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Zheng H, Wang C, Yu X, Zheng W, An Y, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang G, Qi M, Lin H, Wang F. The Role of Metabolomics and Microbiology in Urinary Tract Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3134. [PMID: 38542107 PMCID: PMC10969911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the common illnesses that affect women's physical and mental health is urinary tract infection (UTI). The disappointing results of empirical anti-infective treatment and the lengthy time required for urine bacterial culture are two issues. Antibiotic misuse is common, especially in females who experience recurrent UTI (rUTI). This leads to a higher prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the microorganisms that cause the infection. Antibiotic therapy will face major challenges in the future, prompting clinicians to update their practices. New testing techniques are making the potential association between the urogenital microbiota and UTIs increasingly apparent. Monitoring changes in female urinary tract (UT) microbiota, as well as metabolites, may be useful in exploring newer preventive treatments for UTIs. This review focuses on advances in urogenital microbiology and organismal metabolites relevant to the identification and handling of UTIs in an attempt to provide novel methods for the identification and management of infections of the UT. Particular attention is paid to the microbiota and metabolites in the patient's urine in relation to their role in supporting host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Zheng
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Wenxue Zheng
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Yiming An
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Mingran Qi
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Hongqiang Lin
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathogeny Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (H.Z.); (C.W.); (X.Y.); (W.Z.); (Y.A.); (J.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.W.); (M.Q.); (H.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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Kuhn LT, Weber S, Bargon J, Parella T, Pérez-Trujillo M. Hyperpolarization-Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy of Unaltered Biofluids Using Photo-CIDNP. Anal Chem 2024; 96:102-109. [PMID: 38109875 PMCID: PMC10782414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The direct and unambiguous detection and identification of individual metabolite molecules present in complex biological mixtures constitute a major challenge in (bio)analytical research. In this context, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has proven to be particularly powerful owing to its ability to provide both qualitative and quantitative atomic-level information on multiple analytes simultaneously in a noninvasive manner. Nevertheless, NMR suffers from a low inherent sensitivity and, moreover, lacks selectivity regarding the number of individual analytes to be studied in a mixture of a myriad of structurally and chemically very different molecules, e.g., metabolites in a biofluid. Here, we describe a method that circumvents these shortcomings via performing selective, photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) enhanced NMR spectroscopy on unmodified complex biological mixtures, i.e., human urine and serum, which yields a single, background-free one-dimensional NMR spectrum. In doing this, we demonstrate that photo-CIDNP experiments on unmodified complex mixtures of biological origin are feasible, can be performed straightforwardly in the native aqueous medium at physiological metabolite concentrations, and act as a spectral filter, facilitating the analysis of NMR spectra of complex biofluids. Due to its noninvasive nature, the method is fully compatible with state-of-the-art metabolomic protocols providing direct spectroscopic information on a small, carefully selected subset of clinically relevant metabolites. We anticipate that this approach, which, in addition, can be combined with existing high-throughput/high-sensitivity NMR methodology, holds great promise for further in-depth studies and development for use in metabolomics and many other areas of analytical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars T. Kuhn
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität
Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104 Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Joachim Bargon
- Institut
für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Wegelerstr. 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei
de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Facultat de Ciències
i Biosciències, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Míriam Pérez-Trujillo
- Servei
de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Facultat de Ciències
i Biosciències, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
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Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals Species-Specific Metabolite Production and Shared Nutrient Consumption by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. mSystems 2021; 6:e0048021. [PMID: 34156287 PMCID: PMC8269234 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00480-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While bacterial metabolism is known to impact antibiotic efficacy and virulence, the metabolic capacities of individual microbes in cystic fibrosis lung infections are difficult to disentangle from sputum samples. Here, we show that untargeted metabolomic profiling of supernatants of multiple strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus grown in monoculture in synthetic cystic fibrosis media (SCFM) reveals distinct species-specific metabolic signatures despite intraspecies metabolic variability. We identify a set of 15 metabolites that were significantly consumed by both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, suggesting that nutrient competition has the potential to impact community dynamics even in the absence of other pathogen-pathogen interactions. Finally, metabolites that were uniquely produced by one species or the other were identified. Specifically, the virulence factor precursor anthranilic acid, as well as the quinoline 2,4-quinolinediol (DHQ), were robustly produced across all tested strains of P. aeruginosa. Through the direct comparison of the extracellular metabolism of P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in a physiologically relevant environment, this work provides insight toward the potential for metabolic interactions in vivo and supports the development of species-specific diagnostic markers of infection. IMPORTANCE Interactions between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus can impact pathogenicity and antimicrobial efficacy. In this study, we aim to better understand the potential for metabolic interactions between P. aeruginosa and S. aureus in an environment resembling the cystic fibrosis lung. We find that S. aureus and P. aeruginosa consume many of the same nutrients, suggesting that metabolic competition may play an important role in community dynamics during coinfection. We further identify metabolites uniquely produced by either organism with the potential to be developed into species-specific biomarkers of infection in the cystic fibrosis lung.
