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Martens R, Permanyer M, Werth K, Yu K, Braun A, Halle O, Halle S, Patzer GE, Bošnjak B, Kiefer F, Janssen A, Friedrichsen M, Poetzsch J, Kohli K, Lueder Y, Gutierrez Jauregui R, Eckert N, Worbs T, Galla M, Förster R. Efficient homing of T cells via afferent lymphatics requires mechanical arrest and integrin-supported chemokine guidance. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1114. [PMID: 32111837 PMCID: PMC7048855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known regarding lymph node (LN)-homing of immune cells via afferent lymphatics. Here, we show, using a photo-convertible Dendra-2 reporter, that recently activated CD4 T cells enter downstream LNs via afferent lymphatics at high frequencies. Intra-lymphatic immune cell transfer and live imaging data further show that activated T cells come to an instantaneous arrest mediated passively by the mechanical 3D-sieve barrier of the LN subcapsular sinus (SCS). Arrested T cells subsequently migrate randomly on the sinus floor independent of both chemokines and integrins. However, chemokine receptors are imperative for guiding cells out of the SCS, and for their subsequent directional translocation towards the T cell zone. By contrast, integrins are dispensable for LN homing, yet still contribute by increasing the dwell time within the SCS and by potentially enhancing T cell sensing of chemokine gradients. Together, these findings provide fundamental insights into mechanisms that control homing of lymph-derived immune cells. Immune cells mostly enter lymph nodes (LN) from blood circulation, but whether afferent lymphatics contributes to LN entry is unclear. Here, the authors show, using a photo-convertible reporter, that T cells in afferent lymphatics frequently enter LN and become arrested in the subcapsular sinus, with chemokines and integrins further guiding their migration in the LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieke Martens
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc Permanyer
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kathrin Werth
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asolina Braun
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olga Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Halle
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Berislav Bošnjak
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friedemann Kiefer
- Mammalian Cell Signaling Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Anika Janssen
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Jenny Poetzsch
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karan Kohli
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yvonne Lueder
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Nadine Eckert
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Galla
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Keating R, Morris MY, Yue W, Reynolds CE, Harris TL, Brown SA, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. Potential killers exposed: tracking endogenous influenza-specific CD8 + T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:1104-1119. [PMID: 29972699 PMCID: PMC6282960 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines stimulate antibody responses that are directed against variable regions of the virus, and are therefore ineffective against divergent strains. As CD8+ T cells target the highly conserved, internal IAV proteins, they have the potential to increase heterosubtypic immunity. Early T‐cell priming events influence lasting memory, which is required for long‐term protection. However, the early responding, IAV‐specific cells are difficult to monitor because of their low frequencies. Here, we tracked the dissemination of endogenous IAV‐specific CD8+ T cells during the initial phases of the immune response following IAV infection. We exposed a significant population of recently activated, CD25+CD43+ IAV‐specific T cells that were not detected by tetramer staining. By tracking this population, we found that initial T‐cell priming occurred in the mediastinal lymph nodes, which gave rise to the most expansive IAV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell population. Subsequently, IAV‐specific CD8+ T cells dispersed to the bronchoalveolar lavage and blood, followed by spleen and liver, and finally to the lung. These data provide important insight into the priming and tissue dispersion of an endogenous CD8+ T‐cell response. Importantly, the CD25+CD43+ phenotype identifies an inclusive population of early responding CD8+ T cells, which may provide insight into TCR repertoire selection and expansion. A better understanding of this response is critical for designing improved vaccines that target CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Keating
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Melissa Y Morris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Wen Yue
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Cory E Reynolds
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Tarsha L Harris
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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3
