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Gadde R, Cd D, Sheela SR. Placental protein 13: An important biological protein in preeclampsia. J Circ Biomark 2018; 7:1849454418786159. [PMID: 30023011 PMCID: PMC6047241 DOI: 10.1177/1849454418786159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental protein 13 (PP13), a glycan binding protein predominantly expressed in syncytiotrophoblast, dimeric in nature, lacks N-terminal signal peptide, bypasses the endoplasmic reticulum, and secretes into maternal circulation as exosomes or microvesicles. PP13 has jelly roll fold conformation with conserved carbohydrate recognition domain which specifically binds to β-galactosides of the glycan receptors during placentation. PP13 binds to glycosylated receptors on human erythrocytes and brings about hemagglutination by the property of lectin activity; other functions are immunoregulation and vasodilation during placentation and vascularization. The gene LGALS13 located on 19q13.2 comprising four exons expresses a 32-kDa protein with 139 amino acid residues, PP13. Impaired expression due to mutation in the gene leads to a nonfunctional truncated PP13. The low serum levels predict high risk for the onset of preeclampsia or obstetric complications. Hence, PP13 turned to be an early marker for risk assessment of preeclampsia. The recombinant PP13 and monoclonal antibodies availability help for replenishing PP13 in conditions with low serum levels and for detection and prevention of preeclampsia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeeta Gadde
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
| | - Dayanand Cd
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
| | - S R Sheela
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, India
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Galectin-13, a different prototype galectin, does not bind β-galacto-sides and forms dimers via intermolecular disulfide bridges between Cys-136 and Cys-138. Sci Rep 2018; 8:980. [PMID: 29343868 PMCID: PMC5772480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, placental protein-13 (galectin-13) is highly expressed in the placenta and fetal tissue, and less so in maternal serum that is related to pre-eclampsia. To understand galectin-13 function at the molecular level, we solved its crystal structure and discovered that its dimer is stabilized by two disulfide bridges between Cys136 and Cys138 and six hydrogen bonds involving Val135, Val137, and Gln139. Native PAGE and gel filtration demonstrate that this is not a crystallization artifact because dimers also form in solution. Our biochemical studies indicate that galectin-13 ligand binding specificity is different from that of other galectins in that it does not bind β-galactosides. This is partly explained by the presence of Arg53 rather than His53 at the bottom of the carbohydrate binding site in a position that is crucial for interactions with β-galactosides. Mutating Arg53 to histidine does not re-establish normal β-galactoside binding, but rather traps cryoprotectant glycerol molecules within the ligand binding site in crystals of the R53H mutant. Moreover, unlike most other galectins, we also found that GFP-tagged galectin-13 is localized within the nucleus of HeLa and 293 T cells. Overall, galectin-13 appears to be a new type of prototype galectin with distinct properties.
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De Villiers CP, Hedley PL, Placing S, Wøjdemann KR, Shalmi AC, Carlsen AL, Rode L, Sundberg K, Tabor A, Christiansen M. Placental protein-13 (PP13) in combination with PAPP-A and free leptin index (fLI) in first trimester maternal serum screening for severe and early preeclampsia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 56:65-74. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Placental protein-13 (PP13) is involved in placental invasion and has been suggested as a maternal serum marker of preeclampsia (PE) development. However, the discriminatory ability of PP13 in first trimester has not been completely clarified.
Methods:
PP13 was measured in first trimester (week 10+3–13+6) maternal serum from 120 PE pregnancies and 267 control pregnancies and was correlated with clinical parameters. The population screening performance of PP13 in combination with the PE markers pregnancy associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) and free leptin index (fLI) was assessed by Monte Carlo simulation.
Results:
In severe PE (including HELLP) cases (n=26) the median PP13 concentration was 35.8 pg/mL (range: 17.8–85.5 pg/mL) and in PE pregnancies (n=10) with birth prior to week 34, the median PP13 concentration was 30.6 pg/mL (13.1–50.1 pg/mL), compared to controls with a median of 54.8 pg/mL (range: 15.4–142.6 pg/mL) (p<0.04). The population screening detection rate (DR) for a false-positive rate of 10% for severe PE and HELLP was 26% for PP13, 28% for PP13+PAPP-A, 33% for PP13+fLI, and 40% for PP13+PAPP-A+fLI.