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Horváth J, Wullt B, Naber KG, Köves B. Biomarkers in urinary tract infections - which ones are suitable for diagnostics and follow-up? GMS INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 8:Doc24. [PMID: 33299741 PMCID: PMC7705555 DOI: 10.3205/id000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections worldwide. Under special circumstances, clinicians must rely on laboratory findings, which might have a weak predicting value, misguiding the practitioners and leading to incorrect diagnosis and overuse of antibiotics. Therefore, there is an urgent need for reliable biomarkers in UTIs. Methods: We performed a literature search for biomarkers used in UTIs from January 1999 until May 2020. We used "urinary tract infection" and "biomarker" as the main key words in the PubMed, Medline and Cochrane databases. After peer review, we excluded the duplicates and identified the suitable articles, from which we collected the data and divided the available biomarkers into 5 groups: i) conventional markers; ii) promising, thoroughly studied biomarkers; iii) promising biomarkers that need further studies; iv) biomarkers of unknown significance; v) controversial, not useful markers. Results: We found 131 articles, mostly from the paediatric population. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and interleukins (IL) have a leading role in diagnosing and differentiating UTIs based on a lot of observational, comparative trials. Heparin Binding Protein (HBP), Lactoferrin (LF), Heat-Shock Protein-70 (HSP-70), Human Defensin-5 (HD-5), Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein (LBP) and mass spectrometry studies are promising, but confirming data are lacking. The measurable components of the innate immune system and local host cell response could be appropriate biomarkers, but their significance is currently unknown. Conclusions: Conventional biomarkers for UTIs have low specificity. The use of urinary NGAL and interleukins could improve the sensitivity and specificity of laboratory diagnosis of UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Horváth
- BKMK SZTE ÁOK Okt. Kh. Urológiai Osztálya, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Björn Wullt
- Division of Microbiology, Immunology and Glycobiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kurt G. Naber
- Department of Urology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Béla Köves
- Jahn Ferenc Dél-pesti Kórház és Rendelőintézet, Budapest, Hungary
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García-Álvarez L, Busto H, Oteo JA. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance for antimicrobial drug susceptibility studies: why has progress been slow? Future Microbiol 2019; 14:1175-1177. [PMID: 31625445 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lara García-Álvarez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), San Pedro University Hospital. Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - Héctor Busto
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Research in Chemical Synthesis (CISQ), University of La Rioja. Logroño, 26006, Spain
| | - José A Oteo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), San Pedro University Hospital. Logroño, 26006, Spain
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Maugeri G, Lychko I, Sobral R, Roque ACA. Identification and Antibiotic-Susceptibility Profiling of Infectious Bacterial Agents: A Review of Current and Future Trends. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1700750. [PMID: 30024110 PMCID: PMC6330097 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most worrying threats to humankind with extremely high healthcare costs associated. The current technologies used in clinical microbiology to identify the bacterial agent and profile antimicrobial susceptibility are time-consuming and frequently expensive. As a result, physicians prescribe empirical antimicrobial therapies. This scenario is often the cause of therapeutic failures, causing higher mortality rates and healthcare costs, as well as the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. As such, new technologies for rapid identification of the pathogen and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are needed. This review summarizes the current technologies, and the promising emerging and future alternatives for the identification and profiling of antimicrobial resistance bacterial agents, which are expected to revolutionize the field of clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Maugeri
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Iana Lychko
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rita Sobral
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Ana C A Roque
- UCIBIO, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2819-516, Caparica, Portugal
