1
|
Galukhin A, Kachmarzhik A, Rodionov A, Mamin G, Gafurov M, Vyazovkin S. Kinetics and Mechanism of Liquid-State Polymerization of 2,4-Hexadiyne-1,6-diyl bis-( p-toluenesulfonate) as Studied by Thermal Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:7. [PMID: 38201672 PMCID: PMC10780683 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A detailed investigation of the liquid-state polymerization of diacetylenes by calorimetric (DSC) and spectroscopic (in situ EPR) thermal analysis techniques is performed. Isoconversional kinetic analysis of the calorimetric data reveals that liquid-state polymerization is governed by a well-defined rate-limiting step as evidenced by a nearly constant isoconversional activation energy. By comparison, solid-state polymerization demonstrates isoconversional activation energy that varies widely, signifying multistep kinetics behavior. Unlike the solid-state reaction that demonstrates an autocatalytic behavior, liquid-state polymerization follows a rather unusual zero-order reaction model as established by both DSC and EPR data. Both techniques have also determined strikingly similar Arrhenius parameters for liquid-state polymerization. Relative to the solid-state process, liquid-state polymerization results in quantitative elimination of the p-toluenesulfonate group and the formation of p-toluenesulfonic acid and a polymeric product of markedly different chemical and phase composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Galukhin
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Alexander Kachmarzhik
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Alexander Rodionov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Georgy Mamin
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Marat Gafurov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (A.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.)
| | - Sergey Vyazovkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 S. 14th Street, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi A, Singh A, Williams LO, Arango JC, Claridge SA. Nanometer-Scale Precision Polymer Patterning of PDMS: Multiscale Insights into Patterning Efficiency Using Alkyldiynamines. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22634-22642. [PMID: 35512386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Most high-resolution interfacial patterning approaches are restricted to crystalline inorganic interfaces. Recently, we have shown that it is possible to generate 1 nm resolution functional patterns on soft materials, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), by creating highly structured striped patterns of functional alkyldiacetylenes on a hard crystalline surface, photopolymerizing to set the molecular pattern as a striped-phase polydiacetylene (sPDA), and then covalently transferring the sPDAs to PDMS. Transfer depends on the diacetylene polymerization, making it important to understand design principles for efficient sPDA polymerization and cross-linking to PDMS. Here, we combine single-molecule and fluorescence-based metrics for sPDA polymerization and transfer, first to characterize sPDA polymerization of amine striped phases, and then to develop a probabilistic model that describes the transfer process in terms of sPDA-PDMS cross-linking reaction efficiency and number of reactions required for transfer. We illustrate that transferred patterns of alkylamines can be used to direct both adsorption of CdSe nanocrystals with alkyl ligand shells and covalent reactions with fluorescent dyes, highlighting the utility of functional patterning of the PDMS surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Laura O Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Juan C Arango
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Das B, Jo S, Zheng J, Chen J, Sugihara K. Recent progress in polydiacetylene mechanochromism. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:1670-1678. [PMID: 35043814 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07129g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are a family of mechanochromic polymers that change color from blue to red and emit fluorescence when exposed to external stimuli, making them extremely popular materials in biosensing. Although several informative reviews on PDA biosensing have been reported in the last few years, their mechanochromism, where external forces induce the color transition, has not been reviewed for a long time. This mini review summarizes recent progress in PDA mechanochromism, with a special focus on the quantitative and nanoscopic data that have emerged in recent years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bratati Das
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Seiko Jo
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Jianlu Zheng
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Jiali Chen
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| | - Kaori Sugihara
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi A, Villarreal TA, Singh A, Hayes TR, Davis TC, Brooks JT, Claridge SA. Plenty of Room at the Top: A Multi‐Scale Understanding of nm‐Resolution Polymer Patterning on 2D Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | | | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Tyler R. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Tyson C. Davis