Conclusions:
PP13 is a marker of severe PE and HELLP syndrome. The screening performance of PP13 can be markedly improved by combining it with fLI and PAPP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carin P. De Villiers
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Stellenbosch , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Paula L. Hedley
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Stellenbosch , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Sophie Placing
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Karen R. Wøjdemann
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Anne-Cathrine Shalmi
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Hillerød Hospital , Hillerød , Denmark
| | - Anting L. Carlsen
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Line Rode
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Karin Sundberg
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ann Tabor
- Department of Fetal Medicine , Copenhagen University Hospital , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut , 5 Artillerivej , 2300S Copenhagen , Denmark
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Costa MA. The endocrine function of human placenta: an overview. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 32:14-43. [PMID: 26615903 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the placenta is one of these critical pregnancy events. This organ plays essential roles during gestation, including fetal nourishment, support and protection, gas exchange and production of several hormones and other mediators. Placental hormones are mainly secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast, in a highly and tightly regulated way. These hormones are important for pregnancy establishment and maintenance, exerting autocrine and paracrine effects that regulate decidualization, placental development, angiogenesis, endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, immunotolerance and fetal development. In addition, because they are released into maternal circulation, the profile of their blood levels throughout pregnancy has been the target of intense research towards finding potential robust and reliable biomarkers to predict and diagnose pregnancy-associated complications. In fact, altered levels of these hormones have been associated with some pathologies, such as chromosomal anomalies or pre-eclampsia. This review proposes to revise and update the main pregnancy-related hormones, addressing their major characteristics, molecular targets, function throughout pregnancy, regulators of their expression and their potential clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Pennings JLA, Siljee JE, Imholz S, Kuc S, de Vries A, Schielen PCJI, Rodenburg W. Comparison of different blood collection, sample matrix, and immunoassay methods in a prenatal screening setting. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:509821. [PMID: 25132703 PMCID: PMC4123521 DOI: 10.1155/2014/509821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We compared how measurements of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (fβ-hCG) in maternal blood are influenced by different methods for blood collection, sample matrix, and immunoassay platform. Serum and dried blood spots (DBS) were obtained by venipuncture and by finger prick of 19 pregnant women. PAPP-A and fβ-hCG from serum and from DBS were measured by conventional indirect immunoassay on an AutoDELFIA platform and by antibody microarray. We compared methods based on the recoveries for both markers as well as marker levels correlations across samples. All method comparisons showed high correlations for both marker concentrations. Recovery levels of PAPP-A from DBS were 30% lower, while those of fβ-hCG from DBS were 50% higher compared to conventional venipuncture serum. The recoveries were not affected by blood collection or immunoassay method. The high correlation coefficients for both markers indicate that DBS from finger prick can be used reliably in a prenatal screening setting, as a less costly and minimally invasive alternative for venipuncture serum, with great logistical advantages. Additionally, the use of antibody arrays will allow for extending the number of first trimester screening markers on maternal and fetal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L. A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline E. Siljee
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sylwia Kuc
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), P.O. Box 85090, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke de Vries
- Centre for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter C. J. I. Schielen
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research, Diagnostics and Screening (IDS), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Rodenburg
- Centre for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Rodenburg W, Reimerink JH, Imholz S, Godeke GJ, Pennings JLA, Schielen PCJI, Koster MPH, de Vries A. Quantitative performance of antibody array technology in a prenatal screening setting. Clin Chem Lab Med 2011; 50:325-32. [PMID: 22035138 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody microarrays (Ab-array) represent a new, innovative proteomics platform for high-throughput protein expression profiling in body fluids. Because they allow for multiplexed measurements in small sample volumes, Ab-arrays are an interesting alternative to conventional indirect sandwich immunoassay (ELISA or DELFIA) tests in clinical or population screening if sets of markers are to be analyzed simultaneously. However, to allow implementation of Ab-arrays in clinical or population screening programs, it is of vital importance to establish that this method is both sensitive and quantitative. METHODS This study developed and optimized a duplex Ab-array for pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and human chorion gonadotropin (fβ-hCG), two serum biomarkers currently analyzed by conventional biochemical techniques in prenatal screening. Serum samples from pregnant women, representing the dynamic range of both markers, were analyzed on Ab-arrays, and validated to the, in prenatal screening routinely applied, AutoDelfia system. RESULTS Two different array hybridization conditions were tested, i.e., direct and indirect labeling, of which the indirect method displayed a sensitive and quantitative performance and a low intra- and inter-assay variation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these findings indicate that Ab-array technology is a promising alternative for ELISA or DELFIA in population screening programs, allowing future quantitative analysis of multiple biomarkers simultaneously in small volumes of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Rodenburg