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Lussu M, Camboni T, Piras C, Serra C, Del Carratore F, Griffin J, Atzori L, Manzin A. 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics analysis for the diagnosis of symptomatic E. coli-associated urinary tract infection (UTI). BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:201. [PMID: 28934947 PMCID: PMC5609053 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common diagnoses in girls and women, and to a lesser extent in boys and men younger than 50 years. Escherichia coli, followed by Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp., cause 75-90% of all infections. Infection of the urinary tract is identified by growth of a significant number of a single species in the urine, in the presence of symptoms. Urinary culture is an accurate diagnostic method but takes several hours or days to be carried out. Metabolomics analysis aims to identify biomarkers that are capable of speeding up diagnosis. METHODS Urine samples from 51 patients with a prior diagnosis of Escherichia coli-associated UTI, from 21 patients with UTI caused by other pathogens (bacteria and fungi), and from 61 healthy controls were analyzed. The 1H-NMR spectra were acquired and processed. Multivariate statistical models were applied and their performance was validated using permutation test and ROC curve. RESULTS Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) showed good separation (R2Y = 0.76, Q2=0.45, p < 0.001) between UTI caused by Escherichia coli and healthy controls. Acetate and trimethylamine were identified as discriminant metabolites. The concentrations of both metabolites were calculated and used to build the ROC curves. The discriminant metabolites identified were also evaluated in urine samples from patients with other pathogens infections to test their specificity. CONCLUSIONS Acetate and trimethylamine were identified as optimal candidates for biomarkers for UTI diagnosis. The conclusions support the possibility of a fast diagnostic test for Escherichia coli-associated UTI using acetate and trimethylamine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Lussu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Cagliari, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tania Camboni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Cagliari, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Cagliari, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Corrado Serra
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Francesco Del Carratore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Cagliari, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.,Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Julian Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Cagliari, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Aldo Manzin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Microbiology and Virology Unit, University of Cagliari, S.S. 554, Bivio per Sestu, I-09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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Hooton K, Han W, Li L. Comprehensive and Quantitative Profiling of the Human Sweat Submetabolome Using High-Performance Chemical Isotope Labeling LC–MS. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7378-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Hooton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Palama TL, Canard I, Rautureau GJP, Mirande C, Chatellier S, Elena-Herrmann B. Identification of bacterial species by untargeted NMR spectroscopy of the exo-metabolome. Analyst 2016; 141:4558-61. [PMID: 27349704 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00393a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of bacterial species is a crucial bottleneck for clinical diagnosis of infectious diseases. Quick and reliable identification is a key factor to provide suitable antibiotherapies and avoid the development of multiple-drug resistance. We propose a novel nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics strategy for rapid discrimination and identification of several bacterial species that relies on untargeted metabolic profiling of supernatants from bacterial culture media. We show that six bacterial species (Gram negative: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis; Gram positive: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus) can be well discriminated from multivariate statistical analysis, opening new prospects for NMR applications to microbial clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Palama
- Université de Lyon, Institut des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS Lyon/UCB Lyon1), Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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Serum procalcitonin levels in combination with (1)H NMR spectroscopy: A rapid indicator for differentiation of urosepsis. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 453:205-14. [PMID: 26719034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urosepsis, a severe form of sepsis requires immediate medical attention for prognosis. It is clinically diagnosed by estimating serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels along with time taking urine and blood cultures. We explored NMR based profiling, deriving metabolites that could potentially aid diagnosis. METHODS The proton NMR of serum and urine samples of healthy control subjects (n=32) and urosepsis cases (n=35) based on PCT levels, were analyzed. Four clinically identified non-urosepsis cases with high PCT levels were also differentiated through principal component analysis (PCA) of the serum samples. RESULTS Quantification of serum and urine through Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) afforded 93.7% and 91.7% correct classification respectively, along with identification of malonate and urea as potential biomarkers for the disease in both urine and serum samples. The partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed an R(2) value of 0.97 in both biofluids with Q(2)=0.87 and 0.85 for serum and urine respectively. The training set of serum samples provided precise prediction of the test set in a small cohort through random re-sampling method, while in urine samples, the predictions were inconclusive. CONCLUSIONS Our pilot study reveals that (1)H NMR of serum metabolic profiling in combination with PCT levels may provide a rapid method for differentiation of urosepsis.
