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Kamali MJ, Salehi M, Mostafavi M, Morovatshoar R, Akbari M, Latifi N, Barzegari O, Ghadimi F, Daraei A. Hijacking and rewiring of host CircRNA/miRNA/mRNA competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks by oncoviruses during development of viral cancers. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2530. [PMID: 38517354 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
A significant portion of human cancers are caused by oncoviruses (12%-25%). Oncoviruses employ various strategies to promote their replication and induce tumourigenesis in host cells, one of which involves modifying the gene expression patterns of the host cells, leading to the rewiring of genes and resulting in significant changes in cellular processes and signalling pathways. In recent studies, a specific mode of gene regulation known as circular RNA (circRNA)-mediated competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks has emerged as a key player in this context. CircRNAs, a class of non-coding RNA molecules, can interact with other RNA molecules, such as mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs), through a process known as ceRNA crosstalk. This interaction occurs when circRNAs, acting as sponges, sequester miRNAs, thereby preventing them from binding to their target mRNAs and modulating their expression. By rewiring the host cell genome, oncoviruses have the ability to manipulate the expression and activity of circRNAs, thereby influencing the ceRNA networks that can profoundly impact cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses. This review focuses on a comprehensive evaluation of the latest findings on the involvement of virus-induced reprogramming of host circRNA-mediated ceRNA networks in the development and pathophysiology of human viral cancers, including cervical cancer, gastric cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Understanding these mechanisms can improve our knowledge of how oncoviruses contribute to human tumourigenesis and identify potential targets for developing optimised therapies and diagnostic tools for viral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Kamali
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Salehi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Mostafavi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Morovatshoar
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mitra Akbari
- Eye Department, Eye Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Science, Rasht, Iran
| | - Narges Latifi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Barzegari
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghadimi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Daraei
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Jo JH, Kim SA, Lee JH, Park YR, Kim C, Park SB, Jung DE, Lee HS, Chung MJ, Song SY. GLRX3, a novel cancer stem cell-related secretory biomarker of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:1241. [PMID: 34794402 PMCID: PMC8603516 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in carcinogenesis, cancer progression, and recurrence. Several biomarkers have been described for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) CSCs; however, their function and mechanism remain unclear. Method In this study, secretome analysis was performed in pancreatic CSC-enriched spheres and control adherent cells for biomarker discovery. Glutaredoxin3 (GLRX3), a novel candidate upregulated in spheres, was evaluated for its function and clinical implication. Results PDAC CSC populations, cell lines, patient tissues, and blood samples demonstrated GLRX3 overexpression. In contrast, GLRX3 silencing decreased the in vitro proliferation, migration, clonogenicity, and sphere formation of cells. GLRX3 knockdown also reduced tumor formation and growth in vivo. GLRX3 was found to regulate Met/PI3K/AKT signaling and stemness-related molecules. ELISA results indicated GLRX3 overexpression in the serum of patients with PDAC compared to that in healthy controls. The sensitivity and specificity of GLRX3 for PDAC diagnosis were 80.0 and 100%, respectively. When GLRX3 and CA19–9 were combined, sensitivity was significantly increased to 98.3% compared to that with GLRX3 or CA19–9 alone. High GLRX3 expression was also associated with poor disease-free survival in patients receiving curative surgery. Conclusion Overall, these results indicate GLRX3 as a novel diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for PDAC targeting CSCs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08898-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Jo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Sun A Kim
- Cowell Biodigm Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Yu Rang Park
- Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Chanyang Kim
