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Herrera-Vázquez A, Arellano-Aranda R, Hernández-Cueto D, Rodríguez-Miranda E, López-Briones S, Hernández-Luna MA. Detection of Cyclomodulin CNF-1 Toxin-Producing Strains of Escherichia coli in Pig Kidneys at a Slaughterhouse. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2065. [PMID: 37630625 PMCID: PMC10458685 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Food is often contaminated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria strains, which have been associated with different diseases, including urinary tract infections. The consumption of meat by humans is a potential route of transmission of antimicrobial resistance, and food-producing animals have been associated as a major reservoir of resistant bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of the E. coli strains producing the CNF-1 toxin in pig kidneys. Pig kidneys were collected from a Mexican slaughterhouse and classified according to their coloration into reddish kidneys (RK) and yellowish kidneys (YK). A tissue sample from each kidney was processed for histological analysis, the presence of E. coli was determined by conventional PCR assay, and the CNF-1 toxin was detected by both conventional PCR and Western blotting. Herein, an inflammatory cell infiltrate was found in all collected kidneys, regardless of macroscopic differences. Surprisingly, E. coli and the CNF-1 toxin were detected in all kidney samples. We clearly demonstrate contamination by CNF-1 toxin-producing E. coli in pork kidneys from a slaughterhouse, even in those without apparent damage. This suggests that pork may serve as a reservoir for pathogens, representing an important risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Herrera-Vázquez
- Department of Medicine and Nutrition, Division of Health Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León, Guanajuato 37670, Mexico (E.R.-M.); (S.L.-B.)
| | - Rebeca Arellano-Aranda
- Department of Veterinary, Division of Life Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus Irapuato Salamanca, Guanajuato 36500, Mexico
| | - Daniel Hernández-Cueto
- Unit of Investigative Research on Oncological Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Esmeralda Rodríguez-Miranda
- Department of Medicine and Nutrition, Division of Health Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León, Guanajuato 37670, Mexico (E.R.-M.); (S.L.-B.)
| | - Sergio López-Briones
- Department of Medicine and Nutrition, Division of Health Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León, Guanajuato 37670, Mexico (E.R.-M.); (S.L.-B.)
| | - Marco Antonio Hernández-Luna
- Department of Medicine and Nutrition, Division of Health Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León, Guanajuato 37670, Mexico (E.R.-M.); (S.L.-B.)
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2
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Liang Y, Li Q, Liu Y, Guo Y, Li Q. Awareness of intratumoral bacteria and their potential application in cancer treatment. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:57. [PMID: 37148441 PMCID: PMC10164222 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hitherto, the recognition of the microbiota role in tumorigenesis and clinical studies mostly focused on the intestinal flora. In contrast to the gut microbiome, microorganisms resident in tumor tissue are in close contact with cancer cells and therefore have the potential to have similar or even different functional patterns to the gut flora. Some investigations have shown intratumoral bacteria, which might come from commensal microbiota in mucosal areas including the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity, or from nearby normal tissues. The existence, origin, and interactions of intratumoral bacteria with the tumor microenvironment all contribute to intratumoral microorganism heterogeneity. Intratumoral bacteria have a significant role in tumor formation. They can contribute to cancer at the genetic level by secreting poisons that directly damage DNA and also intimately related to immune system response at the systemic level. Intratumoral bacteria have an impact on chemotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer. Importantly, various properties of bacteria such as targeting and ease of modification make them powerful candidates for precision therapy, and combining microbial therapies with other therapies is expected to improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment. In this review, we mainly described the heterogeneity and potential sources of intratumoral bacteria, overviewed the important mechanisms by which they were involved in tumor progression, and summarized their potential value in oncology therapy. At last, we highlight the problems of research in this field, and look forward to a new wave of studies using the various applications of intratumoral microorganisms in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Qiyan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China
| | - Yajie Guo
- Department of Emergency, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
| | - Qingjiao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, China.
