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Wang XY, Yao DF, Ren G. Progress in research of tumor biomarkers and molecular imaging probes for gastric cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2024; 32:1-7. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v32.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor still associated with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Its onset is relatively insidious, and when detected, it is already at an advanced stage, lacks effective individualized treatments, and has a poor prognosis. If gastric cancer can be diagnosed at an early stage, the survival rate of patients can be greatly improved. However, traditional imaging modalities lack specificity and sensitivity. In recent years, molecular imaging technology is booming, which can non-invasively and dynamically monitor gastric cancer at the cellular and molecular levels, and provide more reference information for clinical selection of treatment options and assessment of efficacy and prognosis. This article reviews the biomarkers of gastric cancer and molecular probes in various imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yu Wang
- Gang-Ren, Department of Radiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - De-Fan Yao
- Gang-Ren, Department of Radiology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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Farshbaf M, Khosroushahi AY, Mojarad-Jabali S, Zarebkohan A, Valizadeh H, Walker PR. Cell surface GRP78: An emerging imaging marker and therapeutic target for cancer. J Control Release 2020; 328:932-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fu Z, Wang X, Wang Z, Liu L. Estrogen receptor-α36-mediated rapid estrogen signaling regulates 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein expression in gastric carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:10031-10036. [PMID: 29805694 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine whether estrogen receptor-α36 (ER-α36) -mediated rapid estrogen signaling is associated with 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) expression in gastric cancer, 86 samples of gastric tumor tissue with corresponding normal and tumor-adjacent tissues were used to examine expression patterns of GRP78 and ER-α36. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that 55/86 (63.95%) patients with gastric carcinoma, and western blot analysis revealed that GRP78 was upregulated in 15/20 (75%) of tumor specimens. GRP78 expression was positively associated with ER-α36 expression, the male sex and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Estrogen treatment increased GRP78 and ER-α36 expression, as well as GSK-3β phosphorylation in established gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. The steady-state level of GRP78 protein expression and the level of phosphorylated GSK-3β at Ser9 were decreased in SGC-7901 cells with ER-α36 knockdown. Forced expression of ER-α36 in SGC-7901 cells, however, led to an increase in GRP78 expression and GSK-3β phosphorylation. It may therefore be concluded that ER-α36-mediated rapid estrogen signaling positively regulates GRP78 expression, presumably via the GSK-3β pathway, which may be associated with gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Fu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, P.R. China.,Jiangda Pathology Institute, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, P.R. China
| | - Xuming Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- Shenogen Pharma Group, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lijiang Liu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, P.R. China.,Jiangda Pathology Institute, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, P.R. China
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Wang Y, Wang JH, Zhang XL, Wang XL, Yang L. Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 in gastric cancer: An emerging biomarker. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6087-6093. [PMID: 29616092 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the principal organelle responsible for the synthesis, initial post-translational modification, folding, export and secretion of proteins. It is also responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In response to cellular stress conditions including glucose deprivation, hypoxia and changes in calcium homeostasis, ER stress machinery is activated and triggers the unfolded protein response, resulting in the restoration of homeostasis or activation of cell death. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), a molecular chaperone, may be induced by ER stress at the transcriptional and translational level. A number of studies have demonstrated that GRP78 serves an important role in tumor cell proliferation, metastasis, angiogenesis and drug-resistance. The present review systematically describes the association between GRP78 expression and gastric cancer pathogenesis, and emphasizes that GRP78 is a novel diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Hong Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, P.R. China
| | - Xun-Lei Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Li Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nantong University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, P.R. China