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García-Álvarez L, Busto JH, Peregrina JM, Santibáñez S, Portillo A, Avenoza A, Oteo JA. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) as a tool for the study of the metabolism of Rickettsia slovaca. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:850-5. [PMID: 26428858 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rickettsial infections are caused by intracellular bacteria. They do not grow in standard culture media so there are limitations in routine practice to study their metabolism. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used for identification of metabolites in biological samples. Vero cells infected with Rickettsia slovaca as well as uninfected cells were monitored by (1)H NMR showing the presence of ethanol and lactic acid. As no differences were observed, labeled compounds were added into cultures. When D-[1-13C]glucose was monitored by (13)C NMR no differences among infected and uninfected cells were observed in metabolic profiles. Glucose was transformed into ethanol in all cultures. Monitored experiments carried out with [2-13C]glycine showed differences between infected and uninfected cell cultures spectra. Glycine was partially transformed into serine, but the amount of the serine formed was larger in those infected. Moreover, L-[2-13C]leucine, L-[1-13C]isoleucine and L-[15N]tyrosine were evaluated. No differences among infected and uninfected cells were observed in the metabolic profiles when tyrosine and leucine were monitored. The amino acid L-[1-13C]isoleucine exhibited different metabolism in presence of the R. slovaca, showing a promising behavior as biomarker. In this work we focused on finding one or more compounds that could be metabolized specifically by R. slovaca and could be used as an indicator of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara García-Álvarez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro-Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras Street 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Jesús H Busto
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, UA-CSIC, Madre de Dios Street 53, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Jesús M Peregrina
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, UA-CSIC, Madre de Dios Street 53, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Sonia Santibáñez
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro-Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras Street 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Portillo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro-Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras Street 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Alberto Avenoza
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, UA-CSIC, Madre de Dios Street 53, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - José A Oteo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital San Pedro-Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras Street 98, 26006, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain.
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Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Technique for Gentamicin Drug Susceptibility Studies with Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:2433-8. [PMID: 25972417 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00604-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial drug susceptibility tests involving multiple time-consuming steps are still used as reference methods. Today, there is a need for the development of new automated instruments that can provide faster results and reduce operating time, reagent costs, and labor requirements. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy meets those requirements. The metabolism and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 in the presence of gentamicin have been analyzed using NMR and compared with a reference method. Direct incubation of the bacteria (with and without gentamicin) into the NMR tube has also been performed, and differences in the NMR spectra were obtained. The MIC, determined by the reference method found in this study, would correspond with the termination of the bacterial metabolism observed with NMR. Experiments carried out directly into the NMR tube enabled the development of antimicrobial drug susceptibility tests to assess the effectiveness of the antibiotic. NMR is an objective and reproducible method for showing the effects of a drug on the subject bacterium and can emerge as an excellent tool for studying bacterial activity in the presence of different antibiotic concentrations.