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3
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Somanath PR, Chernoff J, Cummings BS, Prasad SM, Homan HD. Targeting P21-Activated Kinase-1 for Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15082236. [PMID: 37190165 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15082236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) has limited therapeutic options and a high mortality rate. The p21-activated kinase (PAK) family of proteins is important in cell survival, proliferation, and motility in physiology, and pathologies such as infectious, inflammatory, vascular, and neurological diseases as well as cancers. Group-I PAKs (PAK1, PAK2, and PAK3) are involved in the regulation of actin dynamics and thus are integral for cell morphology, adhesion to the extracellular matrix, and cell motility. They also play prominent roles in cell survival and proliferation. These properties make group-I PAKs a potentially important target for cancer therapy. In contrast to normal prostate and prostatic epithelial cells, group-I PAKs are highly expressed in mPCA and PCa tissue. Importantly, the expression of group-I PAKs is proportional to the Gleason score of the patients. While several compounds have been identified that target group-I PAKs and these are active in cells and mice, and while some inhibitors have entered human trials, as of yet, none have been FDA-approved. Probable reasons for this lack of translation include issues related to selectivity, specificity, stability, and efficacy resulting in side effects and/or lack of efficacy. In the current review, we describe the pathophysiology and current treatment guidelines of PCa, present group-I PAKs as a potential druggable target to treat mPCa patients, and discuss the various ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors of PAKs. We also discuss the development and testing of a nanotechnology-based therapeutic formulation of group-I PAK inhibitors and its significant potential advantages as a novel, selective, stable, and efficacious mPCa therapeutic over other PCa therapeutics in the pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payaningal R Somanath
- Department of Clinical & Administrative Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- MetasTx LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- MetasTx LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Brian S Cummings
- MetasTx LLC, Basking Ridge, NJ 07920, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Sandip M Prasad
- Morristown Medical Center, Atlantic Health System, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA
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4
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CEMIP, acting as a scaffold protein for bridging GRAF1 and MIB1, promotes colorectal cancer metastasis via activating CDC42/MAPK pathway. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:167. [PMID: 36849460 PMCID: PMC9971195 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of treatment failure and tumor-related death in colorectal cancer (CRC). Our previous studies report that CEMIP functionally promotes CRC metastasis and is closely related to poor outcomes. However, the molecular network of CEMIP promoting CRC metastasis is still not fully understood. In the current study, we identify CEMIP interacting with GRAF1, and the combination of high-CEMIP and low-GRAF1 predicts poor survival of patients. Mechanistically, we elucidate that CEMIP interacts with the SH3 domain of GRAF1 through the 295-819aa domain, and negatively regulates the stability of GRAF1. Moreover, we identify MIB1 to be an E3 ubiquitin ligase for GRAF1. Importantly, we uncover that CEMIP acts as a scaffold protein in bridging MIB1 and GRAF1, which is critical to GRAF1 degradation and CEMIP-mediated CRC metastasis. Furthermore, we found that CEMIP activates CDC42/MAPK pathway-regulated EMT by enhancing the degradation of GRAF1, which is indispensable to CEMIP-mediated migration and invasion of CRC cells. Subsequently, we prove that CDC42 inhibitor suppresses CEMIP-mediated CRC metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our results reveal that CEMIP promotes CRC metastasis through GRAF1/CDC42/MAPK pathway-regulated EMT, and suggest that CDC42 inhibitor could be a novel therapeutic strategy for CEMIP-mediated CRC metastasis.
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Wang DN, Ni JJ, Li JH, Gao YQ, Ni FJ, Zhang ZZ, Fang JY, Lu J, Yao YF. Bacterial infection promotes tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer via regulating CDC42 acetylation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011189. [PMID: 36812247 PMCID: PMC9987831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlights the role of bacteria in promoting tumorigenesis. The underlying mechanisms may be diverse and remain poorly understood. Here, we report that Salmonella infection leads to extensive de/acetylation changes in host cell proteins. The acetylation of mammalian cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), a member of the Rho family of GTPases involved in many crucial signaling pathways in cancer cells, is drastically reduced after bacterial infection. CDC42 is deacetylated by SIRT2 and acetylated by p300/CBP. Non-acetylated CDC42 at lysine 153 shows an impaired binding of its downstream effector PAK4 and an attenuated phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, consequently reduces cell apoptosis. The reduction in K153 acetylation also enhances the migration and invasion ability of colon cancer cells. The low level of K153 acetylation in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) predicts a poor prognosis. Taken together, our findings suggest a new mechanism of bacterial infection-induced promotion of colorectal tumorigenesis by modulation of the CDC42-PAK axis through manipulation of CDC42 acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Ni Wang
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Jing Ni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Hui Li
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Phage, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Qi Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Jing Ni
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (Y-FY)
| | - Yu-Feng Yao
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (Y-FY)
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Martinucci B, Cucielo MS, Minatel BC, Cury SS, Caxali GH, Aal MCE, Felisbino SL, Pinhal D, Carvalho RF, Delella FK. Fibronectin Modulates the Expression of miRNAs in Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:879997. [PMID: 35898539 PMCID: PMC9310065 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.879997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant cause of cancer-related deaths among men and companion animals, such as dogs. However, despite its high mortality and incidence rates, the molecular mechanisms underlying this disease remain to be fully elucidated. Among the many factors involved in prostate carcinogenesis, the extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a crucial role. This ECM in the prostate is composed mainly of collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers, proteoglycans and glycoproteins, such as fibronectin. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein whose dysregulation has been implicated in the development of multiple types of cancer, and it has been associated with cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Furthermore, our research group has previously shown that fibronectin induces transcriptional changes by modulating the expression of protein coding genes in LNCaP cells. However, potential changes at the post-transcriptional level are still not well understood. This study investigated the impact of exposure to fibronectin on the expression of a key class of regulatory RNAs, the microRNAs (miRNAs), in prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and PC-3. Five mammalian miRNAs (miR-21, miR-29b, miR-125b, miR-221, and miR-222) were differentially expressed after fibronectin exposure in prostate cell lines. The expression profile of hundreds of mRNAs predicted to be targeted by these miRNAs was analyzed using publicly available RNA-Sequencing data (GSE64025, GSE68645, GSE29155). Also, protein-protein interaction networks and enrichment analysis were performed to gain insights into miRNA biological functions. Altogether, these functional analyzes revealed that fibronectin exposure impacts the expression of miRNAs potentially involved in PCa causing changes in critical signaling pathways such as PI3K-AKT, and response to cell division, death, proliferation, and migration. The relationship here demonstrated between fibronectin exposure and altered miRNA expression improves the comprehension of PCa in both men and other animals, such as dogs, which naturally develop prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Martinucci