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Fu Z, Wang X, Zhou H, Li Y, Chen Y, Wang Z, Liu L. GRP78 positively regulates estrogen-stimulated cell growth mediated by ER-α36 in gastric cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8329-8334. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Ye H, Shao M, Shi X, Wu L, Xu B, Qu Q, Qu J. Predictive assessment in pharmacogenetics of Glutathione S-transferases genes on efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2670. [PMID: 28572675 PMCID: PMC5453955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The influences of glutathione s-transferase P1, M1, and T1 variants on the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were inconsistent in previous studies. Our meta-analysis enrolled 31 publications including 5712 patients and provided more convincing and reliable conclusions. Results showed that GSTP1 IIe105Val IIe/Val and Val/Val Asian patients were more likely to have better response rates compared to IIe/IIe patients (odds ratio (OR) = 1.592, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), 1.087-2.332, P = 0.017). The Asian patients bearing the favorable GSTM1 null genotype were more likely to have better response rates to platinum-based chemotherapy compared to those patients with the unfavorable GSTM1 present genotype (OR = 1.493 (1.192-1.870), P < 0.001). Caucasian lung cancer patients bearing GSTT1 null genotype might be more closely associated with shorter survival time and higher risks of death than the GSTT1 present patients (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.423, CI = 1.084-1.869, P = 0.011). Our meta-analysis suggested that the GSTP1 IIe105Val, GSTM1 and GSTT1 null variants might be predictive factors for the efficacy of platinum-based chemotherapy to NSCLC patients. The use of GSTP1 IIe105Val, GSTM1 and GSTT1 null polymorphisms as predictive factors of efficacy of personalized platinum-based chemotherapy to NSCLC patients requires further verification with multi-center, multi-ethnic and large-sample-size pharmacogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Ye
- Department of Respiratory, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqin Shao
- Department of Respiratory, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Shi
- Department of Respiratory, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifeng Wu
- Department of Respiratory, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Respiratory, Wenzhou People's Hospital, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, People's Republic of China.
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Opoku-Damoah Y, Wang R, Zhou J, Ding Y. Versatile Nanosystem-Based Cancer Theranostics: Design Inspiration and Predetermined Routing. Theranostics 2016; 6:986-1003. [PMID: 27217832 PMCID: PMC4876623 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of personalized medicine, aimed at a more individualized drug therapy, has inspired research into nano-based concerted diagnosis and therapeutics (theranostics). As the intention is to "kill two birds with one stone", scientists have already described the emerging concept as a treasured tailor for the future of cancer therapy, wherein the main idea is to design "smart" nanosystems to concurrently discharge both therapeutic and diagnostic roles. These nanosystems are expected to offer a relatively clearer view of the ingenious cellular trafficking pathway, in-situ diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy. We herein present a detailed review of versatile nanosystems, with prominent examples of recently developed intelligent delivery strategies which have gained attention in the field of theranostics. These nanotheranostics include various mechanisms programmed in novel platforms to enable predetermined delivery of cargo to specific sites, as well as techniques to overcome the notable challenges involved in the efficacy of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Lee SY, Yang CY, Peng CL, Wei MF, Chen KC, Yao CJ, Shieh MJ. A theranostic micelleplex co-delivering SN-38 and VEGF siRNA for colorectal cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2016; 86:92-105. [PMID: 26896610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of an efficient colorectal cancer therapy is currently a public health priority. In the present work, we proposed a multifunctional theranostic micellar drug delivery system utilizing cationic PDMA-block-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PDMA-b-PCL) micelles as nanocarriers of SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin), ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO), and small interfering RNA (siRNA) that targets human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The VEGF siRNA was conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) (siRNA-PEG) before complexation with the micelles in order to improve the siRNA's stability and to prolong its retention time in the blood circulation. To further improve the in vivo biosafety, we prepared mixed micelles using mPEG-PCL together with PDMA-b-PCL copolymer. The SN-38/USPIO-loaded siRNA-PEG mixed micelleplexes passively targeted to tumor regions and synergistically facilitated VEGF silencing and chemotherapy, thus efficiently suppressing tumor growth via a multi-dose therapy regimen. Additionally, the SN-38/USPIO-loaded siRNA-PEG mixed micelleplexes acted as a negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent in T2-weighted imaging, resulting in a powerful tool for the diagnosis and for tracking of the therapeutic outcomes. In summary, we established a theranostic micellar drug and gene delivery system that not only synergistically combined gene silencing and chemotherapy but also served as a negative MRI contrast agent, which reveal its potential as a novel colorectal cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Yu Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, P.O. Box 3-27, Longtan, Taoyuan, 325, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Wei
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ke-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Jung Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan; Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