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Jacob T. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shi A, Villarreal TA, Singh A, Hayes TR, Davis TC, Brooks JT, Claridge SA. Plenty of Room at the Top: A Multi-Scale Understanding of nm-Resolution Polymer Patterning on 2D Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25436-25444. [PMID: 34549520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lamellar phases of alkyldiacetylenes in which the alkyl chains lie parallel to the substrate represent a straightforward means for scalable 1-nm-resolution interfacial patterning. This capability has the potential for substantial impacts in nanoscale electronics, energy conversion, and biomaterials design. Polymerization is required to set the 1-nm functional patterns embedded in the monolayer, making it important to understand structure-function relationships for these on-surface reactions. Polymerization can be observed for certain monomers at the single-polymer scale using scanning probe microscopy. However, substantial restrictions on the systems that can be effectively characterized have limited utility. Here, using a new multi-scale approach, we identify a large, previously unreported difference in polymerization efficiency between the two most widely used commercial diynoic acids. We further identify a core design principle for maximizing polymerization efficiency in these on-surface reactions, generating a new monomer that also exhibits enhanced polymerization efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tyler R Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tyson C Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jacob T Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Takajo D, Sudoh K. Impact of the Air Atmosphere on Photoinduced Chain Polymerization in Self-Assembled Monolayers of Diacetylene on Graphite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:6002-6006. [PMID: 33969985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the effect of the reaction environment on the photoinduced chain polymerization in self-assembled monolayers of a diacetylene compound 10,12-pentacosadiyn-1-ol on graphite, using scanning tunneling microscopy. Comparing the polymerization behaviors in air and in vacuum, we show that the polymer generation efficiency is considerably enhanced under vacuum because of suppressed collisional quenching of the photoexcited radicals by oxygen molecules. We also find that the polymer chain length tends to increase in vacuum as a result of the inhibition of deactivation of reactive species for the polymer chain growth due to oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takajo
- Research Center for Thermal and Entropic Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichi Sudoh
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Juhasz L, Ortuso RD, Sugihara K. Quantitative and Anisotropic Mechanochromism of Polydiacetylene at Nanoscale. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:543-549. [PMID: 33284635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative and anisotropic mechanochromism of polydiacetylene over nanoscale distances remains unaddressed even after 50 years of extensive research. This is because its anisotropic structure on substrates necessitates the application of both vertical and lateral forces (shear forces) to characterize it, whereas atomic force microscopy, which is the usual technique used to investigate nanoscale forces, is only capable of quantifying vertical forces. In this study, we address this lacuna by utilizing quantitative friction force microscopy that measures lateral forces. Our data confirm that polydiacetylene reacts only to lateral forces, F//, and disprove the previously claimed hypothesis that the edges of the polymer crystals exhibit higher force sensitivity than the rest of the crystal. In addition, we report a correlation between mechanochromism and thermochromism, which can be attributed to the fact that both work and heat are different means of providing the same transition energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Levente Juhasz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
| | - Roberto D Ortuso
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Sugihara
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, Geneva 4 1211, Switzerland
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mittal A, Gopishankar N, Koleda J, Verma AK, Kumar P. Development and characterization of urethane substituted diacetylene based radiochromic films for medical radiation dosimetry. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
9
|
Nuck J, Sugihara K. Mechanism of Polydiacetylene Blue-to-Red Transformation Induced by Antimicrobial Peptides. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johann Nuck
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kaori Sugihara
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest Ansermet 30, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Galukhin A, Nikolaev I, Nosov R, Vyazovkin S. Solid-state polymerization of a novel cyanate ester based on 4- tert-butylcalix[6]arene. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state polymerization of a cyclic cyanate ester shows zero-order kinetics and proceeds through cooperative breaking of CN bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Galukhin
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420008
- Russian Federation
| | - Ilya Nikolaev
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420008
- Russian Federation
| | - Roman Nosov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420008
- Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Vyazovkin
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420008
- Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Takajo D, Sudoh K. Mechanism of Chain Polymerization in Self-Assembled Monolayers of Diacetylene on the Graphite Surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:2123-2128. [PMID: 30629455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the mechanism of photoinduced chain polymerization in the self-assembled monolayer of a diacetylene compound, 10,12-pentacosadiyn-1-ol, on the graphite surface. We statistically analyze the polymerization degree of the polydiacetylene chains formed at different temperatures using scanning tunneling microscopy. The distributions of the polymerization degree agree well with the prediction from a simple probabilistic model, allowing for addition reaction and deactivation at both the ends of the chain as stochastic events. The estimated activation energies of the addition reaction and deactivation are noticeably different from those of the conventional solid-state polymerization in the bulk crystals of diacetylene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takajo