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Effective Priming of Herpes Simplex Virus-Specific CD8 + T Cells In Vivo Does Not Require Infected Dendritic Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01508-17. [PMID: 29142130 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01508-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolution of virus infections depends on the priming of virus-specific CD8+ T cells by dendritic cells (DC). While this process requires major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted antigen presentation by DC, the relative contribution to CD8+ T cell priming by infected DC is less clear. We have addressed this question in the context of a peripheral infection with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV). Assessing the endogenous, polyclonal HSV-specific CD8+ T cell response, we found that effective in vivo T cell priming depended on the presence of DC subsets specialized in cross-presentation, while Langerhans cells and plasmacytoid DC were dispensable. Utilizing a novel mouse model that allows for the in vivo elimination of infected DC, we also demonstrated in vivo that this requirement for cross-presenting DC was not related to their infection but instead reflected their capacity to cross-present HSV-derived antigen. Taking the results together, this study shows that infected DC are not required for effective CD8+ T cell priming during a peripheral virus infection.IMPORTANCE The ability of some DC to present viral antigen to CD8+ T cells without being infected is thought to enable the host to induce killer T cells even when viruses evade or kill infected DC. However, direct experimental in vivo proof for this notion has remained elusive. The work described in this study characterizes the role that different DC play in the induction of virus-specific killer T cell responses and, critically, introduces a novel mouse model that allows for the selective elimination of infected DC in vivo Our finding that HSV-specific CD8+ T cells can be fully primed in the absence of DC infection shows that cross-presentation by DC is indeed sufficient for effective CD8+ T cell priming during a peripheral virus infection.
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4
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Habenicht LM, Albershardt TC, Iritani BM, Ruddell A. Distinct mechanisms of B and T lymphocyte accumulation generate tumor-draining lymph node hypertrophy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1204505. [PMID: 27622075 PMCID: PMC5007965 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1204505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) often enlarge in human cancer patients and in murine tumor models, due to lymphocyte accumulation and lymphatic sinus growth. B lymphocytes within TDLNs can drive lymph node hypertrophy in response to tumor growth, however little is known about the mechanisms directing the preferential accumulation of B lymphocytes relative to T cells in enlarging TDLNs. To define why B and T lymphocytes accumulate in TDLNs, we quantified lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis, entry, and exit in TDLNs versus contralateral non-TDLNs (NTDLNs) in a footpad B16-F10 melanoma mouse model. B and T lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis were increased as the TDLNs enlarged, although relative rates were similar to those of NTDLNs. TDLN entry of B and T lymphocytes via high endothelial venules was also modestly increased in enlarged TDLNs. Strikingly, the egress of B cells was strongly reduced in TDLNs versus NTDLNs, while T cell egress was modestly decreased, indicating that regulation of lymphocyte exit from TDLNs is a major mechanism of preferential B lymphocyte accumulation. Surface sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) which binds S1P and signals lymphocyte egress, exhibited greater downregulation in B relative to T lymphocytes, consistent with preferential retention of B lymphocytes in TDLNs. TDLN lymphocytes did not activate surface CD69 expression, indicating a CD69-independent mechanism of downregulation of S1PR1. B and T cell trafficking via afferent lymphatics to enter TDLNs also increased, suggesting a pathway for accumulation of tumor-educated lymphocytes in TDLNs. These mechanisms regulating TDLN hypertrophy could provide new targets to manipulate lymphocyte responses to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Habenicht
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Brian M Iritani
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alanna Ruddell
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Stankovic S, Harpur CM, Macleod BL, Whitney PG, Gebhardt T, Brooks AG. Limited Internodal Migration of T Follicular Helper Cells after Peripheral Infection with Herpes Simplex Virus-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4892-9. [PMID: 26453747 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of CD4 T cells to give rise to specialized T follicular helper cells (TFH) critical to initiating appropriate Ab responses is regulated by environmental cues in lymphoid tissues draining the site of infection. In this study, we used a skin infection with HSV-1 characterized by the successive involvement of interconnected but distinct lymph nodes (LNs), to investigate the anatomical diversification of virus-specific CD4 T cell responses and the migratory capacity of TFH or their precursors. Whereas Th1 effector CD4 T cells expressing peripheral-targeting migration molecules readily migrated from primary to secondary reactive LNs, Bcl6(+) CXCR5(+) PD1(hi) TFH were largely retained at the site of initial activation with little spillover into the downstream LNs involved at later stages of infection. Consistent with this, TFH maintained high-level surface expression of CD69, indicative of impaired migratory capacity. Notably, the biased generation and retention of TFH in primary LNs correlated with a preferential generation of germinal centers at this site. Our results highlight a limited anatomical diversification of TFH responses and germinal center reactions that were imprinted within the first few cell divisions during TFH differentiation in LNs draining the site of initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Stankovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Christopher M Harpur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Bethany L Macleod
