseases that vary tremendously in severity, but share the progressive loss of muscle mass and function that can be debilitating and lethal. Mutations in diverse genes cause muscular dystrophy, including genes that encode proteins that maintain membrane strength, participate in membrane repair, or are components of the extracellular matrix or the nuclear envelope. In this article, we explore the hypothesis that an important feature of many muscular dystrophies is an immune response adapted to acute, infrequent muscle damage that is misapplied in the context of chronic injury. We discuss the involvement of the immune system in the most common muscular dystrophy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and show that the immune system influences muscle death and fibrosis as disease progresses. We then present information on immune cell function in other muscular dystrophies and show that for many muscular dystrophies, release of cytosolic proteins into the extracellular space may provide an initial signal, leading to an immune response that is typically dominated by macrophages, neutrophils, helper T-lymphocytes, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Although those features are similar in many muscular dystrophies, each muscular dystrophy shows distinguishing features in the magnitude and type of inflammatory response. These differences indicate that there are disease-specific immunomodulatory molecules that determine response to muscle cell damage caused by diverse genetic mutations. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1313-1356, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Tidball
- Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven S Welc
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michelle Wehling-Henricks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Gaiad TP, Oliveira MX, Lobo AR, Libório LR, Pinto PAF, Fernandes DC, Santos AP, Ambrósio CE, Machado ASD. Low-intensity training provokes adaptive extracellular matrix turnover of a muscular dystrophy model. J Exerc Rehabil 2017; 13:693-703. [PMID: 29326902 PMCID: PMC5747205 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1735094.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recommendations of therapeutic exercise in Duchenne muscular dystrophy are still controversial. The hypothesis that a low-intensity training (LIT) protocol leads to muscle adaptations on mdx mice model was tested. Dystrophic male mice with 8 weeks old were separated in exercised (mdxE, n= 8) and sedentary (mdxC, n= 8) groups. Wild-type mice were used as control (WT, n= 8) group. Exercised group underwent a LIT protocol (9 m/min, 30 min, 3 days/wk, 60 days) on a horizontal treadmill. At day 60 all animals were analyzed regarding parameters of markers of muscle lesion and extracellular matrix turnover of muscle tissue by collagens fibers on tibial anterior muscle. Histomorphometry attested that centrally located nuclei fibers and the coefficient of variance of minimal Feret’s diameter was similar in mdxE and mdxC groups (P= 1.000) and both groups presented higher mean values than WT group (P< 0.001). Fraction area of collagen fibers of mdxE group was lower than mdxC group (P= 0,027) and similar to WT group (P= 0,751). Intramuscular area of Col3 of the mdxE group was higher than mdxC and WT groups (P<0.001). Intramuscular area of Col1 on the mdxE group was similar to the mdxC group (P= 1.000) and both groups were higher than WT group (P< 0.001). LIT protocol had not influenced muscle injuries resulting from the dystrophin-deficiency membrane fragility. Although, LIT had provoked adaptations on extracellular matrix bringing higher elastic feature to dystrophic muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís P Gaiad
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Murilo X Oliveira
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Adalfredo R Lobo
- Institute of Agriculture Scinces, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Unaí, Brazil
| | - Lívia R Libório
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Priscilla A F Pinto
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Danielle C Fernandes
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Santos
- Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Sander D Machado
- Faculty of Medicine FAMED, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
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