- Research Center for Structural Thermodynamics, Graduate School of Science , Osaka University , 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-0043 , Japan
| | - Koichi Sudoh
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research , Osaka University , 8-1 Mihogaoka , Ibaraki , Osaka 567-0047 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Modeling kV X-ray-Induced Coloration in Radiochromic Films. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
13
|
Jiang H, Hu XY, Schlesiger S, Li M, Zellermann E, Knauer SK, Schmuck C. Morphology-Dependent Cell Imaging by Using a Self-Assembled Diacetylene Peptide Amphiphile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Xiao-Yu Hu
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; 210023 Nanjing China
| | - Stefanie Schlesiger
- Institute for Microbiology; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Mao Li
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Eilo Zellermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Shirley K. Knauer
- Institute for Microbiology; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Carsten Schmuck
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jiang H, Hu XY, Schlesiger S, Li M, Zellermann E, Knauer SK, Schmuck C. Morphology-Dependent Cell Imaging by Using a Self-Assembled Diacetylene Peptide Amphiphile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14526-14530. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Xiao-Yu Hu
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; 210023 Nanjing China
| | - Stefanie Schlesiger
- Institute for Microbiology; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Mao Li
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Eilo Zellermann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Shirley K. Knauer
- Institute for Microbiology; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| | - Carsten Schmuck
- Institute for Organic Chemistry; University of Duisburg-Essen; 45141 Essen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tisserant JN, Hany R, Wimmer E, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Adamcik J, Wicht G, Nüesch F, Rentsch D, Borgschulte A, Mezzenga R, Heier J. Diyne-Functionalized Fullerene Self-Assembly for Thin Film Solid-State Polymerization. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401677v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Nicolas Tisserant
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and
Health, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roland Hany
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eric Wimmer
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Antoni Sánchez-Ferrer
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and
Health, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jozef Adamcik
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and
Health, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gaëtan Wicht
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institut
des Matériaux, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Rentsch
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Borgschulte
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Hydrogen and Energy, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Raffaele Mezzenga
- Department
of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and
Health, ETH Zürich, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Heier
- Swiss
Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory
for Functional Polymers, Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fouassier JP, Tieke B, Wegner G. The Photochemistry of the Polymerization of Diacetylenes in Multilayers. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.197900033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
17
|
Fahsi K, Deschamps J, Chougrani K, Viau L, Boury B, Vioux A, van der Lee A, Dutremez SG. Stability and solid-state polymerization reactivity of imidazolyl- and benzimidazolyl-substituted diacetylenes: pivotal role of lattice water. CrystEngComm 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ce27057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
18
|
Nemoto Y, Sano M. Length Scales Necessary for Proper Averaging to Characterize Polymerization in Nanosystems: Topochemical Polymerization of Diacetylene Nanocrystals Dispersed in a Polystyrene Matrix As Probed by Confocal Raman Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:12744-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp208238d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nemoto
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Masahito Sano