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Shih YH, Peng CL, Chiang PF, Lin WJ, Luo TY, Shieh MJ. Therapeutic and scintigraphic applications of polymeric micelles: combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:7443-54. [PMID: 26719687 PMCID: PMC4687727 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s91008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated a multifunctional micelle simultaneously loaded with doxorubicin (Dox) and labeled with radionuclide rhenium-188 ((188)Re) as a combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. We investigated the single photon emission computed tomography, biodistribution, antitumor efficacy, and pathology of (188)Re-Dox micelles in a murine orthotopic luciferase-transfected BNL tumor cells hepatocellular carcinoma model. The single photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography images showed high radioactivity in the liver and tumor, which was in agreement with the biodistribution measured by γ-counting. In vivo bioluminescence images showed the smallest size tumor (P<0.05) in mice treated with the combined micelles throughout the experimental period. In addition, the combined (188)Re-Dox micelles group had significantly longer survival compared with the control, (188)ReO4 alone (P<0.005), and Dox micelles alone (P<0.01) groups. Pathohistological analysis revealed that tumors treated with (188)Re-Dox micelles had more necrotic features and decreased cell proliferation. Therefore, (188)Re-Dox micelles may enable combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy to maximize the effectiveness of treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsia Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Fang Chiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wuu-Jyh Lin
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yueh Luo
- Isotope Application Division, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan ; Institute of Radiological Science, Central University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jium Shieh
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan ; Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Kang JM, Park S, Kim SJ, Kim H, Lee B, Kim J, Park J, Kim ST, Yang HK, Kim WH, Kim SJ. KIAA1324 Suppresses Gastric Cancer Progression by Inhibiting the Oncoprotein GRP78. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3087-97. [PMID: 26045166 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genome and transcriptome analysis have contributed to the identification of many potential cancer-related genes. Furthermore, biological and clinical investigations of the candidate genes provide us with a better understanding of carcinogenesis and development of cancer treatment. Here, we report a novel role of KIAA1324 as a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer. We observed that KIAA1324 was downregulated in most gastric cancers from transcriptome sequencing data and found that histone deacetylase was involved in the suppression of KIAA1324. Low KIAA1324 levels were associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. In the xenograft model, KIAA1324 significantly reduced tumor formation of gastric cancer cells and decreased development of preformed tumors. KIAA1324 also suppressed proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance and induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Through protein interaction analysis, we identified GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa) as a KIAA1324-binding partner. KIAA1324 blocked oncogenic activities of GRP78 by inhibiting GRP78-caspase-7 interaction and suppressing GRP78-mediated AKT activation, thereby inducing apoptosis. In conclusion, our study reveals a tumor suppressive role of KIAA1324 via inhibition of GRP78 oncoprotein activities and provides new insight into the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Muk Kang
- CHA Cancer Institute, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Park
- CHA Cancer Institute, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea
| | - Staci Jakyong Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea. International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan. School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hyojung Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea
| | - Bona Lee
- CHA Cancer Institute, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea. College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junil Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinah Park
- CHA Cancer Institute, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea. College of Pharmacy, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Tae Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea. Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Gangnam Medical Center, College of Medicine, CHA University, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Kwang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Kim
- CHA Cancer Institute, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea. Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam City, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang Y, Li N, Wang D, Chen Y, Li G. Expression and significance of glucose-regulated protein 78 in human osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2268-2274. [PMID: 26137054 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in osteosarcoma cells, and analyze the differences in expression between tumor and normal tissues, pre- and post-chemotherapy patients and metastatic and non-metastatic tumors. According to these results, the associations between the expression of GRP78 and tumor growth, metastasis and chemotherapeutics could be determined. Between 2007 and 2012, 60 patients who had been diagnosed with osteosarcoma were selected for the present study. Of these patients, 20 presented with non-metastatic tumors and 40 with metastatic tumors, and 20 had been treated without chemotherapy and 40 with chemotherapy. In addition, 60 specimens obtained from adjacent normal tissues were collected for the control groups. Immunofluorescence staining was used to examine the expression of GRP78 in the different tissues. The total RNA and protein were extracted from crushed tissues and used in the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. GRP78 was primarily located in the intracavity of the endoplasmic reticulum. The expression level of GRP78 in the tumor tissue was higher than that in the normal tissue surrounding the tumor (P<0.01). In addition, the level was higher in the metastatic tumors compared with the non-metastatic tumors (P<0.05), and in the non-chemotherapy-treated patients compared with the chemotherapy-treated patients (P<0.01). The expression level of GRP78 mRNA in the tumor tissue was higher than that in the normal tissue (P<0.01). Furthermore, the level was higher in the metastasis group than in the non-metastasis group (P<0.05), and in the non-chemotherapy group than in the chemotherapy group (P<0.01). The expression level of GRP78 protein was higher in the tumor tissue compared with the normal tissue (P<0.01), in the metastasis group compared with the non-metastasis group (P<0.05), and in the non-chemotherapy group compared with the chemotherapy group (P<0.01). In conclusion, the present study detected the expression of GRP78 in patients with osteosarcoma and revealed a higher expression level in the tumor tissues compared with the normal tissues around the tumor, in the metastasis group compared with the non-metastasis group and in the non-chemotherapy-treated group compared with the chemotherapy-treated group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Nianhu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Dongli Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People's Hospital of Tai'an City, Tai'an, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
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Ho AS, Chen CH, Cheng CC, Wang CC, Lin HC, Luo TY, Lien GS, Chang J. Neutrophil elastase as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in colorectal cancers. Oncotarget 2015; 5:473-80. [PMID: 24457622 PMCID: PMC3964222 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil elastase (NE), a serine protease secreted by neutrophils, contributes to the progression of cancers to enhance tumor invasion and metastasis. It has been well reported that the regions surrounding the colorectal cancerous tissues usually are decorated with increased accumulation or aggregation of neutrophils coupled with a higher deposition/expression of NE. Therefore, we hypothesized that an increased expressional level of NE in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) may represent as one of putative biomarkers for CRC. The aim of this study was to evaluate and assure our hypothesis by measurements of the expressional level of NE in the sera and tissues from CRC patients. Moreover, we also proposed a potential therapeutic strategy by blocking enzymatic activity of NE using sivelestat to inhibit the progression of tumor developments. The infiltrated numbers of neutrophils from specimen tissues of CRC patients, and the secreted forms of NE in the sera were quantitatively measured and compared. To evaluate the serum NE as one of putative biomarkers of CRC patients, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was made to determine the cut-off value of NE in sera for assurance of CRC diagnosis. To evaluate NE as therapeutic target for CRC, sivelestat, a NE inhibitor, was used and administrated into the CRC xenografts. NE expression level coupled with tumor volume were measured and compared between the control and sivelestat-treated xenografts. We found that more infiltrated neutrophils and an increased NE expression were detected in the cancerous tissues compared to the normal tissues. The serum NE concentration in CRC patients was statistically higher than that in the healthy controls (0.56±0.08 μg/ml vs. 0.22±0.03ug/ml) (p<0.05), indicating that serum NE can potentially be a putative marker of CRC. To characterize the role of NE in tumorigenesis, the NE avtivity was detected in HCT-15-xenografts using in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Compare to normal mice, the amounts of active NE in xenografts are significantly higher than normal control animals. In the therapeutic characterizing studies, we found that sivelestat can inhibit tumor growth in the HCT-15-induced xenografts. This study suggests that NE is not only as a putative diagnostic biomarker of CRC, but also a potential therapeutic target for patients suffered with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Sheng Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Guan SS, Chang J, Cheng CC, Luo TY, Ho AS, Wang CC, Wu CT, Liu SH. Afatinib and its encapsulated polymeric micelles inhibits HER2-overexpressed colorectal tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Oncotarget 2014; 5:4868-80. [PMID: 24947902 PMCID: PMC4148106 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is known as a common malignant neoplasm worldwide. The role of EGFR/HER2 in CRC is unclear. Afatinib is an irreversible EGFR/HER2 inhibitor. There were few studies of afatinib on CRC. Here, we investigated the protein levels/expressions of HER2 in sera and tumors from CRC patients and the therapeutic effect of afatinib on HER2-overexpressed CRC in vitro and in vivo. The increased HER2 levels were detected in the collected sera and tumors of patients with CRC. The serological HER2 levels were correlated with the tumor HER2 expressions in patients. Afatinib also inhibited the HER2-positive tumor cell growth and caused apoptosis in HER2-overexpressed human colorectal cancer HCT-15 cells but not in low HER2 expressed human gastric cancer MKN45 cells. In vivo study showed that afatinib reduced tumor growth in HER2-overexpressed xenografts. Moreover, afatinib-encapsulated micelles displayed higher cytotoxic activity in HCT-15 cells and were more effective for tumor growth suppression in HCT-15-induced tumor xenografts than afatinib performance alone. Taken together, these findings suggest that higher serum HER2 levels reflect the higher HER2 contents in tumors of CRC patients, and the improved afatinib-encapsulated micelles possess high therapeutic efficacy in HER2-overexpressed CRC in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siao-Syun Guan