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Paul G Whitney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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6
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Hor JL, Whitney PG, Zaid A, Brooks AG, Heath WR, Mueller SN. Spatiotemporally Distinct Interactions with Dendritic Cell Subsets Facilitates CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Activation to Localized Viral Infection. Immunity 2015; 43:554-65. [PMID: 26297566 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of when and where CD4(+) T cells provide help for CD8(+) T cell priming and which dendritic cells (DCs) activate CD4(+) T cells in vivo after localized infection are poorly understood. By using a cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection model combined with intravital 2-photon imaging of the draining lymph node (LN) to concurrently visualize pathogen-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, we found that early priming of CD4(+) T cells involved clustering with migratory skin DCs. CD8(+) T cells did not interact with migratory DCs and their activation was delayed, requiring later clustering interactions with LN-resident XCR1(+) DCs. CD4(+) T cells interacted with these late CD8(+) T cell clusters on resident XCR1(+) DCs. Together, these data reveal asynchronous T cell activation by distinct DC subsets and highlight the key role of XCR1(+) DCs as the central platform for cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and the delivery of CD4(+) T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul G Whitney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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7
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Mjösberg J, Eidsmo L. Update on innate lymphoid cells in atopic and non-atopic inflammation in the airways and skin. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Mjösberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine; Department of Medicine Huddinge; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - L. Eidsmo
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit; Department of Medicine Solna; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
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8
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Cheuk S, Wikén M, Blomqvist L, Nylén S, Talme T, Ståhle M, Eidsmo L. Epidermal Th22 and Tc17 cells form a localized disease memory in clinically healed psoriasis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:3111-20. [PMID: 24610014 PMCID: PMC3962894 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common and chronic inflammatory skin disease in which T cells play a key role. Effective treatment heals the skin without scarring, but typically psoriasis recurs in previously affected areas. A pathogenic memory within the skin has been proposed, but the nature of such site-specific disease memory is unknown. Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have been ascribed a role in immunity after resolved viral skin infections. Because of their localization in the epidermal compartment of the skin, TRM may contribute to tissue pathology during psoriasis. In this study, we investigated whether resolved psoriasis lesions contain TRM cells with the ability to maintain and potentially drive recurrent disease. Three common and effective therapies, narrowband-UVB treatment and long-term biologic treatment systemically inhibiting TNF-α or IL-12/23 signaling were studied. Epidermal T cells were highly activated in psoriasis and a high proportion of CD8 T cells expressed TRM markers. In resolved psoriasis, a population of cutaneous lymphocyte-associated Ag, CCR6, CD103, and IL-23R expressing epidermal CD8 T cells was highly enriched. Epidermal CD8 T cells expressing the TRM marker CD103 responded to ex vivo stimulation with IL-17A production and epidermal CD4 T cells responded with IL-22 production after as long as 6 y of TNF-α inhibition. Our data suggest that epidermal TRM cells are retained in resolved psoriasis and that these cells are capable of producing cytokines with a critical role in psoriasis pathogenesis. We provide a potential mechanism for a site-specific T cell-driven disease memory in psoriasis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Dermatologic Agents/therapeutic use
- Epidermis/immunology
- Epidermis/metabolism
- Epidermis/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory/drug effects
- Immunologic Memory/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/radiation effects
- Infliximab
- Integrin alpha Chains/genetics
- Integrin alpha Chains/immunology
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/genetics
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Middle Aged
- Models, Immunological
- Psoriasis/drug therapy
- Psoriasis/immunology