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Soo Been Park
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Dawoon E Jung
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Hee Seung Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Moon Jae Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Si Young Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea. .,Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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Jastrząb A, Skrzydlewska E. Regulacja układu zależnego od tioredoksyny jako element farmakoterapii w chorobach z zaburzeniami równowagi redoks. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2021. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.6952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streszczenie
Działanie wielu czynników egzogennych, a także zaburzone procesy metaboliczne komórek przyczyniają się do nasilonego wytwarzania oksydantów, a to zaburza równowagę redoks, wywołując zmiany metaboliczne, w tym śmierci lub transformacji nowotworowej komórek. Jednak każda komórka zawiera antyoksydanty, które mają zapobiegać tego typu sytuacjom. Jednym z układów antyoksydacyjnych, funkcjonujących w komórkach, jest układ zależny od tioredoksyny, w skład którego wchodzą: tioredoksyna (Trx), reduktaza tioredoksyny (TrxR) oraz peroksydaza tioredoksyny (TPx), które mogą redukować utlenione składniki komórek kosztem fosforanu dinukleotydu nikotynoamidoadeninowego (NADPH). Działanie takie wynika z budowy przestrzennej Trx oraz TrxR, która umożliwia wytworzenie wewnątrzcząsteczkowego mostka disulfidowego w obrębie cząsteczki tioredoksyny oraz dwóch międzycząsteczkowych mostków selenosulfidowych w obrębie dimeru reduktazy tioredoksyny. Inną, równie istotną funkcją układu zależnego od tioredoksyny jest regulowanie ekspresji wielu białek za pośrednictwem takich czynników jak czynnik transkrypcyjnego NF-κB oraz kinaza regulująca apoptozę (ASK-1), które uruchamiają kaskady przemian metabolicznych prowadzących ostatecznie do proliferacji lub apoptozy komórek. Wzrost ekspresji/aktywności składników systemu zależnego od Trx obserwuje się w rozwoju wielu nowotworów. Dlatego też poszukiwanie selektywnych inhibitorów tioredoksyny lub reduktazy tioredoksyny jest obecnie jednym z głównych kierunków badań w farmakoterapii nowotworów. Wykazano, że wiele naturalnie występujących związków polifenolowych pochodzenia naturalnego o działaniu antyoksydacyjnym (np. kwercetyna czy kurkumina) powoduje inaktywację układu Trx-TrxR. Jednocześnie wiele syntetycznych związków, w tym związki kompleksowe, które stosowane są w terapii przeciwnowotworowej (np. cisplatyna, auranofina, moteksafina gadolinu), również hamują działanie układu zależnego od Trx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jastrząb
- Zakład Chemii Nieorganicznej i Analitycznej , Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku
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Pandya P, Isakov N. PICOT promotes T lymphocyte proliferation by down-regulating cyclin D2 expression. World J Immunol 2020; 10:1-12. [DOI: 10.5411/wji.v10.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian protein kinase C-interacting cousin of thioredoxin (PICOT; also termed glutaredoxin 3) is a multi-domain monothiol glutaredoxin that is involved in a wide variety of signaling pathways and biological processes. PICOT is required for normal and transformed cell growth and is critical for embryonic development. Recent studies in T lymphocytes demonstrated that PICOT can translocate to the nucleus and interact with embryonic ectoderm development, a polycomb group protein and a core component of the polycomb repressive complex 2, which contributes to the maintenance of transcriptional repression and chromatin remodeling. Furthermore, PICOT was found to interact with chromatin-bound embryonic ectoderm development and alter the extent of histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation at the promoter region of selected polycomb repressive complex 2 target genes. PICOT knockdown in Jurkat T cells led to increased histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation at the promoter region of CCND2, a cell cycle-regulating gene which encodes the cyclin D2 protein. As a result, the expression levels of CCND2 mRNA and protein levels were reduced, concomitantly with inhibition of the cell growth rate. Analysis of multiple data sets from the Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that a high expression of PICOT correlated with a low expression of CCND2 in a large number of human cancers. In addition, this parameter correlated with poor patient survival, suggesting that the ratio between PICOT/CCND2 mRNA levels might serve as a predictor of patient survival in selected types of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinakin Pandya