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Lam CW, Law CY, To KKW, Cheung SKK, Lee KC, Sze KH, Leung KF, Yuen KY. NMR-based metabolomic urinalysis: A rapid screening test for urinary tract infection. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:217-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Lam CW, Law CY, Sze KH, To KKW. Quantitative metabolomics of urine for rapid etiological diagnosis of urinary tract infection: evaluation of a microbial-mammalian co-metabolite as a diagnostic biomarker. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 438:24-8. [PMID: 25108210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported a NMR-based urinalysis for the screening of urinary tract infection (UTI) with high accuracy and reproducibility. Urinary acetic acid per creatinine was found to be a diagnostic marker of bacterial UTI with an area-under-receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.97. In addition, we identified trimethylamine (TMA) as a human-microbial marker of Escherichia coli (EC)-associated UTI. Here, we evaluate the clinical application of NMR-based urinalysis in aiding the etiological diagnosis of bacterial UTI. METHODS Proton NMR spectroscopy was acquired using a Bruker 600MHz spectroscopy for 88 urine samples from patients with bacterial UTI, confirmed by urine culture. The spectra were analyzed using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). ROC curve analysis was performed after the quantitation of the urine metabolites. RESULTS The TMA/creatinine (mmol/mmol) level was determined to be a specific marker for EC-associated UTI. It has an area-under-ROC=0.85 (95% confidence interval: 0.75-0.91). For the etiological diagnosis, the cutoff for 97.0% specificity was at 0.0117mmol/mmol creatinine for EC-associated UTI with a sensitivity of 66.7%. The mean of TMA/creatinine of EC is 21-fold that of non-EC. CONCLUSIONS The co-metabolism of TMA by EC and human cells makes TMA an ideal urine biomarker for UTI. The presence of TMA in a freshly collected sample eliminates the possibility of contamination of urine by bacteria during the collection process resulting in a positive bacterial culture result. We envisage the NMR-based urinalysis of urinary TMA that can be a useful method for the etiological diagnosis of EC-associated UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wan Lam
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun-Yiu Law
- Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kong-Hung Sze
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China; Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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García-Álvarez L, Busto JH, Peregrina JM, Fernández Recio MA, Avenoza A, Oteo JA. Nuclear magnetic resonance applied to antimicrobial drug susceptibility. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:537-47. [PMID: 23534364 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many conventional microbiological methods in routine clinical practice to determine the sensitivity of common bacteria. The problem with these methods arises with bacteria that do not grow on habitual media (Rickettsia spp., Coxiella spp. and Anaplasma spp., among others) and for which there are no standardized techniques to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility. In addition, the techniques that are used for the culture of these fastidious bacteria show problems in both accuracy and reproducibility and, in some cases, the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria shows poor correlation with therapeutic outcome. Therefore, it becomes difficult to determine the antimicrobial drug susceptibility of some bacteria and, thus, to assess the therapeutic effect of drugs. The scientific breakthroughs that have taken place in recent years have allowed the use of new techniques that facilitate and improve microbiological study. This paper reviews the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as an alternative tool for determining antimicrobial drug susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara García-Álvarez
- Área de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital San Pedro-Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras, 98, E-26006, Logroño, Spain
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16
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Nevedomskaya E, Pacchiarotta T, Artemov A, Meissner A, van Nieuwkoop C, van Dissel JT, Mayboroda OA, Deelder AM. (1)H NMR-based metabolic profiling of urinary tract infection: combining multiple statistical models and clinical data. Metabolomics 2012; 8:1227-1235. [PMID: 23136561 PMCID: PMC3483096 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-012-0411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) encompasses a variety of clinical syndromes ranging from mild to life-threatening conditions. As such, it represents an interesting model for the development of an analytically based scoring system of disease severity and/or host response. Here we test the feasibility of this concept using (1)H NMR based metabolomics as the analytical platform. Using an exhaustively clinically characterized cohort and taking advantage of the multi-level study design, which opens possibilities for case-control and longitudinal modeling, we were able to identify molecular discriminators that characterize UTI patients. Among those discriminators a number (e.g. acetate, trimethylamine and others) showed association with the degree of bacterial contamination of urine, whereas others, such as, for instance, scyllo-inositol and para-aminohippuric acid, are more likely to be the markers of morbidity. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-012-0411-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nevedomskaya
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tiziana Pacchiarotta
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Artem Artemov
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Axel Meissner
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cees van Nieuwkoop
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Department of Internal Medicine, Haga Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap T. van Dissel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oleg A. Mayboroda
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - André M. Deelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Gupta A, Bansal N, Houston B. Metabolomics of urinary tract infection: a new uroscope in town. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:361-9. [PMID: 22616701 DOI: 10.1586/erm.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a potentially life-threatening infectious disease. For rapid directed therapy of UTIs, it is essential to determine the causative microorganism. To date, there is no single test that has been proven to reliably, rapidly and accurately identify the etiologic organism in UTI. The molecular methods for diagnosing the cause of UTI and prognostic development of clinically important metabolomic evaluations and their limitations for use in the diagnosis and monitoring of infections are discussed in this review article. The application of the emerging investigative device NMR spectroscopy as a surrogate method for the diagnosis of UTI is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Division of Magnetic Resonance Research, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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18