- Psoriasis/radiotherapy
- Receptors, CCR6/genetics
- Receptors, CCR6/immunology
- Receptors, CCR6/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transcriptome/drug effects
- Transcriptome/immunology
- Transcriptome/radiation effects
- Ultraviolet Rays
- Ustekinumab
- Young Adult
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Cheuk
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Wikén
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Blomqvist
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology and Tumour Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Toomas Talme
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mona Ståhle
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Liv Eidsmo
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Fernandez MA, Yu U, Zhang G, White R, Sparwasser T, Alexander SI, Jones CA. Treg depletion attenuates the severity of skin disease from ganglionic spread after HSV-2 flank infection. Virology 2013; 447:9-20. [PMID: 24210095 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) attenuate lesion severity and disease after HSV ocular or genital infection, but their role in cutaneous infection remains unclear. Treg depletion (anti-CD25 mAb in C57BL/6 mice or diphtheria toxin (DT) in DEREG mice) prior to tk-deficient HSV-2 flank infection significantly decreased skin lesion severity, granulocyte receptor-1(Gr-1(+)) cell number, and chemokine (KC) expression in the secondary skin, but significantly increased immune effectors and chemokine expression (MCP-1, KC, VEGF-A) in the draining LN, and activated, interferon-γ producing CD8(+)T cells in the ganglia. Treg depletion also significantly reduced HSV-2 DNA in the ganglia. Thus, Tregs increase the severity of recurrent skin lesions, and differentially alter chemokine expression and immune effector homing in the skin and LN after cutaneous infection, and limit CD8(+) T cell responses in the ganglia. Our data suggests that effects of Treg manipulation on recurrent herpes lesions should be considered when developing Treg mediated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian A Fernandez
- Centres for Perinatal Infection Research and Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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10
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Brinkman CC, Rouhani SJ, Srinivasan N, Engelhard VH. Peripheral tissue homing receptors enable T cell entry into lymph nodes and affect the anatomical distribution of memory cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2412-25. [PMID: 23926324 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral tissue homing receptors enable T cells to access inflamed nonlymphoid tissues. In this study, we show that two such molecules, E-selectin ligand and α4β1 integrin, enable activated and memory T cells to enter lymph nodes (LN) as well. This affects the quantitative and qualitative distribution of these cells among regional LN beds. CD8 memory T cells in LN that express these molecules were mostly CD62L(lo) and would normally be classified as effector memory cells. However, similar to central memory cells, they expanded upon Ag re-encounter. This led to differences in the magnitude of the recall response that depended on the route of immunization. These novel cells share properties of both central and effector memory cells and reside in LN based on previously undescribed mechanisms of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Colin Brinkman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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11
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Mueller SN, Gebhardt T, Carbone FR, Heath WR. Memory T cell subsets, migration patterns, and tissue residence. Annu Rev Immunol 2012; 31:137-61. [PMID: 23215646 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissues such as the skin and mucosae are frequently exposed to microbial pathogens. Infectious agents must be quickly and efficiently controlled by our immune system, but the low frequency of naive T cells specific for any one pathogen means dependence on primary responses initiated in draining lymph nodes, often allowing time for serious infection to develop. These responses imprint effectors with the capacity to home to infected tissues; this process, combined with inflammatory signals, ensures the effective targeting of primary immunity. Upon vaccination or previous pathogen exposure, increased pathogen-specific T cell numbers together with altered migratory patterns of memory T cells can greatly improve immune efficacy, ensuring infections are prevented or at least remain subclinical. Until recently, memory T cell populations were considered to comprise central memory T cells (TCM), which are restricted to the secondary lymphoid tissues and blood, and effector memory T cells (TEM), which broadly migrate between peripheral tissues, the blood, and the spleen. Here we review evidence for these two memory populations, highlight a relatively new player, the tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM), and emphasize the potential differences between the migratory patterns of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. This new understanding raises important considerations for vaccine design and for the measurement of immune parameters critical to the control of infectious disease, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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