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jyonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mandal SK, Okawa Y, Hasegawa T, Aono M. Rate-determining factors in the chain polymerization of molecules initiated by local single-molecule excitation. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2779-2786. [PMID: 21401050 DOI: 10.1021/nn103231j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous chain polymerization of molecules initiated by a scanning tunneling microscope tip is studied with a focus on its rate-determining factors. Such chain polymerization that happens in self-assembled monolayers (SAM) of diacetylene compound molecules, which results in a π-conjugated linear polydiacetylene nanowire, varies in its rate P depending on domains in the SAM and substrate materials. While the arrangement of diacetylene molecules is identical in every domain on a graphite substrate, it varies in different domains on a MoS(2) substrate. This structural variation enables us to investigate how P is affected by molecular geometry. An important determining factor of P is the distance between two carbon atoms which are to be bound by polymerization reaction, R; as R decreases by 0.1 nm, P increases ∼2 times. P for a MoS(2) substrate is ∼4 times higher (with the same value of R) than that for a graphite substrate because of higher mobility of molecules. The exciting correlation of the chain polymerization rate to the geometrical structure of the diacetylene molecules brings a deeper understanding of the mechanism of chain polymerization kinetics. In addition, the fabrication of one-dimensional conjugated polymer nanowires on a semiconducting MoS(2) substrate as demonstrated here may be of immense importance in the realization of future molecular devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K Mandal
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spagnoli S, Fave JL, Schott M. Photopolymerization of Thin Polycrystalline Diacetylene Films and Quenching of the Precursor Excited State. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102968w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Spagnoli
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire de Physique (LIPhy), UMR 5588, Université Grenoble1/CNRS, BP87 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
| | - Jean-Louis Fave
- Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR 7588-CNRS, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie), case 840, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Michel Schott
- Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, UMR 7588-CNRS, UPMC (Université Pierre et Marie Curie), case 840, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fullagar WK, Paganin DM, Hall CJ. Revisiting Bragg's X-ray microscope: scatter based optical transient grating detection of pulsed ionising radiation. Ultramicroscopy 2010; 111:768-76. [PMID: 21177037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transient optical gratings for detecting ultrafast signals are routine for temporally resolved photochemical investigations. Many processes can contribute to the formation of such gratings; we indicate use of optically scattering centres that can be formed with highly variable latencies in different materials and devices using ionising radiation. Coherent light scattered by these centres can form the short-wavelength-to-optical-wavelength, incoherent-to-coherent basis of a Bragg X-ray microscope, with inherent scope for optical phasing. Depending on the dynamics of the medium chosen, the way is open to both ultrafast pulsed and integrating measurements. For experiments employing brief pulses, we discuss high-dynamic-range short-wavelength diffraction measurements with real-time optical reconstructions. Applications to optical real-time X-ray phase-retrieval are considered.
Collapse
|
22
|
Leyrer RJ, Wegner G. Kinetics of the topochemical solid-state polymerization of diacetylenes as studied by a flash photochemical experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19790830504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
Lochner K, Bässler H, Hinrichsen T. Thermal Polymerization of Polydiacetylene. A Comparison between Theory and Experiment Employing Pressure and Contraction Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19790830906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
24
|
Braunschweig F, Bässler H. Photopolymerization of a Diacetylene-Phenazine Mixed Crystal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19800840213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
25
|
Novel benzoxazine monomer containing diacetylene linkage: An approach to benzoxazine thermosets with low polymerization temperature without added initiators or catalysts. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2009.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
26
|
Chernykh A, Agag T, Ishida H. Effect of Polymerizing Diacetylene Groups on the Lowering of Polymerization Temperature of Benzoxazine Groups in the Highly Thermally Stable, Main-Chain-Type Polybenzoxazines. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900505d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Chernykh
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202
| | - Tarek Agag
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202
| | - Hatsuo Ishida
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ueno T, Furukawa D, Matsumoto A. Thermally Induced Polymerization of Muconic Esters in the Solid State Studied by Infrared Microscope Spectroscopy under Temperature Control. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200700493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
28
|
You X, Zou G, Ye Q, Zhang Q, He P. Ruthenium(ii) complex-sensitized solid-state polymerization of diacetylene in the visible light region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b806458j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
29
|
Furukawa D, Matsumoto A. Reaction Mechanism Based on X-ray Crystal Structure Analysis during the Solid-State Polymerization of Muconic Esters. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070802f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Furukawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Akikazu Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sarkar A, Kodali NB, Kamath MB, Bhagwat LP, Talwar SS. SOLID STATE POLYMERIZATION OF DIACETYLENES WITH π-CONJUGATING SUBSTITUENTS FOR THIRD-ORDER NONLINEAR OPTICAL PROPERTIES. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/ma-100101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- B. S. Elman
- a GTE Laboratories Inc. , Waltham , MA , 02254 , USA
| | - M. K. Thakur