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Maira Smaniotto Cucielo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Brenda Carvalho Minatel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santiloni Cury
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Henrique Caxali
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Mirian Carolini Esgoti Aal
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Sergio Luis Felisbino
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Danillo Pinhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Robson Francisco Carvalho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Flávia Karina Delella
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Flávia Karina Delella
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Sadrekarimi H, Gardanova ZR, Bakhshesh M, Ebrahimzadeh F, Yaseri AF, Thangavelu L, Hasanpoor Z, Zadeh FA, Kahrizi MS. Emerging role of human microbiome in cancer development and response to therapy: special focus on intestinal microflora. Lab Invest 2022; 20:301. [PMID: 35794566 PMCID: PMC9258144 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a greater emphasis on the impact of microbial populations inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract on human health and disease. According to the involvement of microbiota in modulating physiological processes (such as immune system development, vitamins synthesis, pathogen displacement, and nutrient uptake), any alteration in its composition and diversity (i.e., dysbiosis) has been linked to a variety of pathologies, including cancer. In this bidirectional relationship, colonization with various bacterial species is correlated with a reduced or elevated risk of certain cancers. Notably, the gut microflora could potentially play a direct or indirect role in tumor initiation and progression by inducing chronic inflammation and producing toxins and metabolites. Therefore, identifying the bacterial species involved and their mechanism of action could be beneficial in preventing the onset of tumors or controlling their advancement. Likewise, the microbial community affects anti-cancer approaches’ therapeutic potential and adverse effects (such as immunotherapy and chemotherapy). Hence, their efficiency should be evaluated in the context of the microbiome, underlining the importance of personalized medicine. In this review, we summarized the evidence revealing the microbiota's involvement in cancer and its mechanism. We also delineated how microbiota could predict colon carcinoma development or response to current treatments to improve clinical outcomes.
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8
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Interactions of Bacterial Toxin CNF1 and Host JAK1/2 Driven by Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Enhance Macrophage Polarization. mBio 2022; 13:e0114722. [PMID: 35766380 PMCID: PMC9426534 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01147-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a global public health concern, which is mainly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a key UPEC toxin and regulates multiple host cellular processes through activating the Rho GTPases; however, the effect of CNF1 on macrophage polarization remains unknown. Here, we found that CNF1 promoted M1 macrophage polarization through regulating NF-κB and JAK-STAT1 signaling pathways in kidney at an early stage of acute UTIs. Notably, we identified CNF1 could directly interact with JAK1/2 through its domain without Rho GTPases activation, which induced JAK1/2 phosphorylation, subsequent STAT1 activation and M1 polarization. Moreover, CNF1 exhibited liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to induce a CNF1-JAK1/2 complex, promoting macrophage reprogramming. These findings highlight the LLPS-dependent and Rho GTPase-independent effect of CNF1 as an adaptor on interfering with host cell signals.
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9
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Dey P, Ray Chaudhuri S. Cancer-Associated Microbiota: From Mechanisms of Disease Causation to Microbiota-Centric Anti-Cancer Approaches. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:757. [PMID: 35625485 PMCID: PMC9138768 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the only well-established bacterial cause of cancer. However, due to the integral role of tissue-resident commensals in maintaining tissue-specific immunometabolic homeostasis, accumulated evidence suggests that an imbalance of tissue-resident microbiota that are otherwise considered as commensals, can also promote various types of cancers. Therefore, the present review discusses compelling evidence linking tissue-resident microbiota (especially gut bacteria) with cancer initiation and progression. Experimental evidence supporting the cancer-causing role of gut commensal through the modulation of host-specific processes (e.g., bile acid metabolism, hormonal effects) or by direct DNA damage and toxicity has been discussed. The opportunistic role of commensal through pathoadaptive mutation and overcoming colonization resistance is discussed, and how chronic inflammation triggered by microbiota could be an intermediate in cancer-causing infections has been discussed. Finally, we discuss microbiota-centric strategies, including fecal microbiota transplantation, proven to be beneficial in preventing and treating cancers. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of tissue-resident microbiota, their cancer-promoting potentials, and how beneficial bacteria can be used against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Saumya Ray Chaudhuri
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India;
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10
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Salachan PV, Sørensen KD. Dysbiotic microbes and how to find them: a review of microbiome profiling in prostate cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:31. [PMID: 35065652 PMCID: PMC8783429 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the microbiota in human health and disease is well established, including its effects on several cancer types. However, the role of microbial dysbiosis in prostate cancer development, progression, and response to treatment is less well understood. This knowledge gap could perhaps be implicated in the lack of better risk stratification and prognostic tools that incorporate risk factors such as bacterial infections and inflammatory signatures. With over a decade’s research investigating associations between microbiome and prostate carcinogenesis, we are ever closer to finding the crucial biological link between the two. Yet, definitive answers remain elusive, calling for continued research into this field. In this review, we outline the three frequently used NGS based analysis methodologies that are used for microbiome profiling, thereby serving as a quick guide for future microbiome research. We next provide a detailed overview of the current knowledge of the role of the human microbiome in prostate cancer development, progression, and treatment response. Finally, we describe proposed mechanisms of host-microbe interactions that could lead to prostate cancer development, progression or treatment response.
