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Sharma A, Singh LR. An insight into the pharmacology of cysteine/methionine containing peptide drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116456. [PMID: 38691890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Since last century, peptides have emerged as potential drugs with >90 FDA approvals for various targets with several in the pipeline. Sulphur, in peptides is present either as thiol (-SH) from Cys or thioether from Met. In this review, all the peptides approved by FDA since 2000 containing sulphur have been included. Among them ∼50 % contains disulphide bridges. This clearly demonstrates the significance of disulphide bonds in peptide drugs. This can be achieved synthetically by using orthogonal protecting groups (PGs) for -SH. These PGs are compatible with Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS), which is still the method of choice for peptide synthesis. The orthogonal PGs used for Cys thiol side chain protecting for disulphide bond formation have been included which are currently in use both by academia and industry from small scale to large scale synthesis. In addition, the details of the FDA approved drugs containing Cys and Met (or both) have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Sharma
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, 500007, India; Chemical Science Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - L Ravithej Singh
- Chemical Science Division, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India; Fluoro-Agrochemicals Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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2
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Scarpelli R, Bence R, Cano NCH, Procopio A, Wunderlin D, Nardi M. A Review on the Use of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Protection Reactions. Molecules 2024; 29:818. [PMID: 38398570 PMCID: PMC10893478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the recent research on the application of eco-sustainable methods in organic chemistry, we have focused our attention on the derivatization processes for fundamental functional groups in organic chemistry, such as amino, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. Protection reactions are needed to temporarily block a certain reactive site on a molecule. The use of green solvents in this context has made an excellent contribution to the development of eco-sustainable methods. In recent years, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have had great success as a new class of green solvents used in various chemical applications, such as extraction or synthetic processes. These solvents are biodegradable and nontoxic. In this framework, a list of relevant works found in the literature is described, considering DESs to be a good alternative to classic toxic solvents in the protection reactions of important functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Scarpelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Renata Bence
- ICYTAC, CONICET and Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (R.B.); (D.W.)
| | - Natividad Carolina Herrera Cano
- ICYTAC, CONICET and Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (R.B.); (D.W.)
| | - Antonio Procopio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Daniel Wunderlin
- ICYTAC, CONICET and Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Bv. Juan Filloy s/n, Córdoba 5000, Argentina; (R.B.); (D.W.)
| | - Monica Nardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università Magna Græcia, Viale Europa, Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (A.P.); (M.N.)
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3
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Leung VMY, Wong HCF, Pook CM, Tse YLS, Yeung YY. Trialkylphosphonium oxoborates as C(sp 3)-H oxyanion holes and their application in catalytic chemoselective acetalization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12684-12692. [PMID: 38020391 PMCID: PMC10646966 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03081d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of trialkylphosphonium oxoborates (TOB) as catalysts is reported. The site-isolated borate counter anion in a TOB catalyst increases the availability of C(sp3)-H to interact with electron donor substrates. The catalytic protocol is applicable to a wide range of substrates in the acetalization reaction and provides excellent chemoselectivity in the acetalization over thioacetalization in the presence of alcohols and thiols, which is otherwise hard to achieve using typical acid catalysts. Experimental and computational studies revealed that the TOB catalysts have multiple preorganized C(sp3)-Hs that serve as a mimic of oxyanion holes, which can stabilize the oxyanion intermediates via multiple C(sp3)-H non-classical hydrogen bond interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ming-Yau Leung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Hong-Chai Fabio Wong
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Chun-Man Pook
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Ying-Lung Steve Tse
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
| | - Ying-Yeung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shatin, NT Hong Kong China
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Arnodo D, De Nardo E, Ghinato S, Baldino S, Blangetti M, Prandi C. A Mild, Efficient and Sustainable Tetrahydropyranylation of Alcohols Promoted by Acidic Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202066. [PMID: 36459165 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A straightforward protocol to promote the tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols, using for the first time bioinspired acidic natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) as non-innocent reaction media under mild reaction conditions, was reported. This approach enables the preparation of several tetrahydropyranyl (THP) ethers starting from primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols in short reaction times and with high levels of chemoselectivity, working under air and without the need of additional catalyst. The sustainability of the methodology was further highlighted by its scalability and the easy recyclability of the NADES, allowing multigram preparations of THP ethers without any loss of the catalytic activity of the reaction media up to ten recycling steps. Telescoped, one-pot tetrahydropyranylation/nucleophilic acyl substitution transformations using the same eutectic mixture were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Arnodo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Eugenio De Nardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Ghinato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Salvatore Baldino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, I-10125, Torino, Italy
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Mthembu SN, Chakraborty A, Schönleber R, Albericio F, de la Torre BG. Solid-Phase Synthesis of C-Terminus Cysteine Peptide Acids. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sinenhlanhla N. Mthembu
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Amit Chakraborty
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | | | - Fernando Albericio
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, and Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz G. de la Torre
- Peptide Science Laboratory, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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New Betulin Derivatives with Nitrogen Heterocyclic Moiety-Synthesis and Anticancer Activity In Vitro. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101540. [PMID: 36291749 PMCID: PMC9599051 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the search for new medicinal substances with potential application in oncology, the synthesis of new compounds combining the betulin molecule and the indole system was carried out. The structure of the ester derivatives obtained in the Steglich reaction was confirmed by spectroscopic methods (1H and 13C NMR, HR-MS). The obtained new 3-indolyl betulin derivatives were evaluated for anticancer activity against several human cancer cell lines (melanomas, breast cancers, colorectal adenocarcinomas, lung cancer) as well as normal human fibroblasts. The significant reduction in MCF-7 cells viability for 28-hydroxy-(lup-20(29)-ene)-3-yl 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetate was observed at a concentration of 10 µg/mL (17 µM). In addition, cytometric analysis showed that this compound strongly reduces the proliferation rate of breast cancer cells. For this, the derivative showing the promising cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, the pharmacokinetic profile prediction was performed using in silico methods. Based on the results obtained in the study, it can be concluded that indole-functionalized triterpene EB367 is a promising starting point for further research in the field of breast cancer therapy or the synthesis of new derivatives.
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Nomura K, Hashimoto S, Takeyama R, Tamiya M, Kato T, Muraoka T, Kage M, Nii K, Kotake K, Iida S, Emura T, Tanada M, Iikura H. Broadly Applicable and Comprehensive Synthetic Method for N-Alkyl-Rich Drug-like Cyclic Peptides. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13401-13412. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nomura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hashimoto
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Ryuuichi Takeyama
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Minoru Tamiya
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Terushige Muraoka
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Mirai Kage
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Keiji Nii
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kotake
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Satomi Iida
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Takashi Emura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Mikimasa Tanada
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iikura
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
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Viitaja T, Raitanen JE, Hynynen A, Moilanen J, Svedström K, Paananen RO, Ekholm FS. On the importance of chain branching in tear film lipid layer wax and cholesteryl esters. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 214:112429. [PMID: 35278859 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tear film lipid layer (TFLL) is important to the maintenance of ocular surface health. Surprisingly, information on the individual roles of the myriad of unique lipids found therein is limited. The most abundant lipid species are the wax esters (WE) and cholesteryl esters (CE), and, especially their branched analogs. The isolation of these lipid species from the TFLL has proved to be tedious, and as a result, insights on their biophysical profiles and role in the TFLL is currently lacking. Herein, we circumvent these issues by a total synthesis of the most abundant iso-methyl branched WEs and CEs found in the TFLL. Through a detailed characterization of the biophysical properties, by the use of Langmuir monolayer and wide-angle X-ray scattering techniques, we demonstrate that chain branching alters the behavior of these lipid species on multiple levels. Taken together, our results fill an important knowledge gap concerning the structure and function of the TFLL on the whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Viitaja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Jan-Erik Raitanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Antti Hynynen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Kirsi Svedström
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Riku O Paananen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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Spears RJ, McMahon C, Chudasama V. Cysteine protecting groups: applications in peptide and protein science. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11098-11155. [PMID: 34605832 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00271f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protecting group chemistry for the cysteine thiol group has enabled a vast array of peptide and protein chemistry over the last several decades. Increasingly sophisticated strategies for the protection, and subsequent deprotection, of cysteine have been developed, facilitating synthesis of complex disulfide-rich peptides, semisynthesis of proteins, and peptide/protein labelling in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we analyse and discuss the 60+ individual protecting groups reported for cysteine, highlighting their applications in peptide synthesis and protein science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clíona McMahon
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, UK.
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Zhan Y, Ding X, Wang H, Yu H, Ren F. A mild and efficient THP protection of indazoles and benzyl alcohols in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Non-catalyzed addition of heterocyclic thiols and 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles to vinyl ethers. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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