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jungshan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chia Cheng
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yueh Luo
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Atomic Energy Council, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Sheng Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Wang
- Division of Hepatology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation and School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tien Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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A peptide derived from phage display library exhibits anti-tumor activity by targeting GRP78 in gastric cancer multidrug resistance cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:247-59. [PMID: 23792224 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a significant challenge to the clinical treatment of gastric cancer (GC). In the present study, using a phage display approach combined with MTT assays, we screened a specific peptide GMBP1 (Gastric cancer MDR cell-specific binding peptide), ETAPLSTMLSPY, which could bind to the surface of GC MDR cells specifically and reverse their MDR phenotypes. Immunocytochemical staining showed that the potential receptor of GMBP1 was located at the membrane and cytoplasm of MDR cells. In vitro and in vivo drug sensitivity assays, FACS analysis and Western blotting confirmed that GMBP1 was able to re-sensitize MDR cells to chemical drugs. Western blotting and proteomic approaches were used to screen the receptor of GMBP1, and GRP78, a MDR-related protein, was identified as a receptor of GMBP1. This result was further supported by immunofluoresence microscopy and Western blot. Additionally, Western blotting demonstrated that pre-incubation of GMBP1 in MDR cells greatly diminished MDR1, Bcl-2 and GRP78 expression but increased the expression of Bax, whereas downregulation of GRP78, function as a receptor and directly target for GMBP1, only inhibited MDR1 expression. Our findings suggest that GMBP1 could re-sensitize GC MDR cells to a variety of chemotherapeutic agents and this role might be mediated partly through down-regulating GRP78 expression and then inhibiting MDR1 expression. These findings indicate that peptide GMBP1 likely recognizes a novel GRP78 receptor and mediates cellular activities associated with the MDR phenotype, which provides new insight into research on the management of MDR in gastric cancer cells.
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17
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Oncol 2013; 25:325-30. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0b013e328360f591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Cheng CC, Huang CF, Ho AS, Peng CL, Chang CC, Mai FD, Chen LY, Luo TY, Chang J. Novel targeted nuclear imaging agent for gastric cancer diagnosis: glucose-regulated protein 78 binding peptide-guided 111In-labeled polymeric micelles. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1385-91. [PMID: 23630420 PMCID: PMC3626371 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s42003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of cellular membrane bound glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is considered to be one of the biomarkers for gastric cancers. Therefore, peptides or molecules with specific recognition to GRP78 can act as a guiding probe to direct conjugated imaging agents to localized cancers. Based on this rationale, GRP78-guided polymeric micelles were designed and manufactured for nuclear imaging detection of tumors. Thiolated GRP78 binding peptide (GRP78BP) was first labeled with maleimide-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)– poly(ɛ-caprolactone) and then mixed with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-linked poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ɛ-caprolactone) to form DTPA/GRP78BP-conjugated micelles. The coupling efficiency of micelles with radioisotope indium-111 (111In) was measured and analyzed by instant thin layer chromatography. The coupling efficiency of DTPA-conjugated micelles and DTPA/GRP78BP-conjugated micelles with 111In was 85% and 93%, respectively. For characterization and trace imaging, the radioisotope 111In-targeting tumors were detected and imaged in a xenograft murine model using nano single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography. The results revealed that the radioactive intensity measured in the animals administered with GRP78BP-guided 111In-labeled micelles was statistically higher than that in animals administered with 111In-labeled micelles, demonstrating that GRP78BP more than doubled the accumulation of micelles to the tumor tissue (P < 0.05). The results indicate that the gastric cancer biomarker GRP78 is a probing target in the application of nuclear imaging for tumor diagnosis. This novel GRP78BP-guided micelle agent may be applied in clinical practice to complement the histological diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chia Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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