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- Department of Computational and System biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, United States
| | - Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
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Wang X, Li D, Sun L, Shen G, Liu H, Guo H, Ge M, Liang J, Chen P, Zhou J, Cao T, Wang Q, Gao X, Tong M, Hu S, Nie Y, Fan D, Wang X, Zhao X, Lu Y. Regulation of the small GTPase Ran by miR-802 modulates proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:1695-1706. [PMID: 32210368 PMCID: PMC7250854 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0809-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The small GTPase Ran is upregulated in multiple cancers and fundamental for cancer cell survival and progression, but its significance and molecular mechanisms in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain elusive. Methods Ran expression was detected in CRC cell lines and tumour tissues. In vitro and in vivo functional assays were performed to examine the effects of Ran on cell proliferation and metastasis. The pathways and effectors regulated by Ran were explored by an unbiased screening. Bioinformatics prediction and experimental validation were used to identify the miRNA regulator for Ran. Results Ran expression was frequently increased in metastatic CRC cells and tissues, especially in metastatic tissues. The upregulation of Ran correlated with poor CRC patient prognosis. Ran silencing reduced proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Ran regulated the expression of EGFR and activation of ERK and AKT signalling pathways. miR-802 was identified as an upstream regulator of Ran and miR-802 overexpression resulted in antiproliferative and antimetastatic activities. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the oncogenic roles and underlying mechanisms of Ran in CRC and the novel miR-802/Ran/EGFR regulatory axis may provide potential biomarkers for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710038, Xi'an, China
| | - Danxiu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710038, Xi'an, China
| | - Lina Sun
- The Affiliated Children's Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710003, Xi'an, China
| | - Gaofei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Minghui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Simcere Diagnostics Co., Ltd., 210042, Nanjing, China
| | - Junrong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710038, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710038, Xi'an, China
| | - Jinchi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710038, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoliang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingfu Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020, Beijing, China
| | - Sijun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710038, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China. .,National Institute of Biological Sciences, 102206, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.
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Filić V, Marinović M, Šoštar M, Weber I. Modulation of small GTPase activity by NME proteins. J Transl Med 2018; 98:589-601. [PMID: 29434248 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NME proteins are reported to influence signal transduction activity of small GTPases from the Ras superfamily by diverse mechanisms in addition to their generic NDP kinase activity, which replenishes the cytoplasmic pool of GTP. Comprehensive evidence shows that NME proteins modulate the activity of Ras GTPases, in particular members of the Rho family, via binding to their major activators GEFs. Direct interaction between several NMEs and Ras GTPases were also indicated in vitro and in vivo. These modes of regulation are mainly independent of the NME's kinase activity. NMEs also modulate the Ras-mediated signal transduction by interfering with the formation of a Ras signaling complex at the plasma membrane. In several examples, NMEs were proposed to perform the role of GAP proteins by promoting hydrolysis of the bound GTP, but this activity still requires additional verification. Early suggestions that NMEs can activate small GTPases by direct phosphorylation of the bound GDP, or by high-rate loading of GTP onto a closely apposed GTPase, were largely dismissed. In this review article, we survey and put into perspective published examples of identified and hypothetical mechanisms of Ras signaling modulation by NME proteins. We also point out involvement of NMEs in the transcriptional regulation of components of Ras GTPases-mediated signal transduction pathways, and reciprocal regulation of NME function by small GTPases, particularly related to NME's binding to membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Filić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Biology, Bijenička 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Marinović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Biology, Bijenička 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Šoštar