- a GTE Laboratories Inc. , Waltham , MA , 02254 , USA
| | - R. J. Seymour
- a GTE Laboratories Inc. , Waltham , MA , 02254 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Patel GN, Miller GG. Structure-property relationships of diacetylenes and their polymers. J MACROMOL SCI B 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348108219431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. N. Patel
- a Corporate Research and Development Allied Chemical Corporation , Morristown, New Jersey, 07960, USA
- b Allied Corporation, Allied Chemical Company, Syracuse Research Laboratory , P.O. Box 6, Solvay, New York, 13209
| | - G. G. Miller
- a Corporate Research and Development Allied Chemical Corporation , Morristown, New Jersey, 07960, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Njus JM, Sandman DJ. Solid-state NMR and the thermal polymerization of 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol bis-(p-toluenesulfonate). SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2006; 29:251-7. [PMID: 16081253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The solid-state thermal polymerization of crystalline 2,4-hexadiyne-1,6-diol bis-(p-toluenesulfonate) (PTS) was investigated by solid-state 13C NMR, the first application of this technique to such a process. The kinetics of the thermal process was examined at temperatures of 40.5, 51.0, and 59.5 degrees C, with a magic angle spinning (MAS) rate of 5 kHz. The first-order rate constants associated with the induction (k0) and autocatalytic (k max) periods were calculated by monitoring signal intensities (conversion) throughout the course of the thermal polymerization. While estimations of the activation energy (E(a) approximately 20 kcal/mol) from the NMR experiments are similar to values obtained by other analytical techniques, estimations of the autocatalytic effect (k max/k0 approximately 22) were significantly lower. Likely causes for the unusually small autocatalytic effect are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Njus
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854-5046, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Itoh K, Nishizawa T, Yamagata J, Fujii M, Osaka N, Kudryashov I. Raman Microspectroscopic Study on Polymerization and Degradation Processes of a Diacetylene Derivative at Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Active Substrates. 1. Reaction Kinetics. J Phys Chem B 2004; 109:264-70. [PMID: 16851012 DOI: 10.1021/jp040363b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Raman microspectroscopy was applied to study the polymerization kinetics of the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (DA) adsorbed on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) active Ag island films. A two-dimensional (2D) Raman microscopic image measured at 1520 cm(-1) exhibits bright and dim spots with the diameter of several hundred nanometers. Raman microscopic spectra, measured by defocusing the excitation laser light (532 nm, diameter of ca. 10 mum) on the samples at room temperature, proved the occurrence of the surface processes consisting of the formation of polydiacetylene (PDA) in the blue phase, its conversion to the red phase, and subsequent bleaching. These reactions were negligible under the same condition for the DA-LB films prepared on a smooth (i.e., SERS-inactive) Ag film, indicating that the 532-nm-induced polymerization and the bleaching process are enhanced by the SERS-active substrates. At low temperatures below -50 degrees C, the Raman microscopic measurements proved the formation of the blue phase and its conversion to the red phase with much lower reaction rates compared to the corresponding rates at room temperature. The bleaching, however, was much suppressed at the low temperatures. The kinetic analyses of the formation of the blue phase and its conversion to the red phase were performed by using the intensity changes of the Raman bands due to the blue (1477 cm(-1)) and red (1517 cm(-1)) phases as a function of the irradiation time. The results strongly suggested the existence of at least two processes taking place simultaneously on the SERS-active substrates; that is, one of the processes is a sequential reaction, DA-monomers --> PDA in the blue phase --> PDA in the red phase, and the other is another sequential reaction, DA-monomers --> PDA in the red phase --> degradation species (probably amorphous carbon). Thus, even at the low temperatures, there occurs the surface reaction consisting of the formation of PDA and its degradation. The reaction can be ascribed to a process taking place at the highly SERS-active site, which gives the bright spot (so-called "hot spot") on the 2D Raman image, as proved by the confocal Raman microscopic measurement in the following paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pingsheng H, Huilin Z, Gang Z. Polymerization kinetics of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid monolayer and possible acceleration effect of visible light. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
36
|
Okawa Y, Aono M. Linear chain polymerization initiated by a scanning tunneling microscope tip at designated positions. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1384554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
37
|
Hoofman RJOM, van der Laan GP, Siebbeles LDA, de Haas MP, Bloor D, Sandman DJ. Dose Dependence of the Charge Carrier Mobility and Decay Kinetics in Radiation Polymerized Diacetylenes. Macromolecules 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ma001114y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. J. O. M. Hoofman
- Radiation Chemistry Department, IRI, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - G. P. van der Laan
- Radiation Chemistry Department, IRI, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - L. D. A. Siebbeles