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11
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The Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factors (CNFs)-A Family of Rho GTPase-Activating Bacterial Exotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120901. [PMID: 34941738 PMCID: PMC8709095 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNFs) are a family of Rho GTPase-activating single-chain exotoxins that are produced by several Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Due to the pleiotropic activities of the targeted Rho GTPases, the CNFs trigger multiple signaling pathways and host cell processes with diverse functional consequences. They influence cytokinesis, tissue integrity, cell barriers, and cell death, as well as the induction of inflammatory and immune cell responses. This has an enormous influence on host-pathogen interactions and the severity of the infection. The present review provides a comprehensive insight into our current knowledge of the modular structure, cell entry mechanisms, and the mode of action of this class of toxins, and describes their influence on the cell, tissue/organ, and systems levels. In addition to their toxic functions, possibilities for their use as drug delivery tool and for therapeutic applications against important illnesses, including nervous system diseases and cancer, have also been identified and are discussed.
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12
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Che B, Zhang W, Xu S, Yin J, He J, Huang T, Li W, Yu Y, Tang K. Prostate Microbiota and Prostate Cancer: A New Trend in Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:805459. [PMID: 34956913 PMCID: PMC8702560 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.805459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer have gradually begun to decline in the past few years, it is still one of the leading causes of death from malignant tumors in the world. The occurrence and development of prostate cancer are affected by race, family history, microenvironment, and other factors. In recent decades, more and more studies have confirmed that prostate microflora in the tumor microenvironment may play an important role in the occurrence, development, and prognosis of prostate cancer. Microorganisms or their metabolites may affect the occurrence and metastasis of cancer cells or regulate anti-cancer immune surveillance. In addition, the use of tumor microenvironment bacteria in interventional targeting therapy of tumors also shows a unique advantage. In this review, we introduce the pathway of microbiota into prostate cancer, focusing on the mechanism of microorganisms in tumorigenesis and development, as well as the prospect and significance of microorganisms as tumor biomarkers and tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangwei Che
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shenghan Xu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jingju Yin
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaifa Tang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Medical Science of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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13
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Carlini F, Maroccia Z, Fiorentini C, Travaglione S, Fabbri A. Effects of the Escherichia coli Bacterial Toxin Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 on Different Human and Animal Cells: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212610. [PMID: 34830494 PMCID: PMC8621085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a bacterial virulence factor, the target of which is represented by Rho GTPases, small proteins involved in a huge number of crucial cellular processes. CNF1, due to its ability to modulate the activity of Rho GTPases, represents a widely used tool to unravel the role played by these regulatory proteins in different biological processes. In this review, we summarized the data available in the scientific literature concerning the observed in vitro effects induced by CNF1. An article search was performed on electronic bibliographic resources. Screenings were performed of titles, abstracts, and full-texts according to PRISMA guidelines, whereas eligibility criteria were defined for in vitro studies. We identified a total of 299 records by electronic article search and included 76 original peer-reviewed scientific articles reporting morphological or biochemical modifications induced in vitro by soluble CNF1, either recombinant or from pathogenic Escherichia coli extracts highly purified with chromatographic methods. Most of the described CNF1-induced effects on cultured cells are ascribable to the modulating activity of the toxin on Rho GTPases and the consequent effects on actin cytoskeleton organization. All in all, the present review could be a prospectus about the CNF1-induced effects on cultured cells reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Carlini
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (Z.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Zaira Maroccia
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (Z.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Carla Fiorentini
- Associazione Ricerca Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, ARTOI, 00165 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sara Travaglione
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (Z.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.C.); (Z.M.); (S.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4990-2939
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14
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Shi Z, Zhang M. Emerging Roles for the Gut Microbiome in Lymphoid Neoplasms. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2021; 15:11795549211024197. [PMID: 34211309 PMCID: PMC8216388 DOI: 10.1177/11795549211024197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoid neoplasms encompass a heterogeneous group of malignancies with a predilection for immunocompromised individuals, and the disease burden of lymphoid neoplasms has been rising globally over the last decade. At the same time, mounting studies delineated a crucial role of the gut microbiome in the aetiopathogenesis of various diseases. Orchestrated interactions between myriad microorganisms and the gastrointestinal mucosa establish a defensive barrier for a range of physiological processes, especially immunity and metabolism. These findings provide new perspectives to harness our knowledge of the gut microbiota for preclinical and clinical studies of lymphoma. Here, we review recent findings that support a role for the gut microbiota in the development of lymphoid neoplasms and pinpoint relevant molecular mechanisms. Accordingly, we propose the microbiota-gut-lymphoma axis as a promising target for clinical translation, including auxiliary diagnosis, novel prevention and treatment strategies, and predicting clinical outcomes and treatment-related adverse effects of the disease in the future. This review will reveal a fascinating avenue of research in the microbiota-mediated lymphoma field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuangzhuang Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Lymphoma Diagnosis and Treatment Centre of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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MiR-29a inhibits cell proliferation and migration by targeting the CDC42/PAK1 signaling pathway in cervical cancer. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 30:579-587. [PMID: 30724771 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common gynecological malignancy worldwide and the tumorigenesis mechanisms of cervical cancer are still unclear. This study aimed to reveal the role of miR-29a in cervical cancer. The expression level of miR-29a and CDC42 was measured using qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion were detected using colony formation, flow cytometry analysis, wound-healing assay, and Transwell assay, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the binding of miR-29a with CDC42. CDC42/p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) pathway-related proteins were measured by western blotting. MiR-29a was downregulated and CDC42 was upregulated in cervical cancer cells. Luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-29a negatively regulated the expression of CDC42 by directly targeting 3'-UTR of CDC42. Cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were markedly inhibited, whereas cell apoptosis was significantly increased in Hela and CaSki cells transfected with miR-29a mimics. These effects were partly recovered by CDC42 overexpression. Protein levels of PAK1, p-PAK1, p-LIMK, and p-cofilin were significantly downregulated by miR-29a mimics, which was reversed by CDC42 overexpression and was increased by the miR-29a inhibitor. MiR-29a inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as promoted cell apoptosis through repressing the PAK1/LIMK signaling pathway by targeting CDC42 in cervical cancer.
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16
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Gut Microbiota and Colon Cancer: A Role for Bacterial Protein Toxins? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176201. [PMID: 32867331 PMCID: PMC7504354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the human intestinal microbiota can contribute to the etiology of colorectal cancer. Triggering factors, including inflammation and bacterial infections, may favor the shift of the gut microbiota from a mutualistic to a pro-carcinogenic configuration. In this context, certain bacterial pathogens can exert a pro-tumoral activity by producing enzymatically-active protein toxins that either directly induce host cell DNA damage or interfere with essential host cell signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. This review is focused on those toxins that, by mimicking carcinogens and cancer promoters, could represent a paradigm for bacterially induced carcinogenesis.
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17
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Zhai M, Yang Z, Zhang C, Li J, Jia J, Zhou L, Lu R, Yao Z, Fu Z. APN-mediated phosphorylation of BCKDK promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis and proliferation via the ERK signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:396. [PMID: 32457292 PMCID: PMC7249043 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent human malignancies worldwide and has high morbidity and mortality. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying HCC recurrence and metastasis is critical to identify new therapeutic targets. This study aimed to determine the roles of aminopeptidase N (APN, also known as CD13) in HCC proliferation and metastasis and its underlying mechanisms. We detected APN expression in clinical samples and HCC cell lines using immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and enzyme activity assays. The effects of APN on HCC metastasis and proliferation were verified in both in vitro and in vivo models. RNA-seq, phosphoproteomic, western blot, point mutation, co-immunoprecipitation, and proximity ligation assays were performed to reveal the potential mechanisms. We found that APN was frequently upregulated in HCC tumor tissues and high-metastatic cell lines. Knockout of APN inhibited HCC cell metastasis and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Functional studies suggested that a loss of APN impedes the ERK signaling pathway in HCC cells. Mechanistically, we found that APN might mediate the phosphorylation at serine 31 of BCKDK (BCKDKS31), promote BCKDK interacting with ERK1/2 and phosphorylating it, thereby activating the ERK signaling pathway in HCC cells. Collectively, our findings indicate that APN mediates the phosphorylation of BCKDKS31 and activates its downstream pathway to promote HCC proliferation and metastasis. Therefore, the APN/BCKDK/ERK axis may serve as a new therapeutic target for HCC therapy, and these findings may be helpful to identify new biomarkers in HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Zhai
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Zixia Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenrui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Technology Development Company, Ltd., 300042, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Technology Development Company, Ltd., 300042, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingyi Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Lu
- Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Technology Development Company, Ltd., 300042, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China.
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Kangzhe Pharmaceutical Technology Development Company, Ltd., 300042, Tianjin, China.
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18
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Okumura K, Saito M, Yoshizawa Y, Ito Y, Isogai E, Araki K, Wakabayashi Y. Pak1 maintains epidermal stem cells by regulating Langerhans cells and is required for skin carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2020; 39:4756-4769. [PMID: 32427988 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pak1 (serine/threonine p21-activated kinases) was previously reported to have oncogenic activity in several cancers. However, its roles in the cancer microenvironment are poorly understood. We demonstrated that Pak1 expression in Langerhans cells (LCs) is essential for the maintenance of epidermal stem cells and skin tumor development. We found that PAK1 is localized in LCs by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the number of LCs significantly decreased in MSM/Ms Pak1 homozygous knockout mice (MSM/Ms-Pak1-/-). F1 hybrid (FVB/N×MSM/Ms) Pak1 heterozygous knockout mice (F1-Pak1+/-) had increased numbers of Th17 cells in the skin. Therefore, Pak1 knockdown cells were prepared using LC-derived XS52 cells (XS52-Pak1KD) and co-cultured with keratinocyte-derived C5N cells. As a result, XS52-Pak1KD cell supernatants promoted C5N cell proliferation. We then carried out DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis experiments using F1-Pak1+/- mice. Of note, F1-Pak1+/- mice exhibited stronger resistance to skin tumors than control mice. F1-Pak1+/- mice had fewer epidermal stem cells in the skin bulge. Our study suggested that Pak1 regulates the epidermal stem cell number by changing the properties of LCs and functions in skin carcinogenesis. We clarified a novel role of Pak1 in regulating LCs as a potential therapeutic target in skin immune disease and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Okumura
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Megumi Saito
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Yoshizawa
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Eriko Isogai
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, 2-2-1 Honjo Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yuichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Carcinogenesis Research, Division of Experimental Animal Research, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, 666-2 Nitonacho Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8717, Japan.
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19
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Guo Y, Wang J, Zhou K, Lv J, Wang L, Gao S, Keller ET, Zhang ZS, Wang Q, Yao Z. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 promotes bladder cancer angiogenesis through activating RhoC. FASEB J 2020; 34:7927-7940. [PMID: 32314833 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201903266rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), a leading cause of urinary tract infections, is associated with prostate and bladder cancers. Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a key UPEC toxin; however, its role in bladder cancer is unknown. In the present study, we found CNF1 induced bladder cancer cells to secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through activating Ras homolog family member C (RhoC), leading to subsequent angiogenesis in the bladder cancer microenvironment. We then investigated that CNF1-mediated RhoC activation modulated the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) to upregulate the VEGF. We demonstrated in vitro that active RhoC increased heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) phosphorylation, which induced the heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α) expression, leading to stabilization of HIF1α. Active RhoC elevated HSP90α, HIF1α, VEGF expression, and angiogenesis in the human bladder cancer xenografts. In addition, HSP90α, HIF1α, and VEGF expression were also found positively correlated with the human bladder cancer development. These results provide a potential mechanism through which UPEC contributes to bladder cancer progression, and may provide potential therapeutic targets for bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiu Guo
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kaichen Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junqiang Lv
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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20
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Silbergleit M, Vasquez AA, Miller CJ, Sun J, Kato I. Oral and intestinal bacterial exotoxins: Potential linked to carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 171:131-193. [PMID: 32475520 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that imbalances in resident microbes (dysbiosis) can promote chronic inflammation, immune-subversion, and production of carcinogenic metabolites, thus leading to neoplasia. Yet, evidence to support a direct link of individual bacteria species to human sporadic cancer is still limited. This chapter focuses on several emerging bacterial toxins that have recently been characterized for their potential oncogenic properties toward human orodigestive cancer and the presence of which in human tissue samples has been documented. These include cytolethal distending toxins produced by various members of gamma and epsilon Proteobacteria, Dentilisin from mammalian oral Treponema, Pasteurella multocida toxin, two Fusobacterial toxins, FadA and Fap2, Bacteroides fragilis toxin, colibactin, cytotoxic necrotizing factors and α-hemolysin from Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica AvrA. It was clear that these bacterial toxins have biological activities to induce several hallmarks of cancer. Some toxins directly interact with DNA or chromosomes leading to their breakdowns, causing mutations and genome instability, and others modulate cell proliferation, replication and death and facilitate immune evasion and tumor invasion, prying specific oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways, such as p53 and β-catenin/Wnt. In addition, most bacterial toxins control tumor-promoting inflammation in complex and diverse mechanisms. Despite growing laboratory evidence to support oncogenic potential of selected bacterial toxins, we need more direct evidence from human studies and mechanistic data from physiologically relevant experimental animal models, which can reflect chronic infection in vivo, as well as take bacterial-bacterial interactions among microbiome into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian A Vasquez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Healthy Urban Waters, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Carol J Miller
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Healthy Urban Waters, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ikuko Kato
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States.
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21
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Wang C, Li Q, Lv J, Sun X, Cao Y, Yu K, Miao C, Zhang ZS, Yao Z, Wang Q. Alpha-hemolysin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli induces GM-CSF-mediated acute kidney injury. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:22-33. [PMID: 31719643 PMCID: PMC6914670 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs), inducing acute pyelonephritis and may result in permanent renal scarring and failure. Alpha-hemolysin (HlyA), a key UPEC toxin, causes serious tissue damage; however, the mechanism through which HlyA induces kidney injury remains unclear. In the present study, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) secreted by renal epithelial cells was upregulated by HlyA in vitro and in vivo, which induced M1 macrophage accumulation in kidney, and ADAM10 was found involved in HlyA-induced GM-CSF. Macrophage elimination or GM-CSF neutralization protected against acute kidney injury in mice, and increased GM-CSF was detected in urine of patients infected by hlyA-positive UPEC. In addition, HlyA was found to promote UPEC invasion into renal epithelial cells by interacting with Nectin-2 in vitro. However, HlyA did not affect bacterial titers during acute kidney infections, and HlyA-induced invasion did not contribute to GM-CSF upregulation in vitro, which indicate that HlyA-induced GM-CSF is independent of bacteria invasion. The role of GM-CSF in HlyA-mediated kidney injury may lead to novel strategies to treat acute pyelonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changying Wang
- 0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.2Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- 0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.2Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Junqiang Lv
- 0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.2Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Sun
- 0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.2Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Cao
- 0000 0004 1798 6160grid.412648.dDepartment of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, 300211 Tianjin, China
| | - Kaiyuan Yu
- 0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.2Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Chunhui Miao
- 0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.2Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- 0000 0000 9878 7032grid.216938.7State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- 0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.2Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China ,0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.22011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Wang
- 0000 0000 9792 1228grid.265021.2Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070 Tianjin, China
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22
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Baruah MM, Sharma N. In silico identification of key genes and signaling pathways targeted by a panel of signature microRNAs in prostate cancer. Med Oncol 2019; 36:43. [PMID: 30937635 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-019-1268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence have suggested that some microRNAs are aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer. In our previous work, we had identified a panel of four differentially expressed microRNAs in prostate cancer. In the present study, we have investigated common molecular targets of this panel of miRNAs (DEMs) and key hub genes that can serve as potential candidate biomarkers in the pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer. A joint bioinformatics approach was employed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in prostate cancer. Gene enrichment analysis followed by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and selection of hub genes was further performed using String and Cytoscape, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the identified hub genes was conducted using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) tool. In total, 496 genes were identified to be common targets of DEMs in prostate cancer and 13 key hub genes were identified from three modules of the PPI network of the DEGs. Further top five genes viz Rhoa, PI3KCA, CDC42, MAPK3, TP53 were used for Enrichment analysis which revealed their association with vital cellular and functional pathways in prostate cancer indicating their potential as candidate biomarkers in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna M Baruah
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Mulshi, Pune, 412115, India
| | - Neeti Sharma
- Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Lavale, Mulshi, Pune, 412115, India.
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23
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Zhang Z, Aung KM, Uhlin BE, Wai SN. Reversible senescence of human colon cancer cells after blockage of mitosis/cytokinesis caused by the CNF1 cyclomodulin from Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17780. [PMID: 30542142 PMCID: PMC6290797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), a protein toxin produced by extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, activates the Rho-family small GTPases in eukaryotic cell, thereby perturbing multiple cellular functions. Increasing epidemiological evidence suggests a link between CNF1 and human inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. At the cellular level, CNF1 has been hypothesized to reprogram cell fate towards survival due to the role in perturbing cell cycle and apoptosis. However, it remains undetermined how cells survive from CNF1 intoxication. In this work, we show that CNF1 treatment blocks mitosis/cytokinesis, elicits endoreplication and polyploidisation in cultured human colon cancer cells, and drives them into reversible senescence, which provides a survival route for cells via depolyploidisation. Senescence in CNF1-treated cells is demonstrated with upregulation of several senescence markers including senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, p53, p21 and p16, and concomitant inhibition of the retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Importantly, progeny derived from CNF1 treatment exhibit genomic instability exemplified by increased aneuploidy and become more resistant to CNF1, but not to 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin, the two agents commonly used in chemotherapeutic treatment for colorectal cancer. These observations display survival features of the cell after CNF1 treatment that may have implications for the potential role of CNF1 in carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden. .,Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Kyaw Min Aung
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bernt Eric Uhlin
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sun Nyunt Wai
- Department of Molecular Biology and The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå University, SE-90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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24
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Yang H, Li Q, Wang C, Wang J, Lv J, Wang L, Zhang ZS, Yao Z, Wang Q. Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 Downregulates CD36 Transcription in Macrophages to Induce Inflammation During Acute Urinary Tract Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1987. [PMID: 30233583 PMCID: PMC6128224 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) induce cystitis, pyelonephritis, and can cause kidney scarring and failure if inflammation is not under control. The detailed effects of cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1), the key UPEC toxin, on the pathogenicity of UPEC remain unclear. CD36 is an important scavenger receptor, responsible for pathogen and apoptotic cell clearance, and plays an essential role in host immune defense and homeostasis. Regulation of CD36 by bacterial toxins has not been reported. In this study, using a pyelonephritis mouse model, CNF1 was observed to contribute to increasing neutrophils and bacterial titers in infected bladder and kidney tissues, resulting in severe inflammation and tissue damage. CD36 expression in macrophages was found to be decreased by CNF1 in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that CNF1 attenuated CD36 transcription by decreasing expressions of its upstream transcription factors LXRβ and C/EBPα and their recruitment to the CD36 promotor. In addition, Cdc42 was found to be involved in CNF1-mediated downregulation of LXRβ. Our study investigated the pathogenesis of cnf1-carrying UPEC, which affected host innate immune defenses and homeostasis through regulation of CD36 in macrophages during acute UTIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Changying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junqiang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi-Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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25
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Ho M, Mettouchi A, Wilson BA, Lemichez E. CNF1-like deamidase domains: common Lego bricks among cancer-promoting immunomodulatory bacterial virulence factors. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4992304. [PMID: 29733372 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations of the cellular proteome over time due to spontaneous or toxin-mediated enzymatic deamidation of glutamine (Gln) and asparagine (Asn) residues contribute to bacterial infection and might represent a source of aging-related diseases. Here, we put into perspective what is known about the mode of action of the CNF1 toxin from pathogenic Escherichia coli, a paradigm of bacterial deamidases that activate Rho GTPases, to illustrate the importance of determining whether exposure to these factors are risk factors in the etiology age-related diseases, such as cancer. In particular, through in silico analysis of the distribution of the CNF1-like deamidase active site Gly-Cys-(Xaa)n-His sequence motif in bacterial genomes, we unveil the wide distribution of the super-family of CNF-like toxins and CNF-like deamidase domains among members of the Enterobacteriacae and in association with a large variety of toxin delivery systems. We extent our discussion with recent findings concerning cellular systems that control activated Rac1 GTPase stability and provide protection against cancer. These findings point to the urgency for developing holistic approaches toward personalized medicine that include monitoring for asymptomatic carriage of pathogenic toxin-producing bacteria and that ultimately might lead to improved public health and increased lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfei Ho
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Amel Mettouchi
- Bacterial Toxins Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Brenda A Wilson
- Department of Microbiology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Emmanuel Lemichez
- Bacterial Toxins Unit, Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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26
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Tantillo E, Colistra A, Vannini E, Cerri C, Pancrazi L, Baroncelli L, Costa M, Caleo M. Bacterial Toxins and Targeted Brain Therapy: New Insights from Cytotoxic Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061632. [PMID: 29857515 PMCID: PMC6032336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria produce toxins to promote host invasion and, therefore, their survival. The extreme potency and specificity of these toxins confer to this category of proteins an exceptionally strong potential for therapeutic exploitation. In this review, we deal with cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF1), a cytotoxin produced by Escherichia coli affecting fundamental cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, cell survival and migration. First, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of action of CNF1 in target cells. Next, we focus on the potential use of CNF1 as a pharmacological treatment in central nervous system’s diseases. CNF1 appears to impact neuronal morphology, physiology, and plasticity and displays an antineoplastic activity on brain tumors. The ability to preserve neural functionality and, at the same time, to trigger senescence and death of proliferating glioma cells, makes CNF1 an encouraging new strategy for the treatment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tantillo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Fondazione Pisana per la Scienza Onlus (FPS), via Ferruccio Giovannini 13, San Giuliano Terme, 56017 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonella Colistra
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Departement of Biology, University of Pisa, via Luca Ghini 13, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Vannini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cerri
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
- Fondazione Umberto Veronesi, Piazza Velasca 5, 20122 Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Pancrazi
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Laura Baroncelli
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mario Costa
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Matteo Caleo
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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27
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Maroccia Z, Loizzo S, Travaglione S, Frank C, Fabbri A, Fiorentini C. New therapeutics from Nature: The odd case of the bacterial cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 101:929-937. [PMID: 29635902 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products may represent a rich source of new drugs. The enthusiasm toward this topic has recently been fueled by the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded for the discovery of avermectin and artemisinin, natural products from Bacteria and Plantae, respectively, which have targeted one of the major global health issues, the parasitic diseases. Specifically, bacteria either living in the environment or colonizing our body may produce compounds of unexpected biomedical value with the potentiality to be employed as therapeutic drugs. In this review, the fascinating history of CNF1, a protein toxin produced by pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, is divulged. Even if produced by bacteria responsible for a variety of diseases, CNF1 can behave as a promising benefactor to mankind. By modulating the Rho GTPases, this bacterial product plays a key role in organizing the actin cytoskeleton, enhancing synaptic plasticity and brain energy level, rescuing cognitive deficits, reducing glioma growth in experimental animals. These abilities strongly suggest the need to proceed with the studies on this odd drug in order to pave the way toward clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Maroccia
- Italian Centre for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Loizzo
- Italian Centre for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Travaglione
- Italian Centre for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Frank
- Italian Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Italian Centre for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Fiorentini
- Italian Centre for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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