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Biology, Bijenička 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Weber
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Biology, Bijenička 54, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Luo G, Wang W, Wu Q, Lu Y, Su T, Gu N, Li K, Wang J, Du R, Zhao X, Li X, Fan R, Zhang H, Nie Y, Zhou X, Shi Y, Liang J, Wang X, Fan D. MGr1-Antigen/37 kDa laminin receptor precursor promotes cellular prion protein induced multi-drug-resistance of gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71630-71641. [PMID: 29069734 PMCID: PMC5641077 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPC), the infective agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, is thought to be related to several cellular physiological and physiopathological processes. We have previously reported that PrPC participates in multi-drug-resistance of gastric cancer. As the salient ligand molecule of PrP for participating in internalization and propagation of the scrapie form of prion protein (PrPSc), 37 kDa laminin receptor precursor protein (37LRP) shared the same gene coding sequence of MGr1-Ag, another protein previously found to be involved in multi-drug-resistance of gastric cancer in our lab. In the present study, we explored whether MGr1-Ag/37LRP contributed to PrPC mediated multi-drug-resistance in gastric cancer. Immunohistochemical staining showed similar expression patterns of MGr1-Ag/37LRP and PrPC in gastric cancer tissue serial sections. Western blot and immunohistochemistry also demonstrated correlative expression of MGr1-Ag/37LRP and PrPC in gastric cancer cell lines. Interaction between MGr1-Ag/37LRP and PrPC in gastric cancer cell lines and gastric cancer tissues were verified by immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation. Furthermore, knockdown of MGr1-Ag/37LRP significantly attenuated PrPC induced multi-drug-resistance by sensitizing drug-induced apoptosis through inhibition of AKT activation. In conclusion, MGr1-Ag/37LRP may interact with PrPC and promote the PrPC induced multi-drug-resistance in gastric cancer through PI3K/AKT pathway. The current study elucidates the mechanism of how PrPC triggers intracellular signaling cascade resulting in multi-drug-resistance phenotype and provides a novel candidate molecular target against gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Su
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Du
- Department of Radiotherapy Oncology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Mechanistic Study of the Phytocompound, 2- β -D-Glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxytrideca-5,7,9,11-tetrayne in Human T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells by Using Combined Differential Proteomics and Bioinformatics Approaches. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:475610. [PMID: 26557148 PMCID: PMC4628672 DOI: 10.1155/2015/475610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bidens pilosa, a medicinal herb worldwide, is rich in bioactive polyynes. In this study, by using high resolution 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry analysis, as many as 2000 protein spots could be detected and those whose expression was specifically up- or downregulated in Jurkat T cells responsive to the treatment with 2-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy-1-hydroxytrideca-5,7,9,11-tetrayne (GHTT) can be identified. GHTT treatment can upregulate thirteen proteins involved in signal transduction, detoxification, metabolism, energy pathways, and channel transport in Jurkat cells. Nine proteins, that is, thioredoxin-like proteins, BH3 interacting domain death agonist (BID protein involving apoptosis), methylcrotonoyl-CoA carboxylase beta chain, and NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, were downregulated in GHTT-treated Jurkat cells. Further, bioinformatics tool, Ingenuity software, was used to predict signaling pathways based on the data obtained from the differential proteomics approach. Two matched pathways, relevant to mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, in Jurkat cells were inferred from the proteomics data. Biochemical analysis further verified both pathways involving GHTT in Jurkat cells. These findings do not merely prove the feasibility of combining proteomics and bioinformatics methods to identify cellular proteins as key players in response to the phytocompound in Jurkat cells but also establish the pathways of the proteins as the potential therapeutic targets of leukemia.