- Radiation Chemistry Department, IRI, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M. P. de Haas
- Radiation Chemistry Department, IRI, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, 2629 JB Delft, The Netherlands
| | - D. Bloor
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - D. J. Sandman
- Center for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Sullivan PR, Hasson BF, Grossman CH, Simpson LD. Optical density changes of Gafchromic MD-55 film resulting from laser light exposure at wavelengths of 671 nm and 633 nm. Med Phys 2000; 27:245-51. [PMID: 10659764 DOI: 10.1118/1.598867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-based scanners provide a sensitive means for measuring optical density (OD) of Gafchromic films. Such instruments were reviewed in a recent AAPM report (task group 55) which provided recommendations and information on OD measurements (effect of wavelength, temperature, etc.). The present article reports that variable rate scanners and spot densitometers using laser diodes (671 nm) and HeNe lasers (633 nm) can cause polymerization of Gafchromic film. The light induced polymerization depends on light power, wavelength, beam spot size, dwell time, and prior radiation dose of the film. Measurements were made with a custom built scanner that provided accurate control of light power, light polarization, dwell time, and film position in relation to the beam focus. The results demonstrate that lasers operating with powers of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mW produce a nonlinear increase in OD of Gafchromic film. The measured change in OD after 1 min of exposure ranges from 0.150 to 0.244 for a laser diode operating at 0.5 and 1.5 mW, respectively. Tables are included that tabulate the increase in OD for laser power, dwell time, and prior dose. Laser light induced polymerization can have a significant impact on dosimetry measurements acquired using these laser-based systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Sullivan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, MCP Hahnemann University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Savenije TJ, Warman JM, Barentsen HM, van Dijk M, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR. Long-Lived, Mobile Charge Carriers Formed on Photoexcitation of UV-Polymerized, Spin-Coated Films of Arylimido−Spacer−Diacetylene Derivatives. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9904870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Sasaki A, Mahé L, Izuoka A, Sugawara T. Chemical Consequences of Arylnitrenes in the Crystalline Environment. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1998. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.71.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
41
|
A new trend in metal-alkoxide chemistry: the elaboration of monophasic organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Polyhedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0277-5387(97)00261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
42
|
Müller H, Svensson SO, Birch J, Kvick Å Å. In Situ, Time-Resolved X-ray Diffraction Study of the Solid-State Polymerization of Disulfur Dinitride to Poly(sulfur nitride). Inorg Chem 1997; 36:1488-1494. [PMID: 11669730 DOI: 10.1021/ic961141y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Products and kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the title reaction were investigated by time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement. The polymerization of S(2)N(2) at 40 degrees C was monitored with a time resolution better than one diffraction pattern per minute until completion. The reaction product comprised a mixture of monoclinic beta-(SN)(x)() (90%) and an additional orthorhombic phase, identified as alpha-(SN)(x)() (about 10%). The inversely proportional conversion/formation vs time curves for educt and products indicate that the reaction involves only crystalline phases. The cell parameters of polymerizing S(2)N(2) varied noticeably with progressing conversion, whereas the cell volume remained unchanged up to a monomer conversion of 50%. Refinement of atomic coordinates for S and N indicated retention of the reactant geometry. It is concluded that the polymerization of S(2)N(2) to (SN)(x)() is of nondiffusive nature and involves a martensitic transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Müller
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, B.P. 220, F-38043 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Feast W, Tsibouklis J, Pouwer K, Groenendaal L, Meijer E. Synthesis, processing and material properties of conjugated polymers. POLYMER 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(96)00439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
44
|
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
Guo D, Mazumdar S, Dixit SN, Kajzar F, Jarka F, Kawabe Y, Peyghambarian N. Role of the conduction band in electroabsorption, two-photon absorption, and third-harmonic generation in polydiacetylenes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1993; 48:1433-1459. [PMID: 10008503 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.48.1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
|
48
|
|
49
|
Allan J, Barrow M, Beaumont P, Macindoe L, Milburn G, Werninck A. The crystal structure of 1,4-bis-(4-pyridyl)butadiyne and a study of its complexes with cobalt(II), nickel(II) and copper(II). Inorganica Chim Acta 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(00)86015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
50
|
Allan JR, Macindoe LA, Beaumont PC, Milburn GHW, Werninck A, Welch AJ. THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF 1,6-DIAMINO-1,1,6,6-TETRAMETHYL-2,4-HEXADIYNE AND STUDIES OF ITS COMPLEXES WITH COBALT(II), NICKEL(II) AND COPPER(II). J COORD CHEM 1988. [DOI: 10.1080/00958978808073925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|