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Wortelboer EJ, Koster MPH, Kuc S, Eijkemans MJC, Bilardo CM, Schielen PCJI, Visser GHA. Longitudinal trends in fetoplacental biochemical markers, uterine artery pulsatility index and maternal blood pressure during the first trimester of pregnancy. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 38:383-388. [PMID: 21520474 DOI: 10.1002/uog.9029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess trends in levels of biochemical markers, uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI) and maternal blood pressure changes over time and study their relationships in uncomplicated first-trimester pregnancies. METHODS The study population comprised 86 women with singleton pregnancies. In each woman, a blood sample was collected at 6-7, 8-9, 10-11 and 12-13 weeks' gestation. At the same visit blood pressure was measured and ultrasound examination was performed to measure the crown-rump length and Doppler flow velocity waveform patterns of both UtAs. Serum concentrations of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), A disintegrin and metalloprotease domain-containing protein-12 (ADAM-12), placental protein-13 (PP-13) and placental growth factor (PlGF) levels were measured in thawed specimens using an automated time-resolved fluorescence assay. Summary curves were created to describe normal ranges and trends over time. The data were analyzed with a linear mixed model with the log-transformed marker values as dependent variables. This allowed for flexible modeling of patterns over time. RESULTS Sixty-eight pregnancies had an uneventful outcome, with the birth of an appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infant. In these pregnancies serum PAPP-A, ADAM-12, PP-13 and PlGF levels increased with gestational age. The UtA-PI decreased and the mean arterial blood pressure remained constant. There were no significant correlations between maternal age, birth-weight percentile, gender and blood pressure and any of the biochemical markers. The serum markers were highly correlated with each other except for β-hCG. A negative correlation was found between most biomarkers and UtA-PI, especially from 10 weeks onwards. Serum concentrations of ADAM-12 and PP-13 were lower in a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) subgroup born at term (n = 6), the former statistically significantly (P = 0.031), the latter non-significantly (P = 0.054), whereas UtA-PI was significantly higher (P = 0.02). Biomarker concentrations in 12 women delivering a large-for-gestational age infant did not differ from those delivering AGA neonates. CONCLUSION There is a relationship between biochemical markers of early placentation and downstream resistance to flow in the UtAs in low-risk uncomplicated pregnancies, indicating differences in placentation. In a small series of SGA infants born at term we could demonstrate differences as compared to normal pregnancies, with potential value for screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Wortelboer
- Department of Obstetrics, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Koster MPH, Wortelboer EJ, Stoutenbeek P, Visser GHA, Schielen PCJI. Modeling Down syndrome screening performance using first-trimester serum markers. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 38:134-139. [PMID: 21800388 DOI: 10.1002/uog.8881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the modeled predictive value of three current screening markers (pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (free β-hCG), and nuchal translucency (NT)) and four potential screening markers (a disintegrin and metalloprotease 12 (ADAM12), total hCG, placental protein 13 (PP13), and placental growth factor (PlGF)) for Down syndrome using different screening strategies. METHODS All markers were measured in stored first-trimester serum of 151 Down syndrome cases and 847 controls. All marker levels were expressed as gestational age-specific multiples of the median (MoMs) and comparisons were made using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Detection rates (DRs) for fixed false-positive rates (FPRs) were modeled using different screening strategies. RESULTS Significantly different median MoMs for Down syndrome cases compared to controls were found for PAPP-A (0.49 vs. 1.00; P < 0.0001), free β-hCG (1.70 vs. 1.01; P < 0.0001), ADAM12 (0.89 vs. 1.00; P < 0.0001), total hCG (1.28 vs. 1.00; P < 0.0001), PlGF (0.80 vs. 1.00; P < 0.0001) and NT (1.74 vs. 1.01; P < 0.0001). The lower PP13 MoM in Down syndrome cases (0.91 vs. 1.00) was not statistically significant (P = 0.061). Adding the four new markers to the current screening strategy (i.e. first-trimester combined test) led to an increase in DR from 77% to 80% at a 5% FPR. The modeled application of a two-sample screening strategy (with some markers assessed early and others later in the first trimester) increased the DR to 89%. In a two-step contingent screening model, using an intermediate risk range of 1 in 100 to 1 in 2000 at biochemical screening (using all markers), the overall DR was 77%, but it was predicted that only 33% of women would require referral for NT measurement. CONCLUSIONS First-trimester Down syndrome screening may be improved by adding new markers to the current screening test and by applying different screening strategies. The application of a two-sample screening model resulted in the highest predicted DR, but this should be confirmed in population-based prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P H Koster