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Thioredoxin-like protein 2b facilitates colon cancer cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis via NF-κB pathway. Cancer Lett 2015; 363:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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10
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Sun Y, Shang Y, Ren G, Zhou L, Feng B, Li K, Deng L, Liang J, Lu Y, Wang X. Coronin3 regulates gastric cancer invasion and metastasis by interacting with Arp2. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1163-73. [PMID: 24918434 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronin3 expression is increased in gastric cancer (GC) tissues and can promote GC invasion and metastasis. However, the mechanisms underlying Coronin3 function in GC remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the interacting molecules essential for the tumor-promoting effects of Coronin3 in GC. Using mass spectrometric analysis, functional studies, and immunohistochemistry, we found that Arp2 interacted with Coronin3, and ectopic expression of Arp2 promoted GC cell migration and invasion, while Arp2 knockdown suppressed whole-cell motility and attenuated the Coronin3-mediated upregulation of cell migration and invasion. In addition, both proteins correlated with the metastatic status of GC patients. Furthermore, survival analyses demonstrated that both Coronin3 and Arp2 correlated with overall GC patient survival, and the combination of Coronin3 and Arp2 most accurately predicted GC patient prognosis. Combined, these data demonstrate that Coronin3 can regulate GC invasion and metastasis through Arp2, and the combination of Coronin3 and Arp2 provides a potential marker for predicting GC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China; Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics; Tangdu Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yulong Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Gui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lin Zhou
- The 88th Hospital of PLA; Tai'an, PR China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Lin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases; Xijing Hospital; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an, PR China
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11
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Lu Y, Zhao X, Li K, Luo G, Nie Y, Shi Y, Zhou Y, Ren G, Feng B, Liu Z, Pan Y, Li T, Guo X, Wu K, Miranda-Vizuete A, Wang X, Fan D. Thioredoxin-like protein 2 is overexpressed in colon cancer and promotes cancer cell metastasis by interaction with ran. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:899-911. [PMID: 23311631 PMCID: PMC3763228 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Our previous work identified thioredoxin-like protein 2 (Txl-2) as the target of the monoclonal antibody MC3 associated with colon cancer, but its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Txl-2, a novel thioredoxin (Trx) and nucleoside diphosphate kinase family member, is alternatively spliced and gives rise to three different Txl-2 isoforms. In this study, Txl-2 expression in colon cancer, differential functions for Txl-2 isoforms in cell invasion and metastasis, and the downstream signaling were investigated. RESULTS Txl-2 expression was elevated in colon cancer tissues compared to normal colonic tissues, with a high correlation between the histological grade and prognosis. Knockdown of Txl-2 expression significantly inhibited cancer cell motility, and the invasive and metastatic abilities of colon cancer cells. Interestingly, Txl-2 isoforms showed differential effects on cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Cell invasion and metastasis were significantly promoted by Txl-2b but inhibited by Txl-2c, while no obvious effect was observed for Txl-2a. Furthermore, a direct interaction was identified between Txl-2b and Ran, a Ras-related protein, by yeast two-hybrid assay and coimmunoprecipitation. PI3K pathway was found to be a major pathway mediating Txl-2b induced tumor invasion and metastasis. INNOVATION The current study provides a novel biomarker and target molecule for the diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer and provides a novel paradigm to understand how alternative splicing functions in human cancer. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate an elevated Txl-2 expression in colon cancer and that Txl-2b promotes cell invasion and metastasis through interaction with Ran and PI3K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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12
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An Y, Zhou Y, Ren G, Tian Q, Lu Y, Li H, Li K, Su T, Xu B, Chen S, Wang T, Zhang X, Nie Y, Wang X, Zhao Q. Elevated expression of MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 is correlated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011; 26:1397-404. [PMID: 21573901 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE MGb2, a mouse-derived monoclonal antibody specific to gastric carcinoma, was developed in our laboratory. Nevertheless, the potential role of MGb2-antigen/TRAK1 (MGb2-Ag/TRAK1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of CRC. The potential utility of MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 expression as a prognostic indicator was also evaluated. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to detect MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 expression in 140 CRC tissues. The relationship between MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics and postoperative survival time was statistically analyzed. RESULTS MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 expression in CRC tissues was significantly higher than in normal tissues and was positively correlated with tumor differentiation (p = 0.006), invasion (p = 0.049), and pathological stage (p = 0.032). There was no significant difference between MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 expression and the age or gender of the patient, lymphatic invasion, or distant metastasis (p = 0.586, 0.308, 0.910, and 0.068, respectively). The survival time of CRC patients with high expression of MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 was shorter than the survival time of patients with low MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 expression. Both univariate and multivariate analyses showed that tumor differentiation and MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 expression were two independent and prognostic factors for CRC (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS MGb2-Ag/TRAK1 may play an important role in the development of CRC and may be a valuable prognostic indicator of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin An
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Changle Western Road, 169, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710032, China
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13
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Impact of selenite and selenate on differentially expressed genes in rat liver examined by microarray analysis. Biosci Rep 2010; 30:293-306. [PMID: 19681755 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20090089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium selenite and sodium selenate are approved inorganic Se (selenium) compounds in human and animal nutrition serving as precursors for selenoprotein synthesis. In recent years, numerous additional biological effects over and above their functions in selenoproteins have been reported. For greater insight into these effects, our present study examined the influence of selenite and selenate on the differential expression of genes encoding non-selenoproteins in the rat liver using microarray technology. Five groups of nine growing male rats were fed with an Se-deficient diet or diets supplemented with 0.20 or 1.0 mg of Se/kg as sodium selenite or sodium selenate for 8 weeks. Genes that were more than 2.5-fold up- or down-regulated by selenite or selenate compared with Se deficiency were selected. GPx1 (glutathione peroxidase 1) was up-regulated 5.5-fold by both Se compounds, whereas GPx4 was up-regulated by only 1.4-fold. Selenite and selenate down-regulated three phase II enzymes. Despite the regulation of many other genes in an analogous manner, frequently only selenate changed the expression of these genes significantly. In particular, genes involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, intermediary metabolism and those involved in Se-deficiency disorders were more strongly influenced by selenate. The comparison of selenite- and selenate-regulated genes revealed that selenate may have additional functions in the protection of the liver, and that it may be more active in metabolic regulation. In our opinion the more pronounced influence of selenate compared with selenite on differential gene expression results from fundamental differences in the metabolism of these two Se compounds.
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14
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Zhou Y, Zhang X, Hua Y, Zhao Q, Wang X, Fan D. Monoclonal antibodies MC3 and MC5 can be used as a tool for screening colorectal cancer. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2010; 29:179-81. [PMID: 20443712 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2009.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
MC3 and MC5 are both colorectal cancer-specific MAbs previously prepared in our laboratory that can detect colorectal cancer with high sensitivity and specificity. Thus far the distribution of MC3-Ag and MC5-Ag in colorectal cancer remains largely unknown. In the present study, we have firstly found that the expression of MC3-Ag and MC5-Ag was higher in moderate-differentiated and poor-differentiated colorectal cancer tissue than that in well-differentiated colorectal cancer tissue by immunohistochemistry. The expression of MC5-Ag in colorectal cancer tissue without metastasis was found to be significantly less than that in tissue accompanied with metastasis. However, the expression of MC3-Ag in colorectal cancer tissue without metastasis was found similar to that in tissue accompanied with metastasis. The results showed that MC3-Ag and MC5-Ag might play important roles in colorectal carcinogenesis and that MC3 and MC5 could be used as a tool for screening colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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15
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Gao X, Zhang X, Zheng J, He F. Proteomics in China: Ready for prime time. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2010; 53:22-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-010-0027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Zhikui L, Changcun G, Yongzhan N, Fengtian H, Xingling R, Shujun L, Zheyi H, Ying H, Xin W, Daiming F. Screening and Identification of Recombinant Anti-Idiotype Antibodies against Gastric Cancer and Colon Cancer Monoclonal Antibodies by a Phage-Displayed Single-Chain Variable Fragment Library. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:308-13. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057109360252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) have been developed that show high sensitivity and specificity to gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. However, few of the antigens recognized by these antibodies have been identified. The authors now report the selection of anti-idiotype (anti-id) antibodies of MGb1 McAb against gastric cancer and MC5 McAb against colorectal cancer using phage-displayed single-chain variable fragment (ScFv) libraries. After purification, the anti-id antibodies were approximately 30 kd and could be recognized by MGb1/MC5 McAb. Anti-id antibodies significantly blocked the binding of MGb1 and MC5 to gastric cancer/colorectal cancer cells, respectively, suggesting that the antibodies were specific to MGb1 and MC5. Antibodies against gastric and colorectal cancer could be detected in mice at 6 weeks after immunization with the anti-id antibodies. At week 8, antibody titers reached 1:400. The anti-id antibodies may be useful as novel reagents for developing vaccines against gastric cancer and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guo Changcun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Nie Yongzhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - He Fengtian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Ren Xingling
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | | | - Han Zheyi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Han Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Wang Xin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Fan Daiming
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, Xi’an, China
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Zhang F, Ren G, Lu Y, Jin B, Wang J, Chen X, Liu Z, Li K, Nie Y, Wang X, Fan D. Identification of TRAK1 (Trafficking protein, kinesin-binding 1) as MGb2-Ag: a novel cancer biomarker. Cancer Lett 2008; 274:250-8. [PMID: 18986759 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to describe the characterization of an antibody MGb2 that reacts with an epitope on gastric cancer cells, and identification of MGb2 antigen (MGb2-Ag). Immunostaining revealed its distribution in human tissues and demonstrated that the positive rate of MGb2-Ag was 81.48% in gastric cancer, 100% in gastric signet-ring cell carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma, 13.16% in precancerous conditions, and 0% in chronic superficial gastritis. Using Western blotting, immunoprecipitation and MALDI-TOF MS (matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry), MGb2-Ag was identified as TRAK1 (Trafficking protein, kinesin-binding 1), a new molecular gained limited recognition. Both MGb2 and commercial anti-TRAK1 Ab recognized prokaryotic expressed TRAK1. Immunostaining characteristics of TRAK1 were identical with MGb2-Ag in continuous sections of paraffin-embedded tissues of gastric tissues. This is the first report that TRAK1/MGb2-Ag is a promising diagnostic marker for gastric cancer and may help to detect signet-ring cell carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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18
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Lee EJ, In KH, Kim JH, Lee SY, Shin C, Shim JJ, Kang KH, Yoo SH, Kim CH, Kim HK, Lee SH, Uhm CS. Proteomic analysis in lung tissue of smokers and COPD patients. Chest 2008; 135:344-352. [PMID: 18753468 DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Although cigarette smoking is the most important risk factor for COPD, COPD develops in only a minority of smokers, suggesting a significant genetic role. To solve the underlying pathophysiologic mechanism, it is critical to understand genes and their final product, ie, proteins. We investigated the exclusive proteins from the lung tissues obtained from COPD patients using proteomics. METHODS Nontumorous lung tissue specimens were obtained from patients who underwent surgery for lung cancer. We included 22 subjects: nonsmokers (n = 8), smokers without COPD (healthy smokers, n = 7), and smokers with COPD (n = 7). Proteins were separated from their spots with two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). To validate the proteins from the above procedures, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were conducted. RESULTS Twelve protein spots from COPD group significantly increased or decreased compared with the other two groups were chosen for MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. Eight proteins were up-regulated in the COPD group as compared with the nonsmokers. Meanwhile, five proteins from the COPD group were up-regulated and five were down-regulated when compared with healthy smokers. Of these, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and thioredoxin-like 2 were significantly increased in the COPD patients by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. MMP-13 was mainly expressed in the alveolar macrophages and type II pneumocytes; however, thioredoxin-like 2 was primarily seen in the bronchial epithelium. CONCLUSIONS MMP-13 and thioredoxin-like 2 in lungs increased in patients with COPD. MMP-13 was mainly expressed in the alveolar macrophages and type II pneumocytes. In contrast, thioredoxin-like 2 was primarily seen in the bronchial epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Kwang Ho In
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul.
| | - Je Hyeong Kim
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
| | - Sang Yeub Lee
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Chol Shin
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan
| | - Jae Jeong Shim
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Kyung Ho Kang
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Se Hwa Yoo
- Division of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Chul Hwan Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Han-Kyeom Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Sub Uhm
- Department of Anatomy, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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