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Gupta A, Dwivedi M, Mahdi AA, Khetrapal CL, Bhandari M. Broad identification of bacterial type in urinary tract infection using (1)h NMR spectroscopy. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:1844-54. [PMID: 22292465 DOI: 10.1021/pr2010692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To address the shortcomings of urine culture for the rapid identification of urinary tract infection (UTI), we applied (1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a surrogate method for fast screening of microorganisms. Study includes 682 urine samples from suspected UTI patients, 50 healthy volunteers, and commercially available standard strains of gram negative bacilli (GNB) (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter, Acinetobacter, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter frundii) and gram positive cocci (GPC) (Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus group B, Staphylococcus saprophyticus). Acetate, lactate, ethanol, succinate, creatinine, trimethylamine (TMA), citrate, trimethylamin-N-oxide, glycine, urea, and hippurate were measured by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. All urine specimens were evaluated with culture method. Multivariate discriminant function analysis (DFA) reveals that acetate, lactate, succinate, and formate were able to differentiate, with high accuracy (99.5%), healthy controls from UTI patients. This statistical analysis was also able to classify GNB to GPC infected urine samples with high accuracy (96%). This technique appears to be a promising, rapid, and noninvasive approach to probing GNB and GPC infected urine specimens with its distinguishing metabolic profile. The determination of infection will be very important for rapidly and efficiently measuring the efficacy of a tailored treatment, leading to prompt and appropriate care of UTI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Gupta
- Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences , Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 014, India.
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Gupta A, Dwivedi M, Mahdi AA, Nagana Gowda GA, Khetrapal CL, Bhandari M. Inhibition of adherence of multi-drug resistant E. coli by proanthocyanidin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 40:143-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00240-011-0398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Slupsky CM. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based analysis of urine for the rapid etiological diagnosis of pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:63-73. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2011.537653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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21
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Slupsky CM. NMR-based analysis of metabolites in urine provides rapid diagnosis and etiology of pneumonia. Biomark Med 2010; 4:195-7. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Slupsky
- Departments of Nutrition & Food Science & Technology, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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22
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Gupta A, Dwivedi M, Mahdi AA, Gowda GN, Khetrapal CL, Bhandari M. 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for identifying and quantifying common uropathogens: a metabolic approach to the urinary tract infection. BJU Int 2009; 104:236-44. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2009.08448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Slupsky CM, Cheypesh A, Chao DV, Fu H, Rankin KN, Marrie TJ, Lacy P. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia Induce Distinct Metabolic Responses. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3029-36. [PMID: 19368345 DOI: 10.1021/pr900103y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Slupsky
- Department of Medicine, and Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics Centre, 550A HMRC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - Andriy Cheypesh
- Department of Medicine, and Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics Centre, 550A HMRC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - Danny V. Chao
- Department of Medicine, and Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics Centre, 550A HMRC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Medicine, and Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics Centre, 550A HMRC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - Kathryn N. Rankin
- Department of Medicine, and Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics Centre, 550A HMRC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - Thomas J. Marrie
- Department of Medicine, and Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics Centre, 550A HMRC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - Paige Lacy
- Department of Medicine, and Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics Centre, 550A HMRC, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
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Time-resolved metabolic footprinting for nonlinear modeling of bacterial substrate utilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:2453-63. [PMID: 19218401 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01742-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Untargeted profiling of small-molecule metabolites from microbial culture supernatants (metabolic footprinting) has great potential as a phenotyping tool. We used time-resolved metabolic footprinting to compare one Escherichia coli and three Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains growing on complex media and show that considering metabolite changes over the whole course of growth provides much more information than analyses based on data from a single time point. Most strikingly, there was pronounced selectivity in metabolite uptake, even when the bacteria were growing apparently exponentially, with certain groups of metabolites not taken up until others had been entirely depleted from the medium. In addition, metabolite excretion showed some complex patterns. Fitting nonlinear equations (four-parameter sigmoids) to individual metabolite data allowed us to model these changes for metabolite uptake and visualize them by back-projecting the curve-fit parameters onto the original growth curves. These "uptake window" plots clearly demonstrated strain differences, with the uptake of some compounds being reversed in order between different strains. Comparison of an undefined rich medium with a defined complex medium designed to mimic cystic fibrosis sputum showed many differences, both qualitative and quantitative, with a greater proportion of excreted to utilized metabolites in the defined medium. Extending the strain comparison to a more closely related set of isolates showed that it was possible to discriminate two species of the Burkholderia cepacia complex based on uptake dynamics alone. We believe time-resolved metabolic footprinting could be a valuable tool for many questions in bacteriology, including isolate comparisons, phenotyping deletion mutants, and as a functional complement to taxonomic classifications.
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25
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Vaidyanathan S, Fletcher JS, Jarvis RM, Henderson A, Lockyer NP, Goodacre R, Vickerman JC. Explanatory multivariate analysis of ToF-SIMS spectra for the discrimination of bacterial isolates. Analyst 2009; 134:2352-60. [DOI: 10.1039/b907570d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Tripathi S, Somashekar BS, Mahdi AA, Gupta A, Mahdi F, Hasan M, Roy R, Khetrapal CL. Aluminum-mediated metabolic changes in rat serum and urine: A proton nuclear magnetic resonance study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2008; 22:119-27. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the most recent data on severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. The focus will be on clinical studies with an emphasis on the critically ill. RECENT FINDINGS The frequency of P. aeruginosa as the etiologic agent of infections associated with high morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients continues to increase. Unfortunately, pan-resistant isolates are now emerging as a significant clinical problem. Highly or pan-resistant isolates are associated with more frequent inappropriate initial therapy and increased mortality. Prevention relies on limitation of antibiotic pressure. Unfortunately, antibiotic class rotation has not resulted in persistent decreases in resistant isolates and the increased use of treatment protocols may actually increase selection. SUMMARY Because of the frequency of antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa and the high associated mortality, combination, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy should be used for empiric coverage of suspected P. aeruginosa infections. Accurate diagnostic testing can help to discontinue unnecessary antibiotics and decrease the overall selective pressure. Increasing resistance without new antibiotic classes on the horizon suggests the need for better use of available antibiotics and an emphasis on innovative treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan M Mutlu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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28
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Gupta A, Dwivedi M, Gowda GAN, Mahdi AA, Jain A, Ayyagari A, Roy R, Bhandari M, Khetrapal CL. 1H NMR spectroscopy in the diagnosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae-induced urinary tract infection. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2006; 19:1055-61. [PMID: 16927393 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The (1)H NMR spectroscopic method is suggested and its utility is demonstrated for the diagnosis of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in urinary tract infection (UTI). K. pneumoniae have the specific property of metabolizing glycerol to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD), acetate, ethanol and succinate. The quantity of 1,3-PD produced correlates well with the viable bacterial count. Other common bacteria causing UTI (except for Citrobacter frundii), such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Enterobacter aerogenes, Acinetobacter baumanii, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus gp B and Staphylococcus aureus do not metabolize glycerol under similar conditions. Citrobacter frundii (C. frundii) also gives the same NMR results but is easily differentiated as being motile on direct microscopic examination of urine and it is not common nosocomial infectious agent in urinary tract infection. The method provides a single-step documentation of K. pneumoniae (and C. frundii) qualitatively as well as quantitatively. Out of the total 614 subjects considered, clinical diagnosis of UTI was obtained in 516 cases (84%). The NMR-based screening had a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 100% and a false negativity of 10% relative to the conventional quantitative culture method. In the present authors' experience, the results of NMR spectroscopy based screening show a very good correlation with the diagnosis of urinary tract infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Gupta
- Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 014, India
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