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Cuckle HS. Screening for pre-eclampsia--lessons from aneuploidy screening. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl:S42-8. [PMID: 21257082 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal screening for aneuploidy is an established routine clinical practice worldwide. The same statistical methodology, developed and refined over three decades, might be adapted to screening for pre-eclampsia. METHODS The published literature is reviewed for evidence that the methodology is valid for pre-eclampsia using first trimester maternal serum PP13, PAPP-A, PlGF, ADAM12 and inhibin A, together with MAP and uterine artery Doppler PI. Risk is estimated for both early onset pre-eclampsia, requiring delivery before 34 weeks, or late onset disease. Prior risk from the background prevalence multiplied by likelihood ratios (LRs) for ethnicity, parity, adiposity and family history is multiplied by an LR from the screening marker profile. Markers are expressed in multiples of the gestation-specific median and adjusted for body mass, ethnicity and smoking status as appropriate. A standardized population with a fixed distribution of risk factors and a multi-variate Gaussian model of marker profiles is used to predict performance. RESULTS There is sufficient published data to estimate individual risks reasonably well. Modeling predicts that using PAPP-A and one other serum marker, together with the physical markers more than two-thirds of early and one-third of late onset cases can be detected by classifying less than 2% of pregnancies as high risk; three-quarters of early case could be detected with a 5% high risk rate. CONCLUSION Whilst more data on some markers is still required modeling so far suggests that extending first trimester aneuploidy screening programs to include pre-eclampsia screening would yield a high detection. However, prospective studies are needed to verify the model predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Cuckle
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 W. 168th Street, PH1666, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Sammar M, Nisemblat S, Fleischfarb Z, Golan A, Sadan O, Meiri H, Huppertz B, Gonen R. Placenta-bound and body fluid PP13 and its mRNA in normal pregnancy compared to preeclampsia, HELLP and preterm delivery. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl:S30-6. [PMID: 21257080 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the distribution of placental protein 13 (PP13) in fetal and maternal blood and amnionic fluid and to correlate it with PP13 protein and mRNA in the placenta. METHODS Umbilical arterial serum, amnionic fluid, maternal venous serum and placental tissues were collected from normal outcome pregnancies (N = 63) (GA>37), early onset preeclampsia (PE) (N = 12, GA: 26-33), and HELLP syndrome (N = 5, GA: 27-29). Because PE and HELLP cases delivered preterm, cases of preterm delivery (PTD) (N = 6, GA: 31-36) served as additional control. PP13 was determined by ELISA, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. PP13 mRNA was measured by PCR (RT-PCR). Continuous parameters were compared by t-test, P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS In women with normal pregnancy outcome significantly higher PP13 levels were found in maternal serum compared to amnionic fluid and negligible amount was found in fetal serum. A similar pattern was identified in cases of PTD with concentrations similar to term control. In PE and HELLP cases PP13 levels in amnionic fluid level were more than twice compared to maternal serum (P < 0.001). Umbilical cord level was negligible in PE but high in HELLP corresponding to the much higher level of PP13 in this patient group compared to all others. In the placenta PP13 level in term controls was higher compared to PTD. In PE and HELLP (similar early delivery time as PTD) the level was significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared to PTD or term controls. PP13 mRNA levels in term control and PTD were similar while PP13 mRNA levels in PE and HELLP placentas were significantly lower compared to term controls or PTD or the two combined. Syncytiotrophoblast labeling appeared stronger in PE and HELLP compared to term controls and PTD. CONCLUSIONS In all cases but HELLP, PP13 in fetal blood is very low indicating that routing of PP13 to fetal blood is limited and that the fetus is unlikely to generate PP13. PP13 mRNA is lower in the third trimester at the time of disease while protein level accumulates and become higher creating an unparallel change in the level of the mRNA and the corresponding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sammar
- Diagnostic Technologies Ltd., Yoqneam, Israel.
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Koster MPH, Wortelboer EJ, Stoutenbeek P, Visser GHA, Schielen PCJI. Distributions of current and new first-trimester Down syndrome screening markers in twin pregnancies. Prenat Diagn 2010; 30:413-7. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pennings JLA, Koster MPH, Rodenburg W, Schielen PCJI, de Vries A. Discovery of novel serum biomarkers for prenatal Down syndrome screening by integrative data mining. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8010. [PMID: 19956656 PMCID: PMC2777317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To facilitate the experimental search for novel maternal serum biomarkers in prenatal Down Syndrome screening, we aimed to create a set of candidate biomarkers using a data mining approach. Methodology/Principal Findings Because current screening markers are derived from either fetal liver or placental trophoblasts, we reasoned that new biomarkers can primarily be found to be derived from these two tissues. By applying a three-stage filtering strategy on publicly available data from different sources, we identified 49 potential blood-detectable protein biomarkers. Our set contains three biomarkers that are currently widely used in either first- or second-trimester screening (AFP, PAPP-A and fβ-hCG), as well as ten other proteins that are or have been examined as prenatal serum markers. This supports the effectiveness of our strategy and indicates the set contains other markers potentially applicable for screening. Conclusions/Significance We anticipate the set will help support further experimental studies for the identification of new Down Syndrome screening markers in maternal blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L A Pennings
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research (GBO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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