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Temane LT, Orasugh JT, Ray SS. Recent Advances and Outlook in 2D Nanomaterial-Based Flame-Retardant PLA Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6046. [PMID: 37687739 PMCID: PMC10488405 DOI: 10.3390/ma16176046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) or polylactide (PLA) has gained widespread use in many industries and has become a commodity polymer. Its potential as a perfect replacement for petrochemically made plastics has been constrained by its extreme flammability and propensity to flow in a fire. Traditional flame-retardants (FRs), such as organo-halogen chemicals, can be added to PLA without significantly affecting the material's mechanical properties. However, the restricted usage of these substances causes them to bioaccumulate and endanger plants and animals. Research on PLA flame-retardants has mostly concentrated on organic and inorganic substances for the past few years. Meanwhile, there has been a significant increase in renewed interest in creating environmentally acceptable flame-retardants for PLA to maintain the integrity of the polymer, which is the current trend. This article reviews recent advancements in novel FRs for PLA. The emphasis is on two-dimensional (2D) nanosystems and the composites made from them that have been used to develop PLA nanocomposite (NCP) systems that are flame retarding. The association between FR loadings and efficiency for different FR-PLA systems is also briefly discussed in the paper, as well as their influence on processing and other material attributes. It is unmistakably established from the literature that adding 2D nanoparticles to PLA matrix systems reduces their flammability by forming an intumescent char/carbonized surface layer. This creates a barrier effect that successfully blocks the filtration of volatiles and oxygen, heat and mass transfer, and the release of combustible gases produced during combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesego Tabea Temane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Tersur Orasugh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doorfontein, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa; (L.T.T.); (J.T.O.)
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Geng J, Qin J, He J. Preparation of Intercalated Organic Montmorillonite DOPO-MMT by Melting Method and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy to Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203496. [PMID: 34685257 PMCID: PMC8539982 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
An intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT was prepared through the melting method using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as a modifier. Epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared with DOPO-MMT, DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixtures of DOPO+MMT as flame retardants. The microstructure of the flame retardants and EP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The flame retardant properties, thermal stability, and residual char structure of the EPs were studied by the limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) test, the cone calorimeter (CONE) test as well as other characterization methods. The results showed that the intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT can be successfully prepared by the melting method and that the MMT is evenly dispersed in the EP/DOPO-MMT composite in the form of nanosheets. The EP/DOPO-MMT nanocomposites showed the optimal flame retardancy (LOI, UL-94, PHRR, etc.) among the EPs with DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixture of DOPO+MMT. The flame-retardant grade of the material reached V-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Jianyu Qin
- Beijing System Design Institute of Electro-Mechanic Engineering, Beijing 100854, China;
| | - Jiyu He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
- Correspondence:
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Enhancement of the intumescent flame retardant efficiency in polypropylene by synergistic charring effect of a hypophosphite/cyclotetrasiloxane bi-group compound. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Fu F, Liu X. Single-faced flame resistance of cotton fabrics modified via mist copolymerization. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11461c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mist copolymerization for fabricating single-sided flame retardant cotton fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials and Textile
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials and Textile
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
| | - Feiya Fu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials and Textile
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials and Textile
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University
- Hangzhou 310018
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Dong LP, Huang SC, Li YM, Deng C, Wang YZ. A Novel Linear-Chain Polyamide Charring Agent for the Fire Safety of Noncharring Polyolefin. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Ping Dong
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Sheng-Chao Huang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ying-Ming Li
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Cong Deng
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Center for Degradable and
Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, State Key
Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), Analytical
and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Joseph P, Tretsiakova-McNally S. Melt-Flow Behaviours of Thermoplastic Materials under Fire Conditions: Recent Experimental Studies and Some Theoretical Approaches. MATERIALS 2015; 8:8793-8803. [PMID: 28793746 PMCID: PMC5458815 DOI: 10.3390/ma8125492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric materials often exhibit complex combustion behaviours encompassing several stages and involving solid phase, gas phase and interphase. A wide range of qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative testing techniques are currently available, both at the laboratory scale and for commercial purposes, for evaluating the decomposition and combustion behaviours of polymeric materials. They include, but are not limited to, techniques such as: thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), oxygen bomb calorimetry, limiting oxygen index measurements (LOI), Underwriters Laboratory 94 (UL-94) tests, cone calorimetry, etc. However, none of the above mentioned techniques are capable of quantitatively deciphering the underpinning physiochemical processes leading to the melt flow behaviour of thermoplastics. Melt-flow of polymeric materials can constitute a serious secondary hazard in fire scenarios, for example, if they are present as component parts of a ceiling in an enclosure. In recent years, more quantitative attempts to measure the mass loss and melt-drip behaviour of some commercially important chain- and step-growth polymers have been accomplished. The present article focuses, primarily, on the experimental and some theoretical aspects of melt-flow behaviours of thermoplastics under heat/fire conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Joseph
- Centre for Environmental Safety and Risk Engineering, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia.
| | - Svetlana Tretsiakova-McNally
- The Built Environment Research Institute, School of the Built Environment, Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, UK.
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Sun J, Gu X, Coquelle M, Bourbigot S, Duquesne S, Casetta M, Zhang S. Effects of melamine polyphosphate and halloysite nanotubes on the flammability and thermal behavior of polyamide 6. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education); Beijing 100029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education); Beijing 100029 China
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers; (Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Ministry of Education); Beijing 100029 China
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Ran S, Chen C, Guo Z, Fang Z. Char barrier effect of graphene nanoplatelets on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of high-density polyethylene flame-retarded by brominated polystyrene. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiya Ran
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Institute of Polymer Composites, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Chao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Institute of Polymer Composites, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhenghong Guo
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering; Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Institute of Polymer Composites, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering; Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Ningbo 315100 China
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Flame-retarded mechanism of SEBS/PPO composites modified with mica and resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate). Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Feldman D. REVIEW Polymer Nanocomposites: Flammability. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2013.843407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kandola B, Price D, Milnes G, Da Silva A. Development of a novel experimental technique for quantitative study of melt dripping of themoplastic polymers. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kandola BK, Price D, Milnes GJ, Da Silva A, Gao F, Nigmatullin R. Characterization of Melt Dripping Behavior of Flame Retarded Polypropylene Nanocomposites. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1118.ch021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. K. Kandola
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton, BL3 5AB, U.K
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - D. Price
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton, BL3 5AB, U.K
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - G. J. Milnes
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton, BL3 5AB, U.K
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - A. Da Silva
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton, BL3 5AB, U.K
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - F. Gao
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton, BL3 5AB, U.K
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - R. Nigmatullin
- Institute for Materials Research and Innovation, University of Bolton, Bolton, BL3 5AB, U.K